双波长薄层扫描法测定舒心口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的:建立舒心口服液中黄芪甲苷薄层扫描法测定含量方法.方法:采用双波长薄层法扫描法(λs=530 nm,λR=700nm)进行测定舒心口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量.结果:黄芪甲苷在1.01～8.08 μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率=98.46%,RSD=3.89%.结论:该方法简便、结果准确、重现性好,可用于舒心口服液的质量控制.     

胃康宁颗粒质量控制方法研究

目的制定胃康宁颗粒的质量标准.方法采用TLC对胃康宁颗粒中黄芪、黄连、陈皮、白及进行定性鉴别;并应用TLCS对胃康宁颗粒中黄芪甲苷进行了含量测定.测定波长λs=530nm,参比波长λR=700nm,展开剂为氯仿-甲醇-水(13:6:2).结果黄芪甲苷在0.5～5.2μg内线性关系良好,平均回收率为97.09%,RSD=1.42%.结论该法简便、灵敏、重现性好.可用于胃康宁颗粒的质量控制.     

薄层扫描法测定消栓口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的:建立薄层扫描法测定消栓口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量控制方法。方法:以氯仿-甲醇-水(13:7:2)10℃放置过夜的下层溶液为展开剂,10%硫酸乙醇溶液显色,在105℃烘约5min,λS=525nm条件下扫描,以测定消栓口服液中黄芪甲苷含量;结果表明:样品中黄芪甲苷分离完全,阴性供试品无干扰,黄芪甲苷在在1.05～5.25μg范围内,点样量与峰面积积分值之间线性关系良好,r=0.9995,异板精密度RSD为1.58%,异板精密度RSD为1.62%,重现性,RSD为2.16%。结论:本方法操作简便、可行、重现性好。     

薄层扫描法测定复方北芪口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量

本文研究双波长薄层扫描法,λS=530nm,λR=700nm,测量复方北芪口服液中黄芪甲苷含量的测定方法.结果表明该法操作简便,结果准确,黄芪甲苷在1.01～5.05 mg线性关系良好,回归方程Y=155.67 724.58X,r=0.9990.     

薄层扫描法测定复方贯众口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的 建立复方贯众口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量测定方法。方法 采用双波长薄层扫描法,以氯仿—甲醇—水(65：35：10)为展开剂,检测波长λs=510nm,参比波长λR=700nm。结果 线性范围1．9～9．5μg(r=0．9997),半均回收率为95．8％,RSD=1．8％(n=6),方法精密度为RSD=4．4％(n=5)。结论 本法简便、快速、准确,适合该制剂中黄芪甲苷的含量测定。     

薄层色谱扫描法测定三消丹胶囊中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的:建立三消丹胶囊中黄芪甲苷的测定方法.方法:在λS=530 nm,λR=700 nm用薄层色谱扫描法测定黄芪甲苷的含量.结果:黄芪甲苷在 1.07～5.35 μg范围内线性关系良好,(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为 96.1%,RSD=1.9%.结论:该法准确、可靠、灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于该制剂中黄芪甲苷的含量测定及质量控制.     

薄层扫描法测定视明口服液中黄芩苷含量

目的:建立视明口服液的质量控制方法.方法:采用单波长反射法锯齿形薄层扫描,以乙酸乙酯-丁酮-甲酸-水(5:3:1:1)为展开剂,检测波长λs=365nm,参比波长λR=275 nm,测定该制剂中黄芩苷含量.结果:黄芩苷线性范围为0.77～1.65μg,回归方程为Y=1 377.6 X 93.5,r=0.999 3,平均加样回收率为97.19%,RSD=1.59%(n=5).结论:该方法准确、简便,适合该制剂中黄芩苷的含量测定.     

黄芪中有效成分环黄芪醇皂苷和黄芪甲苷的含量测定

黄芪对心血管系统作用的主要有效成分是黄芪皂苷,黄芪皂苷大部分是以环黄芪皂醇为苷元的皂苷,其中黄芪甲苷含量最高,本文以双波长薄层扫描λs=500nm,λR=700nm测定环黄芪醇皂甙和黄芪甲苷的含量。     

薄层扫描法测定肾灵Ⅱ号片中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的:建立采用薄层扫描法测定肾灵II号片中黄芪甲苷含量的方法。方法:采用日本岛津CS-9301型双波长飞点薄层扫描仪,氯仿-甲醇-水(65∶35∶10)为展开剂,10%硫酸乙醇溶液显色,λS=530nm,λR=700nm。结果:样品中黄芪甲苷分离完全,黄芪甲苷在1.0～5.0μg范围内呈良好线性关系,r=0.9964,平均回收率为96.30%,RSD为1.64%。结论:方法简便,结果准确,可作为其质量控制依据。     

薄层扫描法测定视明口服液中黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立视明口服液中黄芩苷测定方法.方法:采用单波长反射法锯齿形薄层扫描,以乙酸乙酯-丁酮-甲酸-水(5∶3∶1∶1)为展开剂,检测波长λs=365nm,参比波长λR=275nm,测定该制剂中黄芩苷的含量.结果:线性范围0.77～1.65μg,Y=1377.6x+93.5,r=0.9993,平均加样回收率为97.19%,RSD=1.59%(n=5).结论:本法准确简便,适合该制剂中黄芩苷含量测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.