精准医疗背景下神经外科亚专业化护理小组培训方案的实践与探讨

目的:通过制定神经外科亚专业化小组培训方案,培养神经外科亚专业化护士,提高护士综合素质,进而提高团队工作质量。方法:根据科室主要病种及护理工作量成立4个亚专业化小组,各小组进行人员组建,负责相应亚专业理论和技能的培训及考核,护士长及亚专业小组组长定期对组员进行考察,并定期进行临床实际工作能力考核。结果:经过1年的亚专业化小组专科技术领域的培训,护士临床实际工作能力、护士自我评价、患者对护理工作的满意度及医生对护理工作的满意度均优于培训前,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论:神经外科亚专业化护理小组培训方案有助于提高护士的综合素质,从而更好地服务患者。     

网络平台辅助培训模式下危重症亚专科护理的实践与效果

【】目的 构建危重症亚专科护理的网络平台辅助培训模式并评价实践效果。方法 采用便利取样法选取30名重症监护室护士为研究对象,通过划分亚专科护理小组,开展网络平台辅助培训模式下的亚专科护理小组培训。在培训前后,由第三方考核护士的理论知识和实践技能水平,测量护士的核心能力及患者的满意度。结果 实施网络平台辅助培训模式下的危重症亚专科护理后,护士的理论知识水平、实践技能水平以及核心能力均提高,与实施前比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-4.17, P＜0.01;t=-3.19, P＜0.01; t= -11.58,P＜0.01);患者的满意度提高,差异有统计学意义(t=-10.93, P＜0.01) 。结论 网络平台辅助培训模式下的危重症亚专科护理可以提高护士的理论知识水平、实践技能水平、核心能力及患者满意度。     

骨科亚专业化护理模式的构建与实践

目的建立骨科亚专业化的护理模式,适应学科发展,不断提高骨科护理服务质量。方法根据学科发展,从各病区护理单元中选拔亚专业护理小组成员,构建骨科亚专业化护理组织结构,通过对人员培训并运行亚专业化护理模式,突出亚专业专科特色护理。结果护士的专科理论和技能得到了提高,护理质量考评、患者的满意度、医生对护理工作的满意度等较实施前均有显著提高。结论在骨科实施亚专业化护理模式有利于提高护理质量和患者的满意度,促进学科发展和护士综合能力的提升。     

内分泌代谢科实施亚专业化护理的效果研究

目的评价在内分泌代谢科实施亚专业化护理对临床护理实践的效果。方法通过划分亚专业护理小组,医护一体开展多项新业务、新技术,对亚专业护理人员进行培训,实施亚专业护理的工作模式。分析实施该工作模式前(2006年~2009年)后(2010年~2013年)患者平均住院日、平均住院费用和患者满意度的变化。结果实施亚专业护理模式以后患者的平均住院日、平均住院费用没有差异(P0.05),患者满意度有所提高(P0.05)。护理人员参会人次、发表论文数和申报科研项也有所提高(P0.01或P0.05)。结论在内分泌代谢科成立护理亚专业小组,可以提高病房的医疗护理质量和患者满意度,提高护士的科研能力。     

责任小组负责制在优质护理服务中的应用

目的:探讨责任小组负责制在优质护理服务中的应用方法与效果。方法:根据科室护士人数和人员结构特点,将护士分成若干个责任小组,与医生主诊组形成一个医护合作团队,共同负责1组患者诊疗护理工作,选聘责任组长,实行8 h上班、24 h负责制。结果:责任小组负责制的实施提高了护理质量和护士"三基"考核成绩,提高了患者和医生对护理工作的满意度,与实施前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:责任小组负责制可提高护理质量、医生对护士工作的认可度和患者及家属对护理服务的满意度,有利于调动护理人员学习专科知识及技能的积极性,在一定程度上促进了优质护理服务的深入开展。     

手术室专科护士培养在手术室优质护理服务中的体会

目的 探求手术室专科护士培训应用于手术室优质护理服务的效果。方法 将我科护理人员分为6个专科小组,经专科组培训后在术前一天前往病房作术前评估及宣教,术后1-3天作术后随访,比较经专科组培训前后护士理论和操作成绩以及患者满意度。结果 经手术室专科培训后,护士理论和技能操作成绩、 患者满意度较培训前均有所提高, 差异有显著统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论 手术室开展专科培训不仅提升了手术室专科护士的护理理论水平和核心能力,还在手术室开展优质护理服务过程中发挥了特殊的优势,具有良好的发展前景。     

优质护理服务示范工程活动在妇科病房中的应用

目的:探讨"优质护理服务示范工程"活动在妇科病房中的应用效果。方法:结合我院妇科病房的实际情况制订实施方案,提高思想意识、修订并落实专科护理分层培训计划、提升护理团队的综合素质、改革护理工作模式、加强基础护理及专科护理的质量管理,比较开展优质护理前后患者、医生、护士满意度及护理质量评分。结果:开展优质护理后患者、医生、护士满意度及护理质量评分均优于开展优质护理前(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:开展"优质护理服务示范工程"活动,可以提高妇科病房的整体护理服务质量,提高患者、医生、护士的满意度,有利于和谐护患关系,值得临床实施。     

神经外科专业护士院内护理岗位资质认证培训的实施与效果评价

目的 :分析神经外科专业护士院内护理岗位资质认证培训的方法与效果。方法 :使用研究小组编制的神经外科护士院内岗位资质认证理论培训教程、专业技能操作培训和临床实践手册,对全院37名护士进行培训,通过理论、技能、临床实践能力考核、培训前后自评专业基础能力评分及培训工作满意度评价培训效果。结果:37名护士经培训,30名考核合格,总体培训合格率为81.1%。培训后护士自评专业基础能力评分高于培训前(P0.05)。护士对培训工作比较满意。结论 :院内护理岗位资质认证培训有利于神经外科护士专科护理核心能力提升,有助于确保护理安全、提高护理质量。     

神经外科亚专科护理运行模式的建立与效果评价

目的:建立并评价神经外科亚专科护理运行模式。方法:通过建立亚专科护理组织架构、落实建设保障方案、实施亚专科护理人员培训、进行临床护理标准的精细化管理、开展亚专科护理特色技术、拓展专业辐射领域等,促进神经外科护理亚专科建设。结果:实施神经外科亚专科护理运行模式后,亚专科护理组成员临床工作综合能力得到提升(P0.001);获批院级及以上科研课题数、发表论文数、国家实用新型专利数增加;患者对护理服务满意度显著提高(P0.001);学历及专科资质成长显著。结论:开展神经外科亚专科护理有利于提高护士临床工作综合能力,提升专科护理水平;提高护理服务质量和患者满意度,深化优质护理内涵;培养专科人才,拓宽护士职业发展道路,增强专业竞争力。     

院内骨科专科护士培训的实施及效果

目的:探讨院内骨科专科护士培训的实施方法及效果分析。方法:从骨科中心择优选取6名护士,按计划实施院内骨科专科护士培训。包括建立院内专科护士培训组织管理体系;准备培训教材;培训实践过程。对结业后的专科护士工作现状进行调查并对效果进行初步评价。结果:专科护士个人职业发展良好(40%进入临床教育岗位,60%进入临床管理岗位);专科护士培训开展后专科护理质量较开展前明显提高(P0.01);专科整体素质明显提升;患者满意度及同行满意度均有明显上升。结论:骨科专科护士培训促进了骨科护理专业建设,提升了专科护理质量。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.