肝脏恶性肿瘤区域化疗研究进展

肝脏区域化疗即在肝脏局部灌注化疗药物,是晚期肝癌首选的治疗方法.肝动脉灌注及肝脏隔离灌注是肝脏区域化疗的主要方式,各有其优势及局限性,在实验及临床研究中仍在发展改进.肝脏区域化疗灌注途径选择及药物应用方面的认识在不断深化.高温低氧灌注及生物化学治疗在肝脏区域化疗中的应用更是拓展了肝癌化疗的思路,将其带入了一个新境界.肝癌细胞耐药性是肝脏区域化疗面临的挑战及研究的热点,解决这一难题是提高化疗疗效的关键.     

舒尼替尼在乳腺癌治疗中的研究进展

近年来,分子靶向治疗已成为肿瘤治疗的研究热点,相继有多种分子靶向治疗药物问世,在乳腺癌治疗中取得了令人瞩目的成果。本文就舒尼替尼治疗乳腺癌的作用机制及临床研究等方面的研究进展进行简要综述。     

肺癌射频消融治疗进展

近年来射频消融技术治疗肺癌在临床上正得到日趋广泛的应用,取得了较大进展,具有操作方便,并发症轻,患者痛苦少等特点.本文对其基础研究、临床应用、并发症及其处理等方面进行综述.     

胃癌化疗的多药耐药逆转机制新进展

化疗药物对胃癌有一定的敏感性,胃癌细胞对化疗药物多种耐药性随之产生,这不仅与胃癌细胞膜上表达的P-糖蛋白及其受体性能有关,而且与机体多药耐药分子机制有关,使化疗药物对胃癌作用降低或失效,因此胃癌化疗的多药耐药逆转机制的研究成为目前研究热点。     

Recent advances in screen-film mammography

Today there are many dedicated mammographic x-ray units available that are capable of providing high-quality screen-film mammograms. Likewise, screen-film combinations designed for mammography are capable of providing images with appropriate contrast, resolution, and noise levels. Proper film processing is most important in order to obtain the appropriate film speed and contrast. A higher-speed screen-film combination designed for mammography can provide mammograms with significantly lower radiation dose, especially for grid and magnification techniques. Designing x-ray units and techniques as well as screen-film combinations with the singular goal of reducing radiation dose will always involve compromises and trade-offs. The key is to always consider optimizing all of the factors that affect image quality: (1) appropriate beam quality, (2) breast compression, (3) consideration of the use of grids, (4) good geometry, (5) selection of an appropriate screen-film combination, and (6) proper film processing. Optimization of all appropriate imaging factors will produce high-quality mammograms at the lowest radiation dose to the patient.     

Recent advances in radionuclide therapy

A variety of radionuclides continue to be investigated and/or clinically used for different therapeutic applications in nuclear medicine. The choice of a particular radionuclide with regard to appropriate emissions, linear energy transfer, and physical half-life is dictated to a large extent by the character of the disease (eg, solid tumor or metastatic disease) and by the carrier used to selectively transport the radionuclide to the desired site. An impressive body of information has appeared in the recent literature that addresses many of these considerations. This article summarizes and discusses the many recent advances and the progress in the clinical applications of therapeutic radionuclides in relatively new and developing areas, such as radioimmunotherapy, peptide therapy, intravascular therapy to prevent restenosis, radiation synovectomy, and bone malignancy therapy. Projections are made as to the future directions and progress in these areas. The crucial issue of a reliable, year-round supply of new and emerging therapeutic radionuclides in quantities sufficient initially for research, and then for routine clinical use, is a very worthy goal which, in the United States, remains to be achieved.     

Recent advances in chest radiography

There have been many remarkable advances in conventional thoracic imaging over the past decade. Perhaps the most remarkable is the rapid conversion from film-based to digital radiographic systems. Computed radiography is now the preferred imaging modality for bedside chest imaging. Direct radiography is rapidly replacing film-based chest units for in-department posteroanterior and lateral examinations. An exciting aspect of the conversion to digital radiography is the ability to enhance the diagnostic capabilities and influence of chest radiography. Opportunities for direct computer-aided detection of various lesions may enhance the radiologist's accuracy and improve efficiency. Newer techniques such as dual-energy and temporal subtraction radiography show promise for improved detection of subtle and often obscured or overlooked lung lesions. Digital tomosynthesis is a particularly promising technique that allows reconstruction of multisection images from a short acquisition at very low patient dose. Preliminary data suggest that, compared with conventional radiography, tomosynthesis may also improve detection of subtle lung lesions. The ultimate influence of these new technologies will, of course, depend on the outcome of rigorous scientific validation.     

辐射防护药物研究最新进展

电离辐射损伤不仅是一个公众健康问题,同时也是一个国家安全问题。如何获得治疗效果优良、安全性高和不良反应小的辐射防护药物一直是科学家努力研究的目标。近年来,伴随着分子生物学、免疫学等学科的发展,辐射防护药物的研究也取得了较大的突破。目前,诸如5-雄烯二醇（5-AED）、CBLB502、Ex-RAD和HemaMax等药物已获得美国食品药品监督管理局的批准进入临床试验;而新发现的具有潜在价值的LY294002和17-DMAG等药物也正处于研发之中。笔者基于近年来辐射防护领域国外相关刊物和专利的最新发现和进展进行综述。重点放在近几年来出现的药物新进展以及这一时间内治疗急性放射综合征的抗辐射新药上。     

Recent advances in contrast agents

Intravascular contrast agents are remarkably safe and inexpensive. With the recent approval of three new low-osmolality, high-cost contrast media, questions arise as to toxicity, side effects, and choice of particular agents for particular patients and examinations. This article examines the nature and the etiology of the effects of all currently available contrast agents in order to achieve an improved understanding of the relative advantages, disadvantages, and utility of each.     

Recent advances in medical physics

Some of the major interests in medical physics over the last few years have concerned the technical advances in Computed Tomography and high field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This review discusses the introduction of Dual Source CT and explains how it can not only offer faster data acquisition but also operate with lower radiation doses. This provides enormous benefits for all patients, but for cardiac and pediatric examinations in particular. The advances in MRI at 7?T esla are also impressive, with better signal to noise; cardiac and musculoskeletal applications are discussed; technical improvements are work-in-progress for other applications.     

伤口换药的研究进展

伤口愈合是一个复杂的过程,理念分为干性愈合和湿性愈合。其理念正由传统的干性愈合向现代化的湿性愈合发展,从而奠定了保湿敷料的产生和发展。伤口的评估分类,为换药提供了依据,强调清洗、清创、湿敷在伤口愈合的作用。     

Recent advances in copper radiopharmaceuticals

Copper has five radioisotopes ((60)Cu, (61)Cu, (62)Cu, (64)Cu, and (67)Cu) that can be used in copper radiopharmaceuticals. These radioisotopes decay by mixed emissions of β+, β-, and γ with a wide range of half-lives from 9.74 min ((62)Cu) to 2.58 d ((67)Cu), which enable the design and synthesis of a variety of radiopharmaceuticals for different biomedical applications in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine. However, due to the availability and production cost, the research efforts in copper radiopharmaceuticals are mainly focused on the use of (64)Cu (t(1/2) = 12.7 h; 17.4% β+, 43% EC, 39% β-), a radioisotope with low positron energy (E β+max = 0.656 MeV) that is ideal for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging quantification and β- emissions along with Auger electron for radiotherapy. Driven by the ever-increasing availability of preclinical and clinical PET scanners, a considerable interest has been seen in the development of novel copper radiopharmaceuticals in the past decade for a variety of diseases as represented by PET imaging of cancer. To avoid unnecessary literature redundancy, this review focuses on the unrepresented research aspects of copper chemistry (e.g. electrochemistry) and their uses in the evaluation of novel nuclear imaging probe design and recent advances in the field towards the practical use of copper radiopharmaceuticals.     

Recent technologic advances in nuclear cardiology

Conclusion  The changes in hardware and software introduced recently may provide an opportunity for improvement in the accuracy of SPECT MPI while at the same time allowing for shorter, more comfortable imaging for the patient. With the increasing use of coronary computed tomography angiography, greater attention is being focused on the amount of radiation received by the patient with SPECT MPI as well as the coronary computed tomography angiography procedures. Given this concern, the improvements in hardware and software could allow for a dramatic reduction in radiation dose if scan times are kept close to those used currently. These new developments are a welcome development for this now mature imaging field.     

Recent advances in x-ray tube design

In recent years there have been no major changes in the design of diagnostic x-ray tubes. However, two recent modifications include the metal center section x-ray tube and the graphite backed anode. Both of the modifications are a result of the increased demand placed on tubes today and an effort to extend the tube life. These newer x-ray tube designs are detailed in this article.