市售天山堇菜药材质量评价研究

目的 补充提高维药天山堇菜药材质量标准。方法 采用生药鉴别方法对市售天山堇菜药材进行性状特征、显微特征及薄层色谱定性鉴别;采用Agilent TC-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）;流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液（15：85）;柱温35℃,检测波长349 nm,流速0.8 mL·min^-1,对天山堇菜药材中秦皮乙素含量进行测定。采用中国药典2015年版一部附录项下方法对天山堇菜中醇溶性浸出物、水分、总灰分和酸不溶性灰分进行测定。结果 对天山堇菜药材性状特征、显微特征进行了专属描述确定;10批市售天山堇菜药材进行了薄层定性鉴别;活性成分秦皮乙素在0.1~3.0 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）内呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98.56%（RSD=1.90%）。确定了天山堇菜中秦皮乙素、醇溶性浸出物、水分、总灰分和酸不溶性灰分的检查限度。结论 补充提高建立的维药天山堇菜质量控制方法简便、准确、稳定,可以用于天山堇菜药材的质量控制。     

苍耳草的生药学鉴别及浸出物的测定

目的 提高苍耳草药材的质量控制标准.方法采用生药学常规方法进行性状鉴别、显微鉴别,建立薄层色谱鉴别方法;按《中国药典》一部附录方法,检查水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、测定浸出物的含量.结果找到了苍耳草药材性状和显微鉴别特征;薄层色谱鉴别专属性强,重复性好;暂定苍耳草水分不得过14%,总灰分不得过17%,酸不溶性灰分不得超...     

蒙药材地梢瓜的质量标准研究

目的修订并完善蒙药材地梢瓜的质量标准,着重建立地梢瓜对照药材的薄层色谱鉴别方法。方法依据中国药典2010年版一部附录药品标准研究方法对10批蒙药材地梢瓜进行显微、理化和薄层色谱鉴别;对水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分和浸出物含量进行检查。结果修订了蒙药材地梢瓜原质量标准中的显微和理化鉴别,并建立了其对照药材的薄层色谱鉴别方法;水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分检查分别≤7.13%、5.42%、0.71%,浸出物≥19.25%。结论修订和完善了蒙药材地梢瓜的质量标准,并为其对照药材及薄层色谱鉴别方法的设立提供了依据。     

川产兔耳风质量标准初步研究

目的:建立川产兔耳风药材质量标准.方法:通过组织学研究建立兔耳风药材显微鉴别方法;测定其水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分以及浸出物含量并建立薄层色谱鉴别方法.结果:川产兔耳风显微鉴别特征性较强,易于鉴别.水分不得过9.68%,总灰分不得过21.75%,酸不溶性灰分不得过14.23%,浸出物不得少于6.31%.薄层色谱鉴定专属性强,重现性较好.结论:所建立的方法能初步评价川产兔耳风的质量.     

米炒红娘子炮制工艺优化及其质量标准建立

目的 优化红娘子炮制工艺，建立米炒红娘子质量标准。方法 以浸出物、气味、色泽、破碎度及蛋白质含量为评价指标，结合熵权法-层次分析法建立综合评价方法，考察炒制时间、炒制温度及药材与辅料比例对米炒红娘子质量的影响，通过正交试验优选最佳炮制工艺。对米炒红娘子进行显微鉴别、薄层鉴别，测定其水分、灰分、浸出物及重金属含量，建立质量标准。结果 红娘子最佳炮制工艺为将2倍量大米投入炒药锅炒至冒烟时投入净制红娘子，140 ℃翻炒6 min。测得炮制品浸出物含量199 mg·g^-1，气味、色泽、破碎度分值均为5，蛋白质含量为136 mg·g^-1。米炒红娘子水分含量为2.97%，总灰分及酸不溶性灰分含量分别为3.79%，0.33%，重金属铅、镉、砷、汞、铜含量分别为2.26，1.91，0.06，0.13，38.14 mg·kg^-1，黄曲霉毒素B₁、B₂、G₁、G₂均低于检出限0.1 μg·kg^-1，浸出物含量为20.10%。结论 红娘子炮制工艺可靠、稳定，为规范红娘子饮片的炮制工艺和质量标准提供科学依据。建议米炒红娘子水分含量<3.56%，总灰分及酸不溶性灰分分别<4.55%、0.40%，重金属铅含量<2.71 mg·kg^-1、镉<2.29 mg·kg^-1、砷<0.07 mg·kg^-1、汞< 0.16 mg·kg^-1、铜<45.77 mg·kg^-1，浸出物含量>16.08%，黄曲霉毒素B₁、B₂、G₁、G₂<0.1 μg·kg^-1。     

多穗柯质量标准研究

目的建立多穗柯木姜叶柯Lithocarpus litseifolius(Hance)Chun.的质量标准。方法对多穗柯药材进行显微鉴别和TLC鉴别;进行总灰分、水分、浸出物检查;采用HPLC,使用C18色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液(25∶75)为流动相,在280 nm下测定根皮苷的含量。结果明确了多穗柯的显微特征,制定水分限度≤15%,总灰分限度≤5.0%;醇溶性浸出物限度≥45%;建立了根皮苷的含量测定方法。结论建立的方法简便、准确、重现性好,可有效控制多穗柯药材的质量。     

壮药五指那藤的质量标准研究

目的制定壮药五指那藤的质量标准,为该药用植物资源的开发利用提供科学依据。方法依据中国药典2010年版一部附录方法对13批壮药五指那藤进行显微、薄层色谱鉴别;对水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分和浸出物含量进行检查。结果对五指那藤药材的性状、显微特征进行了描述;建立了五指那藤的薄层鉴别方法,斑点清晰,分离度好;根据13批次五指那藤测定结果,确定水分应≤13.0%,总灰分应≤9.0%,酸不溶灰分应≤1.2%。浸出物以稀乙醇为溶剂,热浸法测定,浸出物应≥6.0%。结论所建标准可用于五指那藤药材的质量控制。     

蜀漆质量标准研究

目的:开展蜀漆药材质量标准的研究,确保用药的安全有效.方法:采用中国药典附录的方法对蜀漆药材的性状、显微、鉴别、浸出物含量及杂质限度进行研究.结果:确定了蜀漆药材性状、显微特征;建立了薄层色谱法鉴别的方法;根据测定结果拟定蜀漆药材浸出物不得少于7.0%、水分不得过12.0%、总灰分不得过13.0%、酸不溶性灰分不得过1.0%.结论:完善了蜀漆药材质量控制方法并建立该药材质量标准.     

红旱莲药材的质量标准研究

目的 完善红旱莲药材的质量标准。方法 采用显微鉴别法、薄层色谱（TLC）法鉴别红旱莲;按《中华人民共和国药典》（2015年版）规定方法考察水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分和醇溶性浸出物;用HPLC法测定金丝桃苷的含量。结果 建立了红旱莲显微鉴别法和TLC法鉴别,HPLC法含量测定;确定了水分、灰分、醇溶性浸出物的限度。结论 本实验为红旱莲药材的质量标准提高提供了依据。     

花生衣药材质量标准研究

目的 建立花生衣药材质量标准。方法 采用性状、显微鉴别法对该药材性状、显微特征进行描述;按照《中华人民共和国药典》方法对水分、总灰分、酸不溶灰分进行了测定;用TLC法定性鉴别;采用高效液相法测定儿茶素的含量,用,以Sepax BR-C18色谱柱(4.6×250mm 5μm);以乙腈-水(10:90)为流动相,流速1.0mL ﹒min_^-1 ;柱温30℃;检测波长280nm。结果 花生衣显微特征明显,专属性良好;薄层鉴别方法斑点清晰,分离度良好;水分的平均值为9.0%,总灰分的平均值6.0% ;酸不溶性灰分平均值为0.08%;浸出物平均值为23.7%;儿茶素含量平均值0.16%。含量测定儿茶素与相邻峰完全分离,线性关系良好,加样回收率(n=6)为106%,RSD为1.7%。结论 建立的方法可用于花生衣药材的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.