急诊科反复喘息婴幼儿需要住院并接受呼吸支持治疗的预测因素

目的 反复喘息患者多为2岁以下的婴幼儿。在热带国家,对该人群住院期间接受呼吸支持治疗的风险的临床预测模型研究较少。该研究旨在评估就诊于哥伦比亚急诊科的反复喘息婴幼儿需要住院并接受呼吸支持治疗的临床预测因素。方法 该研究是一项回顾性队列研究,纳入了2019年1~12月期间在哥伦比亚Rionegro的两个三级中心医院就诊的所有患有2次或2次以上喘息发作的婴幼儿（年龄均小于2岁）。主要结局指标是住院加呼吸支持治疗。采用多因素logistic回归模型确定需要住院并接受呼吸支持治疗的独立预测因素。结果 共85名婴幼儿住院并接受呼吸支持治疗,其中34名（40%）予以高流量鼻导管吸氧,2名（2%）予以无创通气,6名（7%）予以机械通气,43名（51%）予以常规氧疗。多因素logistic回归模型分析显示,早产（OR=1.79,95% CI：1.04~3.10）、喂养困难（OR=2.22,95% CI：1.25~3.94）、鼻煽和/或咕噜声（OR=4.27,95% CI：2.41~7.56）和既往有1次以上喘息发作需要住院治疗（OR=3.36,95% CI：1.86~7.08）是需要住院并接受呼吸支持治疗的预测因素。该模型特异度高（99.6%）,鉴别度中等,曲线下面积为0.70（95% CI：0.60~0.74）。结论 该研究表明,早产、喂养困难、鼻煽和/或呼噜声,以及有1次以上需要住院治疗的喘息发作史,是急诊科就诊的反复喘息婴幼儿需要住院并接受呼吸支持治疗的独立预测因素。然而,还需收集更多的其他热带国家的证据来验证这个结论。     

尘螨阳性婴幼儿首次喘息后反复喘息发作的危险因素

目的 探讨尘螨阳性婴幼儿首次喘息后反复喘息发作的危险因素。方法 选取2014年8月至2015年2月间住院的首次喘息发作婴幼儿共1 236例,其中尘螨阳性387例,出院后随访1年,随访1年内再发喘息3次及3次以上的患儿设定为反复喘息组（n=67）,随访期间未再发生喘息的患儿设定为对照组（n=84）。采用单因素分析和多因素logistic逐步回归分析,探讨尘螨阳性的婴幼儿反复喘息发作的危险因素。结果 单因素分析显示,入院时年龄、入院前喘息时间、肺炎支原体感染率、流感病毒感染率与反复喘息发作相关联。多因素logistic逐步回归分析显示,入院时年龄较大（OR=2.21,P=0.04）、合并肺炎支原体感染（OR=3.54,P=0.001）为反复喘息发作的独立危险因素。结论 尘螨阳性的婴幼儿,特别是幼儿,若首次喘息时合并有肺炎支原体感染,则反复喘息发作的风险明显升高。     

67例反复喘息婴幼儿电子支气管镜检查分析

目的：探讨婴幼儿反复喘息常见原因,并进一步指导临床诊治。方法：对常规诊治无明显好转的持续或频繁反复喘息的67例患儿行电子支气管镜检查。结果：镜下见气管支气管内膜炎19例,内膜炎伴有炎性狭窄的11例;支气管异物11例;气管、支气管软化19例;支气管肺发育不良3例,支气管内膜结核1例,会厌囊肿1例,喉乳头状瘤1例,管外受压(胸腺)1例。结论：对反复多次咳喘或常规治疗效果欠佳的喘息患儿应积极寻找病因并进一步检查,除炎症以外,气管、支气管软化及支气管异物也是相对多见的原因,电子支气管镜检查是进一步明确此类患儿病因的有效方法。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（6）：447-449］     

婴幼儿喘息性社区获得性肺炎患儿血清炎症因子的变化

目的 通过测定婴幼儿喘息性社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患儿血清炎症因子的变化,了解婴幼儿喘息性肺炎是否与哮喘有相似的免疫机制。方法 喘息性CAP 47例、非喘息性CAP 42例、正常对照30例婴幼儿纳入该研究。比较3组间外周血C反应蛋白、降钙素原、可溶性髓系细胞触发受体-1、γ干扰素、白细胞介素4、白细胞介素10及骨膜蛋白水平。结果 喘息性和非喘息性肺炎组血降钙素原、可溶性髓系细胞触发受体-1、白细胞介素4、白细胞介素10 含量均高于正常对照组(PPP结论 婴幼儿喘息性肺炎存在γ干扰素/白细胞介素4比值失衡,存在气道嗜酸性粒细胞炎症,提示婴幼儿喘息性肺炎与哮喘有相似的免疫机制。     

喘乐宁空气压缩雾化治疗婴儿毛细支气管炎疗效判定

目的　应用 β2 受体激动剂治疗的急性毛细支气管炎效果一直有争议。该研究观察毛细支气管炎患儿喘乐宁雾化吸入治疗前后肺功能的变化 ,并探讨其临床意义。方法　 30例急性毛细支气管炎患儿随机分为治疗组 1 6例 (喘乐宁雾化吸入 )和对照组 1 4例 (生理盐水雾化吸入 ) ,在雾化吸入前、吸入后即刻、1 5min和 30min分别测定潮气呼吸流速容量环 (TBFV)、呼吸系统静态顺应性及阻力的变化。结果　治疗组到达潮气呼气峰流速时呼出气量 /潮气量 (%V PF)在吸入后 30min与吸入前比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。两组雾化后即刻 2 5 /PF、吸气时间 (Ti)差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　喘乐宁雾化吸入后 30min可明显降低小气道阻力 ,改善通气。     

Weight gain in infancy and post‐bronchiolitis wheezing

Aim: Low birth weight, high birth weight and excessive weight gain after birth may be risk factors for asthma in childhood, but their associations with wheezing in early childhood are poorly studied. The aim of the study was to evaluate birth weight, weight gain in early infancy and overweight in infancy assessed by weight for length (WFL) as risk factors for wheezing after hospitalization for bronchiolitis in early infancy. Methods: In all, 127 full‐term infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis at age <6 months have been followed up until the mean age of 1.5 years. The weights and lengths of the infants were measured on admission to hospital and at the control visit. Birth weights were obtained from the hospital records. Results: Both occurrence and recurrence of post‐bronchiolitis wheezing were associated with birth weight >4000 g and the recurrence of post‐bronchiolitis wheezing with WFL >110% at age 1.5 years. The associations were robust to adjustments with gender and allergy. Higher weight gain from birth to hospitalization at age <6 months was associated with wheezing in the subgroup of children with birth weight >4000 g. Conclusion: High birth weight and the development of overweight may be associated with post‐bronchiolitis wheezing in infancy.     

Risk factors associated with wheezing in infants

Objectiveto identify possible risk factors associated with wheezing in infants (12-15 months-old) in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.Methodsthis was a cross-sectional study performed by applying a standardized written questionnaire from the international study on wheezing in infants (Estudio Internacional de Sibilancia en Lactantes - EISL), phase 3. Parents and/or guardians of infants were interviewed at primary health care clinics or at home from August of 2009 to November of 2010. Factors associated to wheezing were studied using bivariate and multivariate analysis (using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences [SPSS] v.18.0), and expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).Resultsthe written questionnaire was answered by 1,060 parents and/or guardians. The risk factors for wheezing were: history of asthma in the family [mother (OR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.07-2.43); father (OR = 1.98; 95% CI = 1.22-3.23); siblings (OR = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.18-3.87)]; history of previous pneumonia (OR = 10.80; 95% CI = 4.52-25.77); having had more than six upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) (OR = 2.95; 95% CI = 2.11-4.14); having had first URTI before the third month of life (OR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.04-2.17); living in a moderately polluted area (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.08-2.33); paracetamol use for URTI (OR = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.54-2.95); and antibiotic use for skin infection (OR = 2.29; 95% CI = 1.18-4.46).Conclusionsthe study of risk factors for wheezing in the first year of life is important to help physicians identify young children at high risk of developing asthma and to improve public health prevention strategies in order to reduce the morbidity of wheezing in childhood.     

外周血CD23表达阳性B淋巴细胞对婴幼儿喘息预后的早期预测作用

目的　探讨外周血CD2 3表达阳性B淋巴细胞 (CD2 3 /CD19 )在婴幼儿哮喘中的表达及对婴幼儿喘息预后的早期预测价值。方法　用流式细胞术测定 5 3例喘息性支气管炎 (喘息组 )、17例婴幼儿哮喘 (哮喘组 )、18例婴幼儿肺炎患儿 (肺炎组 )及 2 2例正常对照组儿童的外周血淋巴细胞CD2 3 /CD19 表达。并对 5 3例喘息性支气管炎做进一步随访。结果　 (1) 5 3例喘息性支气管炎患儿在随访 3年后 ,最终发展为儿童哮喘的有2 0例 (喘息Ⅰ组 ) ,喘息终止 33例 (喘息Ⅱ组 )。 (2 )婴幼儿哮喘组CD2 3 /CD19 表达较婴幼儿肺炎组、对照组增高 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;婴幼儿肺炎组与对照组比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。 (3)喘息Ⅰ组CD2 3 /CD19 表达较婴幼儿肺炎组和对照组升高 (P <0 0 1) ,与婴幼儿哮喘组比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;喘息Ⅱ组CD2 3 /CD19 表达与肺炎组、对照组比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。 (4)喘息Ⅰ组CD2 3 /CD19 表达与喘息Ⅱ组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　婴幼儿哮喘及最终发展为哮喘的喘息性支气管炎患儿喘息早期表达CD2 3 /CD19 增高 ,CD2 3 /CD19 对婴幼儿喘息预后早期预测可能有重要价值。     

反复喘息婴幼儿外周血髓系抑制细胞检测及意义

目的 探讨外周血髓系抑制细胞（MDSCs）占单个核细胞比例在婴幼儿反复喘息发生、发展中的意义。方法 随机选取急性发作期的反复喘息婴幼儿31例作为喘息组,选取同年龄支气管肺炎患儿27例作为肺炎组;另选取同期在我院外科住院的患疝气、肾结石等非感染、非肿瘤性疾病术前患儿27例作为对照组。采用流式细胞术检测各组患儿外周血MDSCs占单个核细胞比例（MDSCs%）。结果 3组患儿外周血中MDSCs%差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,其中喘息组MDSCs%高于肺炎组和对照组（均P<0.05）。结论 反复喘息婴幼儿外周血中MDSCs高表达,可能在婴幼儿喘息反复发生、发展中起重要作用。     

哮喘高危婴幼儿喘息发作期病毒病原及过敏原检测分析

目的分析哮喘高危婴幼儿喘息发作期病毒病原学、过敏原分布，为喘息患儿的早期诊断与干预治疗提供帮助。方法选取2016年4月至2017年8月因喘息性支气管炎和喘息性支气管肺炎住院的135例哮喘高危婴幼儿为研究对象。采用荧光探针PCR法检测患儿鼻咽部抽吸物标本甲型流感病毒（Flu-A）、呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、腺病毒（ADV）、副流感病毒（PinF）、人鼻病毒（HRV）、人偏肺病毒（hMPV）、博卡病毒（HBoV）感染情况；采用ImmunoCAP技术检测患儿吸入性变应原、食物性变应原及总IgE浓度。结果 135例患儿中，鼻咽部抽吸物标本病毒检出阳性率为49.6%，各病毒检出阳性率由高到低依次为HRV 25.2%、HBoV 9.6%、RSV 8.1%、PinF 5.9%、Flu-A 3.7%、ADV 1.5%、hMPV 0.7%。HRV在1~3岁年龄组检出率高于<1岁组（P < 0.05）。过敏原筛查试验阳性率为59.3%，吸入性过敏原阳性率为44%，食物性过敏原阳性率为89%；吸入性过敏原中阳性率由高到低依次为尘螨77%、霉菌37%、花粉26%、动物皮屑9%；食物性过敏原中阳性率由高到低依次为鸡蛋白73%、牛奶68%。<1岁组吸入性过敏原阳性率大于1~3岁组（P < 0.05）；1~3岁组T-IgE水平明显高于<1岁组（P < 0.05）。病毒检出组吸入性过敏原阳性率大于病毒未检出组（P < 0.05）。第2次喘息患儿吸入性、食物性过敏原阳性率及T-IgE水平均高于第1次喘息患儿（P < 0.05）；吸入性过敏原尘螨、霉菌在第2次喘息患儿中阳性率高于第1次喘息患儿（P < 0.05）。结论早期HRV感染和吸入性过敏原阳性与哮喘高危婴幼儿喘息发生密切相关。     

Efficacy of prednisolone in children hospitalized for recurrent wheezing

Data on the efficacy of corticosteroids on respiratory picornavirus-induced wheezing are limited. To determine whether prednisolone is effective in rhinovirus- or enterovirus-induced recurrent wheezing, we conducted a controlled trial comparing oral prednisolone (2 mg/kg/day in three divided doses for 3 days) with placebo in hospitalized wheezing children and studied post hoc virus-specific efficacy in early wheezing (<3 episodes, reported elsewhere) and in recurrent wheezing (>or=3 episodes). Virus-negative children where excluded. Our primary endpoint was the time until children were ready for discharge. Secondary endpoints included oxygen saturation and exhaled nitric oxide during hospitalization, duration of symptoms, blood eosinophil count, and impulse oscillometry 2 wk after discharge, and occurrence of relapses during the following 2 months. Virus-specific effects were analyzed with interaction analysis in a multivariate regression model. During the study period, 661 patients were hospitalized, 293 randomized, and 59 were accepted in this analysis (mean age 2.6 yr, s.d. 1.3). Prednisolone did not significantly decrease the time until ready for discharge in all patients (prednisolone vs. placebo, medians, 18 vs. 24 h, p = 0.11). However, prednisolone decreased the time until ready for discharge in children with picornavirus infection (respectively, 12 vs. 24 h, p = 0.0022) and more specifically, in children with enterovirus infection (6 vs. 35 h, p = 0.0007). In the secondary endpoints, prednisolone decreased the duration of cough and dyspnea in rhinovirus-affected children (p = 0.033 for both). Prospectively designed clinical trial is needed to test the hypothesis that prednisolone reduces symptoms in picornavirus-affected wheezing children.     

Nebulized salbutamol vs salbutamol and ipratropium combination in asthma

Objective : To see the additional benefit of combined frequent nebulization with salbutamol and ipratropium bromide in acute attack of asthma with moderate severity.Methods : Fifty asthmatic children in the age range of 6–14 years were divided into two equal groups. Group I children were nebulized with three doses of Salbutamol alone (0.03 ml/kg/dose) and Group II children were given combined nebulization of Salbutamol (dose as in group I) and Ipratropium bromide (250 Μgm/dose for three doses) at 20 minutes interval. Children were observed at 15, 30, 60,120,180 and 240 minutes interval.Results : A significant improvement in % of PEFR starting at 30 minutes and lasting the entire study period of 4 hours was noted in both the groups. However on analysis of varience the results were better in group II.Conclusion : Frequent combined nebulization with Salbutamol and Ipratropium bromide is beneficial in acute asthma of moderate severity.     

婴幼儿喘息与呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎支原体感染及过敏的关系

目的了解婴幼儿喘息性疾病与呼吸道合胞病毒、肺炎支原体感染的关系,同时进行常见食物过敏原和吸入过敏原筛查,旨在探讨婴幼儿喘息与呼吸道合胞病毒、肺炎支原体感染及过敏的关系及其与支气管哮喘的相关性。方法对2000-01—2003-12在南京中医药大学附属医院就诊的232例下呼吸道感染的婴幼儿进行呼吸道合胞病毒、肺炎支原体抗体的检测,并进行过敏原检测,收集特异性体质的表现及家族史,对有喘息症状的部分患儿进行随访。结果喘息组患儿以上2种病原体感染率高于非喘息组;81例喘息患儿随访中,有67.90%(55例)的患儿转为哮喘,这部分患儿的特应性体质表现及家族史与发病密切相关。结论婴幼儿喘息性疾病与呼吸道合胞病毒、肺炎支原体感染密切相关,过敏是婴幼儿反复发生喘息性疾病的重要危险因素。     

T淋巴细胞亚群及过敏原与婴幼儿肺炎支原体感染伴喘息的关系

目的 分析肺炎支原体 （MP）感染伴喘息婴幼儿的T淋巴细胞亚群表达及过敏原筛查情况。方法 流式细胞仪检测354例MP感染伴喘息婴幼儿 （MP喘息组）、336例MP感染不伴喘息婴幼儿 （MP非喘息组）、277例反复喘息患儿 （反复喘息组）的外周血T淋巴细胞亚群表达,同时进行过敏原检测。结果 MP喘息组和反复喘息组的CD3+及CD3+CD8+淋巴细胞百分比均低于MP非喘息组 （P < 0.05）;MP喘息组和MP非喘息组的CD3+CD4+淋巴细胞百分比均高于反复喘息组 （P < 0.05）;MP喘息组和反复喘息组的CD3-CD19+及CD19+CD23+淋巴细胞百分比均明显高于MP非喘息组 （P < 0.05）,以反复喘息组最高 （P < 0.05）。食入性过敏原检测总阳性率 （30.3%）高于吸入性过敏原 （14.7%）,P < 0.05;反复喘息组、MP喘息组的食入性和吸入性过敏原阳性率均高于MP非喘息组,以反复喘息组最高 （P < 0.05）。结论 T淋巴细胞亚群紊乱、过敏体质在MP感染伴喘息的婴幼儿发病起着重要作用。     

肥胖对哮喘预测指数阳性喘息婴幼儿治疗效果的影响

目的 探讨肥胖对哮喘预测指数（API）阳性喘息婴幼儿治疗效果的影响。方法 选取API 阳性的喘息婴幼儿208 例,按Kaup 指数分为肥胖组（93 例）和非肥胖组（115 例）。在急性喘息发作期给予综合治疗,缓解期给予吸入性糖皮质激素（ICS）布地奈德混悬液压缩泵雾化吸入治疗。根据临床控制情况调整ICS治疗用量,共治疗6 个月。治疗后2 周随访1 次,之后每月随访1 次。结果 治疗后2 周、1 个月肥胖组的临床症状缓解率分别为35.5% 及75.3%,低于非肥胖组的53.0% 和87.8%（P P 结论 肥胖可抑制API 阳性喘息婴幼儿对ICS 治疗的反应。     

婴幼儿哮喘急性发作雾化吸入硫酸沙丁胺醇对肺功能影响的研究

目的 通过观察哮喘急性发作的婴幼儿雾化吸入硫酸沙丁胺醇前后肺功能的变化,客观评价该药对低龄儿童气道阻力的影响.方法 将轻中度哮喘急性发作的49名婴幼儿按年龄分为1～3岁幼儿(32例)和<1岁婴儿(17例)两组,予0.5%硫酸沙丁胺醇0.25ml/次,驱动式压缩泵雾化吸入,在治疗前及后30min分别检查其肺功能,做潮气呼吸流速容量环检查,采用到达潮气呼气峰流速时的呼气量/潮气量(%V-PF)、呼出75%潮气量时的呼气流速/潮气呼气蜂流速(25/PF)和潮气呼气中期流速/潮气吸气中期流速(ME/MI)参数反映大小气道阻力情况.结果 在幼儿组和婴儿组治疗前肺功能指标%V-PF、25/PF和ME/NI降低,显示大小气道阻力增高,治疗后幼儿组肺功能各指标均有所提高,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);婴儿组治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 对幼儿哮喘急性发作予雾化吸人硫酸沙丁胺醇后能有效地改善肺功能,降低气道阻力,对婴儿治疗的关键是结合有效的抗炎和积极的祛痰.     

喘息婴幼儿外周血气道炎症相关介质水平的研究

目的 通过检测喘息婴幼儿外周血相关炎症介质水平,从辅助性T细胞（Th）1/Th2失衡及气道炎症两个方面探讨婴幼儿喘息发生的可能机制。方法 选取急性喘息发作婴幼儿50例为喘息组,25例健康婴幼儿为健康对照组。喘息组患儿依据喘息发生次数分为首次喘息组（首发组）25例和反复喘息组（反复组,发作次数≥ 2次）25例;根据是否存在哮喘发生的高危因素分为有高危因素组22例和无高危因素组28例;根据病原学检测结果分为病原学阳性组23例和病原学阴性组27例。检测各组外周血Th1细胞因子白介素（IL）-2,Th2细胞因子IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）,以及总IgE （TIgE）水平。喘息组患儿同时送检外周血嗜酸性粒细胞（EOS）计数,并采集标本进行呼吸道病原学检测。结果 喘息组外周血IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、TGF-β1及TIgE水平较健康对照组均明显升高（P < 0.05）;外周血IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、TGF-β1及TIgE水平在首发组与反复组,有哮喘高危因素组与无哮喘高危因素组,以及病原学阳性组与病原学阴性组之间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。相关性分析表明喘息组外周血EOS计数与IL-4水平呈正相关（P < 0.01）;IL-4水平与IL-5、IL-13水平呈正相关（P < 0.01）;IL-5水平与IL-13水平呈正相关（P < 0.01）;IL-2水平与TGF-β1水平呈正相关（P < 0.05）。结论 喘息婴幼儿存在Th1/Th2失衡,表现为Th2优势表达;IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、TGF-β1及IgE共同参与了婴幼儿喘息性疾病的发病过程。喘息婴幼儿存在气道炎症,与喘息发作次数、是否存在哮喘高危因素及病原学检测是否阳性无关。     

Effective treatment of acute hyperkalaemia in childhood by short-term infusion of salbutamol

Hyperkalaemia is a lifethreatening emergency and infusion of glucose with insulin has so far been regarded as the standard treatment of choice. Recently the -2 stimulatory drug salbutamol has been shown to be an effective agent to treat hyperkalaemia by inducing a shift of potassium into the intracellular compartment. We treated 15 children aged 0.1–14 (mean 5.2) years suffering from acute hyperkalaemia (mean level 6.6±0.54, range 5.9–7.7 mmol/l) with a single infusion of salbutamol (5 g/kg over 15 min). Serum potassium concentrations decreased significantly within 30 min to levels of 5.74±0.53 and 4.92±0.53 mmol/l after 120 min (P<0.001, respectively). No side-effects occurred other than a slight increase in heart rate in 3 patients.Conclusion A single intravenous infusion of salbutamol at a dose of 5 g/kg is a highly effective treatment for hyperkalaemia with minimal clinical side-effects. The effect lasts for at least 120 min and may reverse hyperkalaemia in some patients without further interventions so that salbutamol seems justified as the first choice treatment for this condition in childhood.     

No efficacy of prednisolone in acute wheezing associated with human bocavirus infection

The efficacy of prednisolone in acute wheezing associated with human bocavirus infection was investigated in 232 hospitalized children (median age, 1.6 years). Clinical history, atopy status, and viral etiology were carefully studied. Outcomes included hospitalization time, duration of symptoms, and occurrence of relapses. No efficacy of prednisolone was found in children with serologically confirmed acute human bocavirus infection.