响应面法优化雷公藤中雷公藤甲素的超声提取工艺

目的：优选雷公藤中雷公藤甲素的超声提取工艺。方法：以雷公藤甲素得率为指标,采用响应面设计考察料液比、乙醇体积分数、超声时间及超声温度对雷公藤甲素提取工艺的影响。采用HPLC测定雷公藤甲素含量,流动相乙腈-水（33：67）,检测波长218 nm。结果：最佳提取工艺为料液比1：12,乙醇体积分数70%,提取温度35 ℃,提取时间30 min;雷公藤甲素得率达0.037 9 mg·g^-1,与模型预测值（0.038 6 mg·g^-1）较为接近。结论：优选的超声提取工艺稳定可靠,与常规回流提取法相比优势明显。     

星点设计-效应面法优化灯盏花素胃漂浮片的处方

目的：优选羌活-独活药对的合提工艺。方法：在单因素试验基础上,以总香豆素、蛇床子素和异欧前胡素提取量的综合评分为指标,通过正交试验考察乙醇体积分数、提取次数、料液比、提取时间对羌活-独活混合提取工艺的影响。采用UV测定总香豆素含量,检测波长315 nm;利用HPLC测定蛇床子素和异欧前胡素含量,流动相乙腈-水（45：55）,检测波长316 nm。结果：乙醇体积分数对合提工艺具有显著性影响,最佳提取工艺为加10倍量75%乙醇提取2次,每次1 h;总香豆素、蛇床子素、异欧前胡素提取量分别为470,24.46,9.73 mg·g^-1。结论：优选的提取工艺稳定可行,为该药对的临床复方制剂开发提供参考。     

黄芩苷壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及表征

目的：建立小毛茛内酯的含量测定方法,优选猫爪草中小毛茛内酯的提取工艺。方法：采用HPLC测定小毛茛内酯含量,流动相甲醇-乙腈-水（40：40：20）,检测波长254 nm。在单因素试验基础上,以小毛茛内酯质量分数为指标,采用L₉（3⁴）正交试验考察提取时间、料液比、乙醇体积分数及粉碎粒度对提取工艺的影响。结果：最佳提取工艺为粉碎粒度80目,加3倍量70%乙醇提取3次,每次2 h;小毛茛内酯质量分数（1.24±0.22）%。结论：优选的工艺稳定可行且提取率高,为猫瓜草的开发与利用提供参考。     

荆三棱中有效成分的提取工艺优选

目的: 优选荆三棱中三棱内酯B和三棱双苯内酯的提取工艺。方法: 采用HPLC测定三棱内酯B和三棱双苯内酯含量,色谱条件为汉邦色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相甲醇-1%冰醋酸(65:35),流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温30℃,检测波长385 nm,进样量10 μL。以三棱内酯B和三棱双苯内酯提取量为指标,通过正交试验考察乙醇体积分数、乙醇用量、提取时间及提取次数对提取工艺的影响。结果: 各因素对三棱内酯B提取量的影响顺序依次为提取次数>乙醇体积分数>乙醇用量>提取时间,各因素对三棱双苯内酯提取量的影响大小依次为乙醇体积分数>提取次数>提取时间>乙醇用量。优选的提取工艺为加10倍量70%乙醇水浴加热2次,每次1.5 h,三棱内酯B、三棱双苯内酯平均提取量分别为13.95,5.95 μg·g^-1。结论: 优选的工艺稳定可行,提取效率高;建立的HPLC测定方法灵敏、准确、重复性好。     

正交试验法优选加味四君子汤提取工艺

目的： 优选加味四君子汤的提取工艺。 方法： 以人参皂苷总提取量为指标,采用L₉（3⁴）正交试验考察乙醇体积分数及用量、提取次数、提取时间对醇提工艺的影响;以总多糖得率为指标,通过正交试验考察料液比、提取次数、提取时间对水提工艺的影响。采用HPLC测定人参皂苷含量,流动相乙腈-水（13：87）,检测波长203 nm;利用UV测定总多糖含量,检测波长489 nm。 结果： 最佳醇提工艺为加6倍量70%乙醇提取2次,每次1.5 h;人参皂苷提取量达7.69 mg·g^-1。最佳水提工艺为加8倍量水提取3次,每次2 h;总多糖得率达2.18%。 结论： 优选的提取工艺稳定可行,可充分提取加味四君子汤中醇溶性和水溶性有效成分。     

正交试验优选芪丹颗粒提取工艺

目的：优选芪丹颗粒的提取工艺。方法：以丹酚酸B、丹参酮Ⅱ_A质量分数和干膏率为评价指标,通过正交试验考察乙醇体积分数、提取次数、乙醇用量对醇提工艺的影响;以黄芪甲苷提取量和出膏率为指标,通过正交试验考察煎煮时间、煎煮次数、加水量对水提取工艺的影响。采用HPLC测定黄芪甲苷、丹酚酸B及丹参酮Ⅱ_A含量。结果：最佳醇提工艺为加6倍量60%乙醇回流提取2次,提取时间分别为2,1 h;丹酚酸B和丹参酮Ⅱ_A质量分数分别为1.215%,0.599%,干膏率41.04%。最佳水提工艺为加10倍量水煎煮2次,每次1.5 h;黄芪甲苷提取量3.408 mg·g^-1,出膏率43.37%。结论：优选的提取工艺稳定可行,为芪丹颗粒的合理开发提供参考。     

密闭性中药复合敷料的提取工艺优选

目的： 优选密闭性中药复合敷料的提取工艺。方法： 以人参皂苷Rg₁,Rb₁含量和浸膏得率为评价指标,通过单因素试验优选提取次数,利用正交试验考察乙醇体积分数、乙醇用量、提取时间对密闭性中药复合敷料提取工艺的影响。采用HPLC测定人参皂苷Rg₁,Rb₁含量,流动相水（A）-乙腈（B）梯度洗脱（0~10 min,81% A;10~38 min,81%~79% A;38~90 min,79%~66% A）,检测波长203 nm。结果： 各因素对提取工艺的影响顺序为乙醇体积分数>提取时间>乙醇用量。最佳提取工艺条件为加8倍量70%乙醇提取2次,每次2 h;平均浸膏得率25.45%,人参皂苷Rg₁,Rb₁平均质量浓度分别为0.46,0.37 g·L^-1。结论： 建立的含量测定方法准确、重复性好,优选的提取工艺稳定、合理、可行,为民间外伤验方的二次开发提供参考。     

正交试验优选桑籽中总生物碱、总黄酮及粗多糖的提取工艺

目的： 优选桑籽中总生物碱、总黄酮及粗多糖的提取工艺。 方法： 将桑籽脱脂后,以总生物碱、总黄酮及粗多糖提取量的综合评分为指标,在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验考察提取时间、乙醇体积分数及盐酸摩尔浓度对提取工艺的影响。总黄酮、总生物碱及粗多糖的含量测定依次采用Al（NO₃）₃法、雷氏盐比色法及蒽酮-硫酸法。 结果： 最佳提取工艺为提取时间2 h,乙醇体积分数50%,盐酸摩尔浓度0.03 mol·L^-1;总生物碱、总黄酮及粗多糖平均提取量分别为23.15,0.57,0.51 mg·g^-1。 结论： 该工艺稳定可行,提取效率高,适用于工业化生产,为桑籽资源的开发利用提供参考。     

东风桔总生物碱提取工艺优化

目的：建立东风桔总生物碱的含量测定方法并优选其提取工艺。方法：采用酸性染料比色法测定东风桔总生物碱含量,选择Buxifoliadine-B为指标成分,检测波长410 nm。以总生物碱提取量为指标,通过正交试验考察乙醇体积分数、乙醇用量、回流时间及提取次数对提取工艺的影响。结果：Buxifoliadine-B含量测定的线性范围0.034~0.34 g·L^-1,加样回收率（99.16±1.81）%。最佳提取工艺为加10倍量80%乙醇回流提取2次,每次1.5 h;总生物碱提取量4.88 mg·g^-1。结论：建立的东风桔总生物碱含量测定方法稳定可靠,优选的提取工艺方法合理可行。     

土木香中总酚酸和绿原酸的微波辅助提取工艺优选

目的：优选土木香中总酚酸和绿原酸的提取工艺。方法：以总酚酸和绿原酸提取量为指标,在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验考察提取时间、乙醇体积分数、固液比及提取温度对微波提取工艺的影响。采用UV测定总酚酸含量;HPLC测定绿原酸含量,流动相乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液（13：87）,检测波长327 nm。结果：最佳微波提取工艺条件为35%乙醇,提取时间5 min,固液比1：23,提取温度75 ℃;总酚酸、绿原酸提取量分别为（6.78±0.19）,（1.53±0.09）mg·g^-1。结论：优选的微波提取工艺具有效率高、能耗低等优点,适用于工业化生产。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。