心脏瓣膜置换术后的抗凝治疗近况

<正>抗凝治疗是心脏瓣膜置换术后最关键的后续治疗,口服香豆素类药物是最常用的抗凝方法,是心脏瓣膜置换术后需长期抗凝治疗的"金标准",其主要代表药物是华法林。然而口服华法林抗凝     

高龄心房颤动患者抗血小板与抗凝策略的临床观察

目的 观察高龄心房颤动(房颤)患者抗血小板治疗与抗凝治疗现状及有效性和安全性. 方法 根据高龄房颤患者住院时的治疗情况分为华法林抗凝组(15例)和阿司匹林(或氯吡格雷)抗血小板组(52例)进行分析.每组分别测定用药前后的凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化凝血时间(ACT)、国际标准化比值(INR)、部分活化凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、凝血酶时间(TT)、凝血因子(Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ)活性、纤维蛋白降解产物(FDP)和D-二聚体. 结果抗血小板组平均治疗时间(44.2±37.5)个月.抗凝组平均治疗时间(39.0±61.5)个月.抗血小板组有6例发生缺血性脑卒中,1例发生急性右下肢动脉栓塞,3例发生消化道出血.抗血小板组用药前后PT、ACT、INR、APTT、FIB、TT、凝血因子(Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ)活性比较、差异均无统计学意义.抗凝组共发生2例消化道出血及2例致死性出血性脑卒中.抗凝组华法林用药后PT延长(8.4±7.5)s,ACT下降(0.49±0.22)s.INR升高0.93±0.83,凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ及Ⅹ活性均较用药前有显著降低(均P<0.05). 结论 抗凝治疗能够有效预防高龄房颤患者的缺血性脑卒中发生,但出血事件发生率可能增多,总体不良事件发生并未显著减少.     

人工机械瓣膜置换术后口服抗凝药的抗凝治疗强度标准

目的 探讨适合我国人工机械瓣膜置换患者特点的抗凝强度标准并分别确定主动脉瓣置换(AVR)、二尖瓣置换(MVR)、双瓣置换(DVR)的抗凝强度标准。方法 对北京安贞医院心外科1658例人工机械瓣膜置换术后的患者随访,分析随访抗凝强度(国际标准化比,INR)与口服抗凝治疗相关并发症的关系,总结并发症发生率最低的抗凝强度范围,即最佳抗凝强度标准。结果 完成随访1508例,随访率91.0％,随访(0.08～5.08)年,平均随访(3.8±1.3)年,随访总人年数为5731.9。随访INR 2.13±0.56,口服华法林剂量(3.09±0.85)mg,发生血栓栓塞66例(1.17％人年),抗凝有关的出血115例(2.02％人年),总事件发生率为3.24％人年,其中INR于1.3-2.3(AVR:1.3～1.8;MVR及DVR:1.8～2.3)范围内出血和总事件发生率最低(P<0.001)。结论 我国人工机械瓣膜置换患者的抗凝强度控制在INR1.3～2.3范围(AVR:1.3～1.8;MVR、DVR:1.8～2.3),可以减少口服抗凝治疗的并发症,获得满意的预防血栓栓塞,减少与抗凝有关的出血的效果。     

老年心脏机械瓣置换术后华法林低强度抗凝疗效观察

目的 探讨老年心脏机械瓣置换术后华法林低强度抗凝标准及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2004年1月~2014年6月在我院心血管外科接受心脏机械瓣置换术后进行低强度抗凝治疗、资料完整患者356例,其中男性203例,女性153例,年龄60~73(64.3±5.1)岁。根据其手术方式分组:主动脉瓣置换术(AVR)组101例、二尖瓣置换术(MVR)组164例、主动脉瓣联合二尖瓣置换术(DVR)组91例。再根据其国际标准化比值(INR)进一步分为低水平组(INR1.6)19例、目标组(1.6≤INR≤2.5)299例、高水平组(INR2.5)38例。连续随访,记录其INR、血栓及出血等不良事件发生率。结果 本组患者发生血栓5例(1.4%),出血49例(13.8%),目标INR 1.6~2.5。AVR组、MVR组和DVR组患者术后出血比例比较无统计学差异,低水平组、目标组和高水平组患者术后出血比例比较有统计学差异。结论 老年人心脏机械瓣置换术后,口服华法林维持INR在1.6~2.5,抗凝效果理想。     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术后的抗栓治疗策略

经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)自开展以来发展迅速,随着越来越多临床研究结果的公布,TAVR的适应证已经扩展至全风险范围主动脉瓣狭窄人群.接受TAVR治疗的患者血栓栓塞和出血事件均十分常见,这对TAVR术后的抗栓治疗提出了挑战.而此前的指南关于TAVR的抗栓治疗建议大多基于专家意见而非循证医学证据.本文将基于最近的临床...     

经腔静脉入路行经导管主动脉瓣置换术1例

经导管主动脉瓣置换术（TAVR）已成为老年主动脉瓣狭窄的主流治疗方式。股动脉入路是TAVR的首选入路,90%以上的患者可经股动脉完成TAVR,替代入路包括经锁骨下动脉、经腋动脉、经颈动脉、经升主动脉和经心尖入路。对于常规经股动脉或上述替代入路均不适合的患者,近年来国际上报道了经腔静脉入路,但该入路操作步骤相对复杂、技术...     

经导管主动脉瓣膜植入术:进展与现状

<正>主动脉瓣是左心室通往主动脉的大门,控制血液单向流出左心室。主动脉瓣膜可因种种先天或后天原因而发生狭窄或关闭不全等病变。就主动脉瓣膜狭窄而言,半数以上的患者是由于瓣膜随着年龄而逐渐钙化、变形粘连的退行性病变所导致,此病变在85岁以上的老年人中患病率约4%[1]。通常主动脉瓣膜狭窄的患者会有很长一段时间没有任何症状,因为左心室肌肉会代偿性增厚,勉强维持运作。但随年龄渐长,瓣膜开口逐渐缩小,血流动力学状态     

左心室导丝起搏技术在经导管主动脉瓣置换术中的应用

传统上,在进行经导管主动脉瓣置换术时,通常经外周静脉将临时起搏导线置入右心室,以满足术中起搏需要.术后常规留置临时起搏导线24 h,以应对可能出现的传导阻滞和心动过缓.该方法不仅增加手术时间,而且有穿刺部位并发症以及右心室穿孔的风险.近年来,国外很多中心采用左心室导丝起搏技术替代传统的临时起搏,现对左心室导丝起搏技术做...     

经导管主动脉瓣植入术后抗血栓治疗中国专家共识

经导管主动脉瓣植入术(TAVI)现已成为治疗有症状重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的有效措施,且适用人群也从老年高风险患者逐步扩展到中、低风险及较年轻患者,但其术后缺血性及出血性并发症仍不少见,并有一定的致死率和致残率。该专家共识复习了相关资料及研究进展,结合我国具体情况及国际指南,给出了TAVI术后抗血栓治疗的建议,以期提高我国TAVI术后患者生存率及生存质量,减少缺血及出血并发症。该共识从TAVI术后血栓形成及出血的危险因素和机制、缺血及出血风险评估、抗凝与抗血小板治疗的选择、抗血小板治疗的方案、抗血栓时程、瓣叶血栓及出血并发症的处理等方面进行了详尽的阐述。强调TAVI术后应综合评估患者缺血及出血事件发生的风险,方案的制定应个体化,进而改善患者预后。     

经导管主动脉瓣植入术后抗血栓治疗中国专家共识

经导管主动脉瓣植入术(TAVI)现已成为治疗有症状重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的有效措施,且适用人群也从老年高风险患者逐步扩展到中、低风险及较年轻患者,但其术后缺血性及出血性并发症仍不少见,并有一定的致死率和致残率。该专家共识复习了相关资料及研究进展,结合我国具体情况及国际指南,给出了TAVI术后抗血栓治疗的建议,以期提高我国TAVI术后患者生存率及生存质量,减少缺血及出血并发症。该共识从TAVI术后血栓形成及出血的危险因素和机制、缺血及出血风险评估、抗凝与抗血小板治疗的选择、抗血小板治疗的方案、抗血栓时程、瓣叶血栓及出血并发症的处理等方面进行了详尽的阐述。强调TAVI术后应综合评估患者缺血及出血事件发生的风险,方案的制定应个体化,进而改善患者预后。     

Development of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI): A heart-warming adventure

The development of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) spearheaded by our group has been a great adventure since we validated the concept in the early 1990s in aortic stenosis (AS) postmortem studies. We first tested prototypes in animal models before performing the daring first-in-man implantation in 2002. Prospective compassionate use series followed, accompanied by ongoing technological innovation of devices and of delivery systems. High surgical risk patients were enrolled in feasibility studies, which led to the Conformité Européenne (CE) mark being granted in 2007. Data from post-marketing registries involving thousands of patients have shown remarkable results and increasingly smaller complication rates, as a result of growing experience and improved technology. Survival and quality of life results from the landmark randomized PARTNER Edwards SAPIEN study have confirmed the important place of TAVI in non-operable and high surgical risk patients. To date, more than 50,000 patients have benefited from TAVI worldwide. TAVI is now recommended in the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) guidelines, and by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States for the treatment of AS patients who are not suitable or at high risk for surgery, as assessed by a multidisciplinary heart team, and in whom a less invasive approach is favored. Multidisciplinary heart teams are critical in patient selection and in successful procedures. In future, TAVI may be extended to use in lower risk patients, although further clinical investigation is necessary. Just over 10 years after the first-in-man case, TAVI has quickly become an established AS treatment option.     

先天性主动脉瓣病变感染性心内膜炎的瓣膜置换术

目的　探讨先天性主动脉瓣病变继发感染性心内膜炎 (CAVE)的外科治疗。方法1990年 5月 1999年 8月间共收治 5 2例CAVE。男 37例 ,女 15例 ,平均年龄 33 3岁。平均心胸比率为 0 5 8,左室舒张末径为 5 3～ 94mm (平均 6 8mm)。瓣膜病理类型以主动脉二瓣化畸形为主 ,占6 8%。术前血培养阳性率为 36 4 %。超声心动图检查结合术后病理检查是诊断CAVE的主要方法。瓣膜赘生物阳性率为 80 8%。心功能 (NYHA)Ⅲ级 2 8例 ,IV级 11例。全组病例均在体外循环下行主动脉瓣置换术 ,均选用机械瓣 (St Jude和Medtronic Hall占 6 0 % )。结果　早期死亡 2例 ,1例死于脑栓塞 ,1例死于 2次瓣膜置换术后瓣周漏严重心功能衰竭。 2例完全性房室传导阻滞均安装永久性心脏起搏器。出院检查体温均正常。平均左室舒张末径为 5 5mm (P <0 0 1)。随访 4 6例 ,平均随访 38个月。 1例术后发生瓣膜功能障碍。无晚期死亡和心内膜炎复发。结论　强调对CAVE早期治疗。术中彻底清除感染病灶 ,结合术后有效抗生素的应用 ,是防止术后心内膜炎复发的关键     

Prognostic impact of permanent pacemaker implantation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement

1. Download : Download high-res image (253KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

Recent developments and controversies in transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Interventional cardiology has been revolutionised by transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), which has become established as the benchmark treatment for severe aortic stenosis in patients at high risk for surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR). Increased procedural familiarity and progression in device technology has enabled improvements to be made in complication rates, which have led to a commensurate expansion in the use of TAVI; it is now a viable alternative to AVR in patients at intermediate surgical risk, and has been used in cohorts such as those with bicuspid aortic valves or pure, severe aortic regurgitation. Given the rapid expansion in the use of TAVI, including cohorts of younger patients with fewer co‐morbidities, attention must be paid to further reducing remaining complications, such as cardiac tamponade or stroke. To this end, novel techniques and devices have been devised and trialled, with varying levels of success. Furthermore, significant work has gone into refining the technique with exploration of alternative imaging modalities, as well as alternative access routes to provide greater options for patients with challenging vascular anatomy. Whilst significant progress has been made with TAVI, areas of uncertainty remain such as the management of concomitant coronary artery disease and the optimum post‐procedure antiplatelet regimen. As such, research in this field continues apace, and is likely to continue as use of TAVI becomes more widespread. This review provides a summary of the existing evidence, as well as an overview of recent developments and contentious issues in the field of TAVI.     

Updates on transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Techniques,complications, outcome,and prognosis

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) initially emerged as a therapeutic option for high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis. Advancement in technologies since the first era of TAVRs, experience from previous obstacles, and lessons learned from complications have allowed the evolution of this procedure to the current state. This review focuses on the updates on the most current devices, complications, and outcomes of TAVR.     

钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄的外科治疗

目的评价钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄外科治疗效果及成功因素。方法对26例钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄患者随访分析,年龄55～70岁,平均62岁。主动脉跨瓣压差52～191mmHg,平均97mmHg,室间隔、左室后壁厚度14～19mm,合并关闭不全7例。手术均在全麻、低温和体外循环下行机械瓣置换,同期行Manouguian法扩大主动脉瓣环9例、CABG3例、Wheat术1例。结果术后早期和晚期各死亡1例。随访心脏超声LVEF为51%～72%,室间隔及左室后壁厚度8～12mm,人工瓣跨瓣压差8～26mmHg。心功能为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论瓣膜置换是治疗钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄唯一安全有效的方法,恰当的手术时机、合适的瓣膜型号是提高手术远期疗效的重要保证。     

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Current status and future perspectives

Although surgical aortic valve replacement is the standard therapy for severe aortic stenosis(AS),about one third of patients are considered inoperable due to unacceptable surgical risk.Under medical treatment alone these patients have a very poor prognosis with a mortality rate of 50%at 2 years.Transcatheter aortic valve implantation(TAVI)has been used in these patients,and has shown robust results in the only randomized clinical trial of severe AS treatment performed so far.In this review,we will focus on the two commercially available systems:Edwards SAPIEN valve and CoreValve Revalving system.Both systems have demonstrated success rates of over 90%with 30-d mortality rates below 10%in the most recent transfemoral TAVI studies.Moreover,long-term studies have shown that the valves have good haemodynamic performance.Some studies are currently exploring the non-inferiority of TAVI procedures vs conventional surgery in high-risk patients,and long-term clinical results of the percutaneous valves.In this article we review the current status of TAVI including selection of patients,a comparison of available prostheses,results and complications of the procedure,clinical outcomes,and future perspectives.     

应用新型介入瓣膜行经导管主动脉瓣置入术的实验研究

目的 探讨应用新型介入瓣膜在实验动物体内行经导管主动脉瓣置入术(TAVI)的可行性,并观察新型介入瓣膜置入后的短期效果.方法 选取健康成年绵羊20只,在全身麻醉及成像造影设备的辅助下,经绵羊一侧颈总动脉置入输送鞘管,于主动脉瓣环处释放新型介入瓣膜.以左心室和主动脉造影及经胸超声心动图观察介入瓣膜的位置和作用.记录术后30 d实验动物的存活情况.结果 所有实验绵羊均置入新型介入瓣膜.15只(75％)存活绵羊的术后造影显示介入瓣膜位置良好,无移位,未影响二尖瓣;冠状动脉开口显影良好,冠状动脉通畅.经胸超声心动图显示5例绵羊存在轻度瓣周漏.术后存活绵羊主动脉瓣反流百分比由术前( 1.25±0.46)％增加至(4.52±3.56)％(P＜0.05).术后主动脉瓣有效瓣口面积、主动脉收缩压、主动脉舒张压、平均主动脉压、左心室收缩压、左心室舒张末压、心率与术前比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).5只(25％)绵羊于TAVI后30 d内死亡,其中介入瓣膜释放展开后即刻,因左冠状动脉开口堵塞发生心室颤动而死亡1只,术后20 min死于急性心肌梗死1只,术后8和12h死于二尖瓣反流2只,术后26 d死于感染性心内膜炎1只.结论 采用新型介入瓣膜在实验动物体内行TAVI是可行的,短期内安全、有效.