肾黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌的临床病理学分析

目的：探讨肾黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌（ mucinous tubu1ar and spind1e ce11 carcinoma,MTSCC）的临床病理学特征、免疫表型及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析2例MTSCC的临床病理学特征,并复习相关文献。结果 MTSCC临床表现无特异性,CT、MRI等影像学检查可辅助诊断,确诊需依赖病理检查。免疫表型：瘤细胞表达 CK7、CK18、CK19、P504S、EMA、vimentin、CK34βE12、E-cadherin,不表达 CD15、CD10、CD56、Syn、CgA、CD117、C-erbB-2及 vi11in。结论MTSCC是一种罕见的低级别恶性肿瘤,需与集合管癌、乳头状肾细胞癌、肾髓质癌等鉴别,CT、MRI及免疫组化检查有助于诊断。     

Collecting duct carcinoma of kidney: a clinicopathologic analysis of 4 cases

目的 探讨肾集合管癌(collecing duct carcinoma,CDC)的临床病理特点、诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 对4例CDC进行临床病理学观察及免疫组化标记,并复习相关文献.结果 肿瘤位于肾髓质内,镜下为管状、乳头状结构,肿瘤细胞呈靴钉样,伴间质纤维化及炎症细胞反应,肿瘤旁集合管上皮细胞可见异型增生;免疫表型示肿瘤细胞CKpan、CKL、CKH及CK7均(+),vimentin部分(+)(2/4),CK20、CD10、RCC均(-).结论 CDC是一种高度恶性的肾上皮性肿瘤,临床罕见,易误诊,免疫组化有助于诊断及鉴别诊断.     

肾集合管癌4例临床病理分析

目的探讨肾集合管癌(collecing duct carcinoma,CDC)的临床病理特点、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对4例CDC进行临床病理学观察及免疫组化标记,并复习相关文献。结果肿瘤位于肾髓质内,镜下为管状、乳头状结构,肿瘤细胞呈靴钉样,伴间质纤维化及炎症细胞反应,肿瘤旁集合管上皮细胞可见异型增生;免疫表型示肿瘤细胞CKpan、CKL、CKH及CK7均(+),vimentin部分(+)(2/4),CK20、CD10、RCC均(-)。结论 CDC是一种高度恶性的肾上皮性肿瘤,临床罕见,易误诊,免疫组化有助于诊断及鉴别诊断。     

膀胱乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤中CD10和CK20的表达

目的探讨CD10与CK20在膀胱乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤中的表达及临床病理意义。方法以19例正常尿路上皮为对照,采用免疫组化法检测74例膀胱乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤中CK20和CD10染色分布模式和强度以及二者之间的关系。结果CD10与CK20的阳性率分别为51.4%和54.4%,两者的染色分布和强度差异无显著性(P0.05)。CK20的染色分布模式在尿路上皮乳头状瘤(urothelial papilloma,UP)和非浸润性乳头状尿路上皮癌(non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma,NIPUC)中差异有显著性(P0.05)。CD10与CK20的染色强度整体比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且UP、低度恶性潜能未定的乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤(papillary urothelial neoplasm of law malignant potential,PUNLMP)与NIPUC组间相比差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两者联合检测阳性率达74.3%,癌组织中阳性率为84.9%。结论 CD10与CK20在膀胱乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤中的表达极其相似,联合使用明显提高阳性率;对鉴别尿路上皮乳头状肿瘤表浅病变的类型以及该类肿瘤的良恶性有意义。     

具有内翻生长特征的尿路上皮增生性病变的临床病理学研究

目的 研究伴内翻生长特征的尿路上皮增生性病变的临床病理特征,探讨免疫组织化学和多点荧光原位杂交在其鉴别诊断中的作用.方法 收集具有内翻生长特征的尿路上皮病变41例,分为内翻乳头状瘤、内翻生长型尿路上皮癌、旺炽型von Brunn细胞巢,用多点荧光原位杂交方法检测其3、7、17号染色体获得和9p21缺失;免疫组织化学EnVision法标记p53、CK20和Ki-67;并对12例进行随访.结果 (1)内翻乳头状瘤12例,平均1.2 cm,由互相连接的细胞索或巢在固有膜内生长,细胞索相对较细而宽窄一致,细胞巢外呈栅栏状、内为流水状排列,可见鳞状分化,无细胞学上的异型性,无或偶见核分裂象,4例可见少量表面外生乳头,被覆少于6层的正常尿路上皮.(2)内翻生长型尿路上皮癌24例,平均2.1 cm,结构似内翻乳头状瘤,但细胞索较粗并宽窄不一,细胞巢粗大并不规则状,可形成实体结构,瘤细胞轻至中度异形,核分裂象1～8个/10 HPF,3例表面均未见外生性乳头,但表层尿路上皮有明显异型增生,有少量外生乳头者外生成分形态符合低级别或低度恶性潜能.(3)旺炽型yon Brunn细胞巢5例,平均0.9 cm,表面被覆正常或增厚的黏膜组织,固有膜内见巢状分布、大小不等、排列紧密的尿路上皮团伴有囊腔形成,细胞均无异型性,无或偶见核分裂象.多点荧光原位杂交:79.1%(19/24)的内翻生长型尿路上皮癌存在染色体异常阳性,而内翻乳头状瘤和旺炽型von Brunn细胞巢无阳性染色体异常.免疫组织化学:CK20仅在2例内翻生长型尿路上皮癌中弱表达,内翻乳头状瘤和旺炽型von Brunn细胞巢均为阴性;16例内翻生长型尿路上皮癌和1例内翻乳头状瘤中有5%～50%的瘤细胞弱表达p53;内翻生长型尿路上皮癌中1%～5%表达Ki-67,内翻乳头状瘤和旺炽型von Brunn细胞巢均低于1%.随访:2例内翻生长型尿路上皮癌经多次复发后为浸润性癌,行全膀胱切除后仍发生远处转移.内翻乳头状瘤无复发.结论 伴内翻生长特征的尿路上皮增生性病变在良恶性病变中存在形态学上的重叠,但内翻生长型尿路上皮癌在形态及免疫组织化学上有独特特征.多点荧光原位杂交在鉴别诊断中有辅助作用.     

肾集合管癌1例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨起源于肾髓质集合管的肾集合管癌，分析其病理形态学特征及鉴别诊断。方法 对1例肾集合管癌进行大体、光镜及免疫组化观察并结合文献分析。结果 镜下肿瘤呈弥漫性或腺管状、乳头状排列。肿瘤纤维性间质反应性增生。免疫表型肿瘤细胞高分子CK、EMA、vimentin、溶菌酶阳性。结论 肾集合管癌是一种起源于肾髓质集合管的罕见的肾肿瘤，恶性度高，预后差。     

肾黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌与乳头状肾细胞癌的免疫表型及遗传学改变

目的 研究肾脏黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌(mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma, MTSCC)及乳头状肾细胞癌(papillary renal cell carcinoma, PRCC)的免疫表型及遗传学特征,探讨它们在肿瘤鉴别诊断中的意义.方法 应用免疫组化方法分别检测7例MTSCC及10例PRCC中 vimentin、RCC、CK7、CK19、34βE12、AMACR、CD10及CD117的表达,同时应用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)技术检测两种肿瘤中7号染色体的遗传学改变.结果 (1) vimentin、RCC、CK7、CK19、AMACR、CD117及34βE12在两种肿瘤中的表达均无明显差别;CD10在50% (5/10例)的PRCC中呈阳性表达,而在MTSCC 中均呈阴性反应.(2) FISH结果显示:10例 PRCC均存在7号染色体三倍体,而在MTSCC中未检测到这一遗传学改变.结论 MTSCC是一种罕见的低级别多形性肿瘤,其某些组织学特征及免疫表型与PRCC相似,极易误诊.7号染色体的异常改变对MTSCC和PRCC的鉴别诊断有着十分重要的意义.     

基底型细胞角蛋白在乳腺周围型导管内乳头状肿瘤诊断中的应用

目的比较不同类型基底型细胞角蛋白（CK5/6、34βE12）在周围型乳头状肿瘤中的辅助诊断价值并结合CK8和肌上皮标记（p63、SMA）对乳头状肿瘤中的增生细胞成分进行初步分析。方法参照2003年WHO乳腺疾病分类的诊断标准,筛选出乳头状瘤伴普通型增生（UH）10例,伴不典型增生（AH）10例,导管内乳头状癌（IDPC）8例。所有病例均进行CK5/6、CK8、34βE12、p63和SMA免疫组化染色。结果乳头状瘤伴UH、AH及IDPC时,CK5/6在增生细胞中的阳性表达率分别为9/10、3/10、0/8;34βE12的阳性表达率分别为10/10、4/10、1/8。CK8在增生细胞中均为阳性,在乳头基底部和导管周围细胞中均为阴性。p63和SMA在增生细胞中均为阴性,在乳头基底部和导管周围细胞中有不同程度的阳性。结论基底型CK结合CK8和肌上皮标记有助于乳头状瘤是否伴UH、AH或IDPC的鉴别诊断。乳头状瘤伴上皮增生时有多种细胞成分参与,包括定向干细胞、腺中间细胞和腺终端细胞等,但未发现具有肌上皮特点的细胞参与其中。     

输尿管肾源性腺瘤合并肾脏结核1例并文献复习

目的探讨输尿管肾源性腺瘤(nephrogenic adenoma,NA)的临床病理学和免疫表型特征。方法回顾性分析1例输尿管NA合并肾脏结核的临床资料及病理学特征,对其行HE及免疫组化En Vision法染色,并复习相关文献。结果患者男性,18岁。大体上输尿管腔内见狭窄区;镜下见黏膜下增生腺体形成小管状、乳头状结构,管腔大小形状不一,被覆单层立方上皮,黏膜下见慢性炎细胞浸润;肾脏结核改变。免疫表型:AMACR(P504s)(+);CK7(弱+);CK34βE12(局灶+);CD10、CK20、Villin、vimentin(-)。结论输尿管NA是非常少见的泌尿系统病变,需与息肉、移行细胞癌及腺癌鉴别,掌握其组织形态特征及免疫表型是正确诊断的关键。     

乳腺导管内乳头状肿瘤的形态学和免疫表型特征

目的观察乳腺导管内乳头状肿瘤（intraductal papillary neoplasms,IDPN）的形态学和免疫表型特征,并探讨其诊断。方法根据WHO分类（2003）和Tavassoli等（1999、2003）有关标准,筛选出乳腺导管内乳头状肿瘤41例,对上述病例进行HE形态观察和免疫组化检测,选用的一抗有CK5、CK34βE12、CK8、CD34、SMA、p63、CD10。结果（1）导管内乳头状瘤19例,镜检为扩张的导管或小管内含纤维-脉管轴心的乳头状病变,由腺（系）上皮和肌上皮覆盖轴心形成双层构型。其中16例伴腺（系）上皮普通性增生,2例〈10％的乳头覆盖上皮呈不典型增生（AH）改变。腺（系）上皮CK5 17例（89．5％）中～强阳性;CK34βE1216例（84．2％）中～强阳性。肌上皮SMA、p63、CD10均阳性。（2）非典犁导管内乳头状瘤4例,3例伴发于囊内乳头状癌,1例作为主要诊断。表现为≥10％而〈90％的乳头覆盖上皮呈AH改变。其AH区域CK5均阴性,3例CK34βE12阴性～弱阳性。（3）导管内乳头状癌21例,其中①2例仅表现为≥90％的乳头区肌上皮层完全缺乏;②1例仪表现为〉90％的乳头覆盖上皮呈低级导管原位癌（DCIS）样改变;③8例兼具上两种特征;④10例乳头覆盖上皮呈中～高级别DCIS样改变。符合②及③者CK5均阴性,CK34βE12 6例（66．7％）阴性～弱阳性;符合④者CK5、CK34βE12 8例（80％）均阴性～弱阳性。结论IDPN是一组良恶性不同的病变,各自的HE形态和免疫表型均有差异,应采用HE形态和免疫组化相结合的综合标准进行诊断。     

大学生罗杰斯自我意象心理测评结果

目的：了解和评价大学生人格中自我意象的心理健康水平和影响其心理水平的相关因素。方法：对１８３名工大学生做随机抽样,采用香港中文大学林孟平编制的”罗杰斯自我意象问卷（ＲＳＩＱ）”做心理测验,全部数据用ＳＰＳＳ做统计分析。结果：５３．０１％的学生为高自我意象,４６．９９％为低自我意象。     

Age of puberty: data from the United States of America

In an attempt to determine whether the secular trend toward an earlier onset of puberty has continued over recent decades in the United States of America, published reports concerning the age of attainment of pubertal events have been reviewed. Such reports are very limited and vary in both design and inclusive ages of study subjects. Among females, two recent large cross-sectional studies indicate that fifty percent of females in the United States attain Tanner breast stage 2 at 9.5 to 9.7 years of age. This is younger than previously thought, although adequate earlier studies of girls in the United States are not available for comparison. These two studies also indicate that about 14% of girls attain Tanner stage 2 while 8 years of age; one study extends earlier reporting that about 6% exhibit onset of breast development while 7 years of age. There is no evidence that the age of menarche or the attainment of adult (Tanner 5) breast development has decreased over the past 30 years. The data also suggest an earlier onset of Tanner stage 2 pubic hair but no change in attainment of stage 5. Among males, pubic hair may be appearing at younger ages, but data are inadequate or too inconsistent to allow firm interpretation. The lack of standardization of genital criteria of pubertal onset in the male makes any conclusions regarding secular trends impossible. In summary, earlier secular trends over recent decades related to better health, improved nutrition or socio-economic status, or any putative influence by endocrine disrupters cannot be verified.     

Vascular tumors of bone: A study of 17 cases other than ordinary hemangioma,with an evaluation of the relationship of hemangioendothelioma of bone to epithelioid hemangioma,epithelioid hemangioendothelioma,and high-grade angiosarcoma

Cases filed as vascular tumor of bone other than ordinary hemangioma were reviewed. They were included in the study if there was adequate histologic material and clinical information, clear evidence of bone origin, and at least 5 years follow-up. The study group comprised 17 cases, of which 13 were categorized as hemangioendothelioma of bone, 1 as epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, and 3 as high-grade angiosarcoma. Hemangioendothelioma of bone had growth patterns varying from vasoformative to solid, but well-formed vessels were present in at least some area in all cases. The cells generally had a rounded, epithelioid character, regular nuclei, and relatively few mitotic figures; occasional features included spindle cells and scattered enlarged, hyperchromatic or pleomorphic nuclei. Lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate ranged from prominent to slight or absent, and myxoid or hyaline stroma was never more than focal. Epithelioid hemangioma could not be separated from hemangioendothelioma of bone. The single epithelioid hemangioendothelioma for the most part had cords of relatively uniform epithelioid cells in a prominent myxoid stroma but focally demonstrated an angiosarcoma-like appearance, with irregular vascular spaces and marked nuclear pleomorphism. The high-grade angiosarcomas exhibited predominantly irregular vasoformation combined with solid areas, diffuse nuclear hyperchromatism and pleomorphism, and, in 2 cases, numerous mitotic figures (the third case had only a small biopsy and a postradiation amputation specimen). Of the hemangioendotheliomas of bone, 7 were unicentric and 6 were regionally multicentric either concurrently or sequentially. Three patients had intraosseous local recurrence, 2 had discontinuous regional skin or soft tissue involvement (including the popliteal artery in 1), and 1 had a solitary lung metastasis, but none died of tumor. The patient with epithelioid hemangioendothelioma had multicentric tumors in widely separated bones and died with liver and lung metastases. Two of the high-grade angiosarcomas were unicentric, and the third was regionally multicentric, with a popliteal artery-soft tissue component as well. All 3 of these patients died with metastases in various sites.     

Spatial distribution of activity of the neurons of the visual cortex during stimulation with a flash of diffused light

At different stages in the development of the response to a flash of diffused light, groupings of excited neurons in field 17 of the guinea pig continue to occur within the same cortical microzones. These zones are separated from neighboring microzones by narrow inhibition zones. The ensembles of cells participating in excitation form columns tapering with depth. The grouping of excited cells noted during a silent break indicates a grouping of inhibitory neurons. Three subgroups are distinguished within the ensembles according to the average dynamics of their impulse activity; the groups are reciprocally interrelated. One of the subgroups is in the lower layers of the cortex. This subgroup is characterized by stably localized foci of maximal activity; their dynamics, apparently reflecting groupings of corticofugal neurons, are sharply distinguished from the subgroups of the middle layers. The ensembles under investigation are considered to be one of the forms of activity of the structural-morphological units in the cortex.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 46–54, January, 1983.     

股骨粗隆间骨折术后并发症及原因分析

目的回顾性分析股骨粗隆间骨折的术后并发症并分析其原因。方法 2008年1月~2012年12月,我院手术治疗股骨粗隆间骨折共295例,按Evans分型,Ia型26例,Ib型53例,Ic型97例,Id型52例,II型67例。其中DHS组59例,IMHS组80例,PFN组25例,GAMMA3组28例,INTERTAN组103例。随访3~36个月,对部分发生并发症的病例进行手术干预。结果内固定物切割6例,拉力螺钉退出2例,髋内翻、下肢短缩12例,感染6例,血管损伤2例,股骨头无菌性坏死2例,内植物远端骨折2例,部分经再次手术治疗治愈。结论手术治疗股骨粗隆间骨折,要结合骨折类型、患者全身情况合理选用内固定物,术中复位及操作技术的改进以及术后适度的功能锻炼,能够减少术中及术后并发症的发生。     

A laboratory exercise in the study of the gross structure of the eye

The dissection of the bovine eye, when it is based on procedures used in ophthalmic surgery, results in an enthusiastic reception by medical students. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Arterialization of the venous system of the brain

Department of Normal Physiology, N. I. Pirogov Second Moscow Medical Institute. Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 105, No. 1, pp. 9–11, January, 1988.     

《中华肾脏病杂志》2002-2004年论著引文统计分析

本文对《中华肾脏病杂志》2002-2004年论著引文进行了数据统计,在引文类型分布、引文语种分布、引文年代分布及被引频次与引文总数量百分比方面作了较详实地分析,肯定了《中华肾脏病杂志》在我国临床医学期刊中的学术影响和地位,最后得出总结性结论。