甲状腺相关性眼病眼球突出CT影像分析

目的 探讨甲状腺相关性眼病眼球突出时眼外肌肥厚、眶脂肪增多等相关性CT影像学分析.方法 回顾性分析58例甲状腺相关性眼病CT影像资料,男22例,女36例,行横轴位和冠状位检查,层厚和层距2mm.结果 58例甲状腺相关性眼病眼球突出CT影像观察,单纯眼外肌肌腹肥厚(n=54),肌腹及肌腱、肌止点均受累及(n=3);眶脂防增多(n=16);眼外肌肥厚伴眼上静脉增粗(n=3);眼外肌肥大伴视神经增粗(n=1);眼肌肥大伴泪腺增大(n=2);眼睑肿胀(n=39).结论 在对甲状腺相关性眼病眼球突出的研究中眼外肌、眼眶脂肪容积的改变都应加以考虑;CT对该病的诊断具有重要的价值.     

Significance of orbital fatty tissue for exophthalmos in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

PURPOSE: To correlate exophthalmos with the volume of extraocular muscle and orbital fatty tissue in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), using MRI that enables the orbital soft tissues to be well defined. METHODS: Thirty-three orbits, 20 from 10 patients with TAO and 13 from 13 controls, were employed. T1-weighted orbital MR slices 2 or 3 mm thick were obtained in axial, coronal and sagittal planes. Tracing the outlines of each structure, we measured the total sectional areas. Volumes of the extraocular muscle, of the fatty tissue and of the bony orbital cavity were calculated by multiplying the slice thickness. Exophthalmos was also measured using axial MRI. RESULTS: In TAO the volume increment of orbital fatty tissue (6.19 cm(3)) was much greater than that of extraocular muscle (1.16 cm(3)). Increase of exophthalmos by 1 mm needed a total orbital volume increment of 0.92 cm(3). The total orbital fatty tissue volume (correlation coefficient 0.70, P=0.06%) and the anterior orbital fatty tissue volume (0.64, P=0.23%) were more closely correlated with the degree of exophthalmos than was extraocular muscle volume (0.58, P=0.8%). Moreover, the volume increment of extraocular muscle and orbital fatty tissue was not always proportional. CONCLUSION: The results show that the orbital fatty tissue involvement is closely related to the degree of exophthalmos. For studying exophthalmos in TAO, the volumetric change, not only in ocular muscles, but also in orbital fatty tissue, should be taken into consideration.     

Orbital pathology in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a disfiguring disease. The clinical symptoms are the consequence of inflammation in the orbital tissues in response to as yet unknown antigens, causing swelling of the extraocular muscles, edema and fibrosis, and subsequently eye movement impairment, exophthalmos and sometimes compression of the optic nerve. Analysis of orbits from 40 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy showed an increased volume of both the extraocular muscles and the orbital adipose/connective tissue in 48%, increased muscle volume with normal adipose/connective tissue in 20% and normal muscles with increased adipose/connective tissue in 28%. The other orbits were normal (4%).

Knowledge of the overall anatomy and the distribution of immunocompetent cells may help to shed light on the pathophysiology of TAO. In normal orbital tissues B-lymphocytes were scarce, but T-lymphocytes were numerous in normal extraocular muscles, orbital connective tissue septa and in the loose connective tissue surrounding the adipose tissue. The most predominant cell type in normal extraocular muscles and in the orbital connective tissue is the macrophage. In TAO, irrespective of the activity state, significant increases in numbers of macrophages were found in the minor connective tissue septa and in the levator palpebrae/Miiller's muscle complex. In the latter muscle complex the number of macrophages per mm² is increased, whereas the number of HLA-DR⁺ cells is drastically reduced compared to controls. Overall these results show a shift in population from HLA-DRV macrophages, in control tissues, to HLA-DR7macrophages in orbital tissues obtained from patients with TAO.     

以眼外肌肥大为主要CT征的眼眶病分析

目的 多种眼眶病表现为以眼外肌肥大为主要的临床特征,根据不同的眼外肌肥大CT表现特点,可为临床诊断和治疗提供依据.方法 自2004年1月至2007年12月,对CT表现有不同特征的眼外肌肥大的连续就诊患者共225例,据其表现特点,明确病因并鉴别诊断.结果 计有8种眼眶病.甲状腺相关眼病(TAO)175例,肌炎型炎性假瘤26例,颈动脉海绵窦漏(CCF)8例,转移性眼外肌肿瘤4例,肌肉静脉血管瘤4例,眶内恶性淋巴瘤6例,眼外肌血肿1例,眼外肌植物性异物1例.结论 根据眼外肌肥大的CT特征,结合病史及临床表现能做出正确的诊断.     

甲状腺相关眼病患者眼眶组织糖皮质激素受体mRNA的表达

目的探讨糖皮质激素受体（GR）α和β mRNA在甲状腺相关眼病（TAO）患者眼眶组织中的表达。方法眼外肌和（或）眼眶脂肪组织标本取自在我科行手术治疗的17例严重TAO患者,意外死亡的10例健康成年人眼外肌和（或）眼眶脂肪组织标本作为对照。提取眼外肌或眶脂肪组织总RNA,将RNA逆转录为cDNA,用荧光定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法实时检测GRα和GRIβ的PCR扩增全过程,计算各个样本GRα和GRIβ mRNA的表达量。结果眼外肌和眶脂肪组织均表达GRα和GRβ mRNA。TAO患者GRα mRNA表达量为（40．15±11．37）拷贝／μ1,正常对照为（20．64±7．07）拷贝／μl。TAO患者GRα mRNA表达量与GRβ mRNA表达量的比值（GRα／GRβ比值）为77．76±18．77,正常对照为148．34±23．86,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。眼外肌与眶脂肪组织之间,甲状腺机能正常、亢进及低下患者之间,使用糖皮质激素治疗与未使用糖皮质激素患者之间GRα mRNA表达量和GRα／GRβ比值比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论TAO患者眼眶组织GRα mRNA的表达增强;GRα／GRβ比值降低可能在TAO的病理发生和糖皮质激素的治疗反应中起一定作用。     

Surgical Outcomes of Balanced Deep Lateral and Medial Orbital Wall Decompression in Korean Population: Clinical and Computed Tomography-based Analysis

PurposeTo evaluate the clinical outcomes of balanced deep lateral and medial orbital wall decompression and to estimate surgical effects using computed tomography (CT) images in Korean patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO).MethodsRetrospective chart review was conducted in TAO patients with exophthalmos who underwent balanced deep lateral and medial orbital wall decompression. Exophthalmos was measured preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 and 3 months. Postoperative complications were evaluated in all study periods. In addition, decompressed bone volume was estimated using CT images. Thereafter, decompression volume in each decompressed orbital wall was analyzed to evaluate the surgical effect and predictability.ResultsTwenty-four patients (48 orbits) with an average age of 34.08 ± 7.03 years were evaluated. The mean preoperative and postoperative exophthalmos at 1 and 3 months was 18.91 ± 1.43, 15.10 ± 1.53, and 14.91 ± 1.49 mm, respectively. Bony decompression volume was 0.80 ± 0.29 cm³ at the medial wall and 0.68 ± 0.23 cm³ at the deep lateral wall. Postoperative complications included strabismus (one patient, 2.08%), upper eyelid fold change (four patients, 8.33%), and dysesthesia (four patients, 8.33%). Postsurgical exophthalmos reduction was more highly correlated with the deep lateral wall than the medial wall.ConclusionsIn TAO patients with exophthalmos, balanced deep lateral and medial orbital wall decompression is a good surgical method with a low-risk of complications. In addition, deep lateral wall decompression has higher surgical predictability than medial wall decompression, as seen with CT analysis.     

甲状腺相关眼病的放射治疗

目的探讨甲状腺相关眼病(TAO)放射治疗的适应证和临床效果。方法选择1992至2004年在四川大学华西医院肿瘤科放射治疗室行眼眶照射、资料较齐全的23例TAO患者,其中9例是浸润性突眼、14例是压迫性视神经病变,均为糖皮质激素治疗不敏感、不能接受糖皮质激素治疗者,或者因较严重的糖尿病、高血压等不能做眼眶减压或不愿意做手术的活动期且病程短的TAO患者。采用直线加速器和Donaldson眼眶外照射法,照射野大小为4cm×5cm,放射总剂量为20GY,治疗分10次,每次2GY。放射治疗期间其中11例炎性反应较重的患者同时口服泼尼松。全部患者放射治疗前后均行外眼照像和眼眶CT检查。结果14例压迫性视神经病变,放射治疗前矫正视力0.04~0.2,放射治疗后矫正视力0.1~0.8,CT检查显示肿大的眼外肌缩小,眼外肌缩小的程度与视力提高的程度成正相关。9例浸润性突眼,放射治疗前眼部炎性反应明显,放射和口服泼尼松治疗后眼睑、结膜肿胀显著减退,眶压降低,眼睑能闭合,暴露性角膜炎痊愈,眼球活动受限好转,眼球突出度降低1~3mm。随访1~3年,3例患者又出现视力减退,4例眼眶炎性反应复发,2例眼睑仍部分闭合不全。结论活动性难治的TAO患者采用放射治疗效果较好,对于眼眶炎性反应严重的患者可加用糖皮质激素治疗。(中华眼科杂志,2006,42:218-221)     

Extraocular muscle enlargement with tendon involvement in thyroid-associated orbitopathy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the configuration of extraocular muscle and tendon enlargement in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). DESIGN: Retrospective, noncomparative case series. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the preoperative computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, or both, of 125 consecutive patients with previously diagnosed TAO. Axial CT (n = 88) or MRI (n = 37) slices of the orbits were examined for tendon involvement of enlarged medial or lateral recti muscles. A ratio of tendon to muscle width greater than 0.5 was considered as tendon involvement. RESULTS: Eight patients (6.4%) with TAO demonstrated tendon involvement on axial CT or MRI. These patients had significantly greater diplopia in primary gaze than patients with no tendon involvement or patients with no muscle enlargement. CONCLUSION: The configuration of extraocular muscle enlargement on imaging studies has traditionally been used to differentiate TAO from other inflammatory processes because the tendon is typically spared (fusiform configuration) in TAO. However, we found that the configuration of tendon involvement (cylindrical configuration) can occasionally be noted in TAO and may be more frequently associated with primary gaze diplopia. Tendon involvement does not eliminate the diagnostic possibility of TAO.     

Clinical Analysis of 106 Cases with Elevated Intraocular Pressure in Thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy

Thyroid鄄associatedophthalmopathy(TAO)isachronicautoimmuneprocessthataffectstheretrobulbarspaceandhasstrongetiologiclinkswithautoimmunethyroiddisease.Itisreportedtobethemostcommonorbitaldiseaseinadultsandthemostprevalentorbitaldiseases[1].Somepatientsarefoundtohavethediseasecompli鄄catedwithocularhypertension.ThecontributingfactorforocularhypertensioninTAOiscomplex.Inthispaperwehavesummarizedandanalyzedtheclinicmanifestationsof106cases(188eyes)ofocularhypertensionin339cases(597eyes)withTAO…     

眼肌肥大的诊断与鉴别诊断

目的 探讨眼肌肥大的原因。方法 收集1996-2000年收治的眼眶病中肌肉肥大的病例，并对其原因进行分析和分类。结果 导致眼肌肥大的疾病按其发病率由高至低依次为：甲状腺相关眼病，动静脉畸形，炎性假瘤，囊虫病。结论 影像学检查包括B型超声和CT扫描能够揭示上述各类疾病的特征，并作为鉴别诊断的依据。     

CT眼眶结构定量分析在甲状腺相关性眼病活动性评价中的作用

 目的 通过便于操作的方法分析CT图像眼外肌增粗情况,评估其与甲状腺相关性眼病（TAO）活动性的相关性,以提供客观的评价指标。设计 回顾性病例对照研究。研究对象 116例TAO患者及30例正常对照眼眶CT影像学资料。方法 利用autoCAD软件计算球后2 mm处各条眼外肌横截面积、眼眶面积以及眼球突出度,分析其与临床活动性评分（CAS）的相关性,通过受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）明确其对于疾病活动性的诊断价值。主要指标 眼外肌总横截面积/眼眶面积（OM/TOA）、眼球突出度、CAS评分。结果 TAO组患者球后2 mm处上直肌、下直肌、内直肌、外直肌横截面积以及OM/TOA比值分别为（56.39±22.77）mm²、（43.72±16.63）mm²、（43.51±13.70）mm²、（34.15±7.05）mm²和0.21±0.043,均大于正常对照组的（28.47±2.30）mm²、（22.53±2.5）mm²、（28.21±1.66）mm²、（28.21±1.66）mm²和0.15±0.017（P均<0.001）。OM/TOA比值与CAS评分成正相关（r=0.593,P<0.001）,眼球突出度与CAS评分无相关性（r=0.086,P=0.361）。依据ROC曲线下面积,得出上述比值≥0.18时判断TAO处于活动期的诊断效果最优,其敏感度为89.0%,特异度为53.5%（曲线下面积=0.761,P<0.001）。结论 CT图像上球后2 mm处OM/TOA比值作为一种客观的定量指标,可以对TAO的活动性进行判别,且操作相对简单,联合CAS评分,可较准确地评估病情。（眼科,2018, 27： 333-337）     

Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound measurements of extraocular muscles in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy at different stages of the disease

PURPOSE: To assess extraocular muscle (EOM) involvement in thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) of different stages with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound techniques. METHODS: A total of 32 patients with TAO were divided into three groups according to whether they had mild active, pronounced active or longstanding inactive disease. Six patients with Graves' disease but no clinical signs of TAO and 10 healthy control subjects were also studied. Muscle volume and cross-sectional area were measured with MRI. A-scan ultrasound was used to measure muscle thickness. RESULTS: The average MRI volume and maximal cross-sectional area of the EOM were significantly larger in patients with pronounced active and longstanding inactive TAO than in control subjects. Increased average muscle thickness measured by ultrasound was found mainly in patients with longstanding disease. Muscle enlargement was seen with MRI and ultrasound in individual patients in all patient groups, including those with Graves' disease but no TAO. Bilateral muscle enlargement was revealed by MRI in about two-thirds of patients with mild active TAO and in all patients with pronounced active and longstanding inactive TAO. Bilateral involvement estimated with ultrasound was less common in all patient groups. The MRI and ultrasound findings were not well correlated in any patient group. CONCLUSIONS: Extraocular muscle enlargement was seen in all patient groups with TAO of differing levels of severity. Measurements with MRI of muscle volume or maximal cross-sectional area are considered good indicators of muscle enlargement in TAO.     

Correlation of CT Scanning and Pathologic Features of Ophthalmic Graves' Disease

Correlating the CT scan features of patients with orbital Graves' disease with histopathologic observations allows one to focus more specifically on the distinguishing features of this disease with future research implications. Both CT scanning and pathologic studies have shown clearly that the extraocular muscles are the primary focus of the disease. Swelling of the extraocular muscles generally occurs within their bellys with sparing of the tendons. This contrasts with idiopathic inflammation of the muscles or myositis, which tends to involve the tendon as well. All of the associated findings in orbital Graves' disease probably flow from the enlarged volume of the extraocular muscles: proptosis, bowing of the medial lamina papyracea to accommodate the swollen belly of the medial rectus muscle, venous engorgement from stasis induced by direct compression of the orbital venous drainage, conjunctival and lid swelling, and lacrimal gland enlargement. Both radiographic and pathologic changes in the orbital fat are secondary and comparatively insignificant. While there appears to be no selective inflammation of the optic nerve meninges or the perineural connective tissues, enlargement of the extraocular muscle bellys where they converge at the crowded orbital apex brings about compression of the optic nerve, impairs its function, and causes visual decrease. Lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration along with edema within the endomysium of the extraocular muscles leads to the activation of fibroblasts with the production of acid mucopolysaccharides and progressive fibrosis. It is not known what attracts the lymphocytes to the extraocular muscles, why certain extraocular muscles are affected preferentially, why the disease may be asymmetrically unilateral, and whether a defect in T cell or B cell functions (or both) is immunologically at fault.     

眼外肌肥大的影像学诊断意义

目的总结眼外肌肥大的病因，并对影像学检查的诊断价值进行探讨。方法对249例CT或MRI检查显示眼外肌肥大的病例进行回顾性分析，并对病因进行分析和分类。结果炎症、血管畸形、肿瘤、感染、外伤等皆可是眼外肌肥大的病因。导致眼外肌肥大的疾病按发病率由高到低依次为甲状腺相关眼病、眼眶炎性假瘤、颈动脉海绵窦瘘、眶蜂窝织炎、转移性肿瘤、静脉曲张、眶骨骨折等。甲状腺相关眼病的哏外肌肥大以肌腹肥大为主，肌腱止点一般正常。炎性假瘤受累肌肉呈不规则增粗，边缘模糊，病变大多累及肌肉的止点。颈动脉海绵窦瘘通常为单眼眼外肌呈弥漫梭形肥厚。结论影像学检查包括CT和MRI扫描能够揭示眼外肌肥大的病因特征，并可作为鉴别诊断的依据。     

甲状腺相关眼病手术治疗前后的眼压变化

目的 评估甲状腺相关眼病(Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy,TAO)患者行眶减压术或斜视矫正术治疗前后眼压的变化.方法 对象为在2008年12月至2009年12月确诊为TAO,并行眶减压或斜视矫正术患者25例(35只眼),比较患者术前、术后的第一眼位眼压(平视)和第二眼位眼压(上视).结果 行眶减压术16只眼,术前平均眼压为:第一眼位,(17.86±4.32)mmHg,第二眼位(23.55±7.16)mmHg.术后平均眼压为:第一眼位(14.57±3.86)mmHg,下降18.42%,P＜0.05,第二跟位(18.77±4.83)mmHg,下降20.3%,P＜0.04;行斜视矫正术19只眼,术前平均眼压为:第一眼位,(17.89±3.85)mmHg,第二眼位(23.12±6.98)mmHg,术后平均眼压为:第一眼位(15.85±3.60)mmHg,下降11.4,P＜0.05,第二眼位:(17.88±3.59)mmHg,下降19.17%,P＜0.03,其中术前眼压＞21mmHg诊断为高眼压症和诊断为青光眼的患者术后眼压下降的更加明显.结论 TAO患者行眶减压术或斜视矫正术后眼压均有明显下降.     

Kimura's Disease Involving the Ipsilateral Face and Extraocular Muscles

Kimura''s disease (KD) is a rare, chronic inflammatory disorder, which is characterized by tumor-like masses mainly located in the head and neck region. Extraocular muscle involvement in KD is uncommon. We report a case of KD that involved both the extraocular muscles and buccal area. A 13-year-old male presented to our clinic with a two-year history of exophthalmos of the left eye and facial swelling. Facial CT and MRI showed a 1.5 × 1.5 cm² soft tissue mass located at the left masticator and buccal area, exophthalmos of the left eye, and diffuse thickening of the left extraocular muscles. We performed a lateral rectus muscle incisional biopsy of the left eye. Oral methylprednisolone therapy was initiated and tapered following the incisional biopsy.Histopathologic findings of the lateral rectus muscle incisional biopsy showed abnormal vascular proliferation with marked eosinophilic infiltration in hypertrophied collagenous tissue. Post-operative histopathologic findings of the facial mass confirmed the diagnosis of KD.Although KD with extraocular muscle involvement is uncommon, an ophthalmologist can diagnose KD by the clinical presentation of exophthalmos, eyelid swelling, and an orbital massas well as by histological examination of a biopsy of the orbital mass.     

Breaking the Mold of Orbital Cellulitis

A 52-year-old, immune-suppressed man presented with painful proptosis. Orbital imaging revealed enhancement of his right inferior rectus muscle and mild ethmoidal sinus disease. Sinus washings and turbinectomy demonstrated Curvularia. Despite aggressive intravenous antimicrobials, the patient remained febrile. Repeat imaging demonstrated a well-defined intramuscular abscess without contiguous orbital or paranasal involvement. Following surgical drainage, the patient improved. Cultures of the material expressed from the abscess confirmed a co-infection with Fusarium. Although rare, fungal abscess of the extraocular muscle should be considered in patients (particularly if immunosuppressed) with extraocular muscle enlargement resistant to conventional antimicrobial therapy. Prompt diagnosis and treatment could potentially prevent further serious morbidity or mortality.     

儿童甲状腺相关性眼病的临床特点及眼眶显像在其诊断中的应用

目的  探讨儿童甲状腺相关性眼病（thyroid associated ophthalmopathy,TAO）的临床特点及⁹⁹Tc^m-生长抑素类似物眼眶显像在其诊断中的应用价值。设计 回顾性病例系列。研究对象 2008年10月-2015年8月于山西医科大学第一医院就诊的儿童TAO患者20例,年龄6~14岁,平均（10.85±1.42）岁。方法 分析所有入组患儿的临床资料。其中13例患儿行眼肌B超及⁹⁹Tc^m-生长抑素类似物眼眶显像。计算眼眶⁹⁹Tc^m-生长抑素类似物显像剂摄取比值（UR）,并与25例成年人TAO患者及30例健康成年人志愿者进行对比。主要指标 甲状腺功能、眼征、眼球突出度、眼球运动、眼外肌B超、眼眶⁹⁹Tc^m-生长抑素类似物显像。结果 在20例患儿中,眼病初发时伴有甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）或亚临床甲亢18例（90%）,甲状腺功能正常2例（10%）。甲状腺病病程10天~36个月,平均（12.48±10.33）个月;眼病病程1~36个月,平均（10.40±10.17）个月。双眼发病者18例（90%）。眼睑退缩17例（85%）,眼球突出19例（95%）,眼球运动障碍2例（10%）。眼肌B超检查眼肌增大者10例（76.9%）,其中两条肌肉增大5例（38.5%）,三条肌肉增大4例（30.8%）,四条肌肉均增大1例（7.7%）;内直肌、下直肌、上直肌及外直肌增大的频率分别是75%、65%、40%及10%。三组眼眶生长抑素类似物UR均数分别为1.48±0.16、1.65±0.20和1.05±0.17,患儿组UR值与成年人患者无明显差异（P=0.294）,但两者均明显高于正常对照组（P＜0.01）;患儿双眼UR值分别为右眼：1.63±0.13,左眼：1.69±0.15,双眼间无显著差异（P=0.372）。结论 双眼发病、眼睑退缩和眼球突出是儿童TAO患者最典型的临床特点;甲功异常的患儿应常规进行至少1年的眼科随访;⁹⁹Tc^m-生长抑素类似物眼眶显像对儿童TAO患者具有明确的诊断价值。（眼科,2016, 25： 366-370）       

Evaluation of extraocular muscle enlargement in dysthyroid ophthalmopathy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate extraocular muscle enlargement (EME) in dysthyroid ophthalmopathy. METHODS: EME was assessed by orbital computed tomography (CT) in 573 patients with dysthyroid ophthalmopathy in order to investigate the frequency and exact location of EME and the clinical features of related ocular symptoms in patients with dysthyroid ophthalmopathy. RESULTS: Of the 573 patients examined, 187 patients (38%) showed evidence of EME on CT images. This disorder was more frequent in male patients than in female patients. EME was also more frequently seen in older patients than in younger patients. Enlargement of a single muscle was found in 55% of the 187 patients, with the most frequently affected muscle being the inferior rectus muscle. When multiple muscles were enlarged, the inferior rectus muscle was the most frequently affected, followed by the medial rectus muscle. CONCLUSIONS: Of the clinical findings specific to dysthyroid ophthalmopathy examined in the present study, the incidence of exophthalmos, upper lid swelling, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, keratitis, diplopia, and dysthyroid optic neuropathy was significantly increased in patients with dysthyroid ophthalmopathy, indicating a close relationship between these findings and the underlying disease, but the incidence of upper lid retraction was not significantly increased.