下颈椎前路椎弓根螺钉置入相关的解剖学观察

目的：观察成人下颈椎前路椎弓根螺钉（Anterior pedicle screw,ＡＰＳ）置入相关的径线和角度,为该术的临床应用提供相关解剖学参数。方法：成人干燥尸体下颈椎（C3～C7）标本22具,分别用手工和CT测量椎弓根最窄处的高度、宽度及内外侧皮质厚度,椎弓根中轴线全长,轴线夹角,并进行统计学分析。随机在CT室资料库中抽取100例成人活体颈椎CT图像,用Mimics软件行三维重建,除以上参数外,还测量进钉点位置的相关数据,计算置钉参数的95%CI。结果：22具标本的相关径线及角度,其手工测量值与CT测量值间无统计学差异。成人活体下颈椎CT图像测量结果通过95%CI的计算,可以得出：C3、C4进钉点位于椎体正中矢状面受术椎弓根对侧 2~3 mm,距椎体上终板平面 6~7 mm,进钉角度为外倾角 46°~ 48°,头倾角 C3：-11°~-12°,C4 -6°~-7°。C5 进钉点位于椎体正中矢状面受术椎弓根同侧旁 1~2 mm,距椎体上终板平面 7~8 mm,进钉角度为外倾角 47°~49°,头倾角 1°~2°。C6、C7 进钉点位于受术椎弓根同侧,正中矢状面旁 4~5 mm,距椎体上终板平面 7.5~8.5 mm,进钉角度为外倾角 C6：40°~42°,C7：36°~38°,头倾角 C6：6°~7°,C7：11°~13°。置钉长度选择 30、32、34 mm 较为适宜,螺钉直径可选择 3.5 mm 或 4.0 mm。结论：本实验证实了CT测量下颈椎APS置入技术相关参数的准确性,同时在国内首次利用大样本研究对该技术置钉参数进行了探索。     

Dick钉在矫治脊柱后凸中的应用

本文报告用Dick钉配合经椎弓根惟体截骨方法治疗强直性脊柱炎驼背畸形病人11例,驼背度数45～120°,平均78°。椎体截骨矫正30～70°,平均矫正47.54°,优良率达90％。11例病人共打椎弓根钉44枚,除一枚螺钉打入椎间隙外,其余均成功,成功率达97.9％。经7个月～3年随访,无螺钉断裂、脱出、无畸形复发,疗效优良。     

颈胸段椎弓根钉矢状面徒手进钉角度与邻近解剖标志研究

目的:测量多个解剖标志与上终板平面之间的角度,寻找颈胸段(C6~T6)脊柱后路手术术中椎弓根螺钉矢状面徒手进钉角度(sagittal screw angle,SSA)新的定位技术?方法:选择60例(男女各30例)正常成人颈胸段(C6~T6)CT片,分别测出上终板平面在矢状面上与同一椎骨棘突与相邻上棘突顶点连线夹角(方法1);相邻下棘突顶点连线夹角(方法2);同一椎骨棘突嵴线夹角(方法3);同一椎骨左侧椎板平面的夹角(方法4);右侧椎板平面的夹角(方法5)?得出每个椎骨各种方法的参考值,比较各方法的优劣,采用其中一种或者几种方法作为颈胸段(C6~T6)脊柱后路手术椎弓根螺钉矢状面徒手进钉角度定位新技术?结果:上终板平面和同一椎骨棘突与相邻上下棘突顶点连线夹角在下颈椎C6到C7段角度在100°~110°之间且数值差异较大,在上胸椎T1到T6两种方法的角度值趋于90°,差异相对较小;上终板平面和同一椎骨棘突嵴线夹角从C6到T6角度值逐渐变小;上终板平面和同一椎骨左右侧椎板平面夹角基本为90°即垂直位?结论:在颈胸段(C6~T6),当椎弓根螺钉垂直于椎板平面进钉时,即椎弓根螺钉在矢状面上角度为0°,椎板平面可作为颈胸段(C6~T6)椎弓根螺钉矢状面徒手进钉角度的解剖标志?     

腰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点个体化X线片定位法

目的介绍一种简易有效并体现个体化的椎弓根螺钉进针点定位方法。方法取5具附带躯干的腰椎脊柱标本(L1～5),摄取X线正位片,以椎弓根投影水平中线和投影外缘交点作为最佳进钉点,测量最佳进钉点距离同椎体横突上缘和椎板外缘的垂直距离。L5椎弓根外缘和椎板边缘投影欠清,定位参照L4椎板外缘,并在L5椎弓根投影内缘旁开10mm。按照常规后路入路暴露相关解剖结构,测量并确定进钉点,模拟打入椎弓根螺钉,随后解剖出每个椎体的椎弓根,观察预设的进钉点位置和椎弓根螺钉位置。结果各椎体椎弓根解剖显示预设的椎弓根螺钉进钉点选址良好。50枚椎弓根螺钉中,1枚轻微挤裂L1椎弓根内壁,椎弓根内壁骨折,螺钉没有露出;1枚轻微挤裂L1椎弓根外壁,螺钉没有露出;还有1枚轻微穿破L2椎弓根外壁,螺钉露出少许螺纹。整体穿破率为6%,L1椎弓根穿破率为20%。结论参照腰椎正位X线片上椎弓根投影与椎板外缘和横突上缘的关系来确定椎弓根螺钉进钉点是一种简易有效的个体化定位方法。     

寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉通道选择的影像学研究

目的:设计寰椎椎弓根螺钉的理想进钉通道,减少进钉时的阻力及穿透并发症?方法:选择60例(男?女各30例)行寰椎薄层扫描的志愿者影像资料,利用Mimics10.01软件三维重建寰椎内部松质骨及其形态,根据三维重建图像及原始影像资料确定寰椎椎弓根松质骨中心点C(寰椎椎弓根无松质骨者以寰椎椎弓根中心点代替),以C点为螺钉理想钉道中心点,寰椎椎弓根头倾角为螺钉头倾角,探讨螺钉在侧块松质骨内的移动范围,并观察螺钉有无穿破椎弓根,以最大内?外倾角的角平分线作为理想钉道?结果:男女理想螺钉进钉点至椎弓根内侧壁的距离L1分别为(7.89 ± 1.39)?(7.30 ± 0.98)mm;至正中矢状面的距离L2分别为(22.86 ± 2.30)?(21.23 ± 1.64)mm;至椎弓根上下缘距离之比L3/L4分别为(1.00 ± 0.10)?(1.01 ± 0.11)?男女理想螺钉的内倾角度α分别为(11.70 ± 5.68)°?(11.70 ± 5.48)°;其中最大内倾角度α1分别为(32.51 ± 5.79)°?(30.52 ± 6.40)°;最大外倾角度α2分别为(9.10 ± 7.80)°?(7.04 ± 7.13)°?男女椎弓根宽度D分别为(9.70 ± 1.57)?(8.70 ± 1.24)mm;高度H分别为(5.24 ± 1.15)?(4.38 ± 0.81)mm,其中有10侧(男1例1侧,女5例9侧)因椎弓根高度较小或解剖变异而穿破椎弓根,比例为8.33%?结论:理想螺钉的进钉点在椎弓根内侧壁旁开7~8 mm处后弓上下缘的中央,螺钉内倾(11~12)°左右,并与椎弓根共轴?     

不同外倾角的脊柱椎弓根螺钉内固定效果的生物力学评价

目的:研究脊柱椎弓根螺钉并横向牵引装置的把持力与外倾角的关系。方法:将18只成人腰椎干燥标本随机分为三组,每组6只,分别以5°、15°、30°的外倾角打入直径5.5mm的椎弓根螺钉,钉尾用横向牵引装置连接,测定把持力。结果:在5°～30°的范围内,随着外倾角的增加,椎弓根螺钉的把持力增加,但对椎体的应力也增加。结论:在应用经椎弓根螺钉内固定并加用横向牵引装置时,适当增加外倾角,可增大螺钉的把持力,提高固定强度,外倾角过大则易对椎体造成破坏。     

椎弓根螺钉植入的节段性差异研究

用10具成人T_(12)－L_5节段椎骨标本按Roy－camille和Magerl方法钻孔，植入5mm椎弓根螺钉，测量进钉点、进钉方向与推弓根吻合情况，以及螺钉与椎弓根的关系。结果表明，Roy－camille法在腰椎椎弓根穿破量较多，螺钉在椎体内长度较少，不适合于L_(1-5)，基本适合于T_(11-12)；Ragerl法在胸T_(11-12)。椎弓根穿破量较多，基本适合于L_(1-5).作者建议在T_(11-12)以下关节突中、外1／3垂直延长线与横突水平中位城交点进钉，向前内5°左右进钉。     

三种椎弓根钉置钉方法对比分析

随着脊柱外科手术的发展和普及 ,很多基层医院都开展了椎弓根钉固定术 ,该技术的关键是螺钉的准确置入。为找到理想的螺钉置入方法 ,本文对三种置钉方法进行比较分析 ,结果如下。1　资料和方法1 .1　一般资料　本组共 78例 ,男 40例 ,女 38例 ,年龄 1 9～ 5 8岁 ,平均 36岁 ,均为胸腰椎骨折及腰椎滑脱病例 ,分别打入 Dick钉、RF钉、SF钉、Steffee钢板等内固定器械。三种椎弓根螺钉置钉方法是 :1根据椎弓根解剖关系徒手打钉 ,共 2 8例 1 1 8枚螺钉 ;2根据 C臂 X线机术中透视打钉 ,共 2 5例 1 0 4枚螺钉 ;3根据术前 CT定位针打钉共 2 5例 …     

胸腰椎椎弓根进钉技术的探讨

目的:探讨几种不需暴露脊柱横突的椎弓根定位法及螺钉进钉技术。方法:对62例胸腰椎骨折患者,实施经椎弓根螺钉(共计248枚)短哈氏棒、CD棒、Steffee钢板、BF、Dick等装置固定,根据其骨折复位、截瘫恢复等情况总结分析其进钉技术。结果:平均随访2年5个月,骨折完全复位46例,残留Ⅰ°脱位者15例,残留Ⅱ°脱位者1例,不全瘫者根据Frankel评分获平均2.3级的恢复,并发螺钉松动者4例,螺钉进入椎间盘和断钉各1例,发生轻度后凸畸形2例,无脑脊液漏等并发症。结论:不暴露横突的椎弓根定位法及螺钉进钉技术具有一定的临床实用价值。     

无导示条件下开展腰椎骨折经椎弓根内固定12例体会

目的　基层医院无导示条件下如何开展腰椎骨折经椎弓根内固定手术。方法　以人字嵴顶点为进钉点 ,用手感法打孔 ,在伤椎上下脊椎的两侧椎弓根内分别置入椎弓根螺钉。结果　伤椎固定牢固 ,术后椎体高度恢复满意平均达 80 %,神经功能改善明显。结论　只要熟练掌握椎弓根进钉技术 ,术中小心操作 ,随着经验的累积 ,做到无导示下进行此项手术也并非很难。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.