The mental health of women with suspected breast cancer: the relationship between social support,anxiety, coping and defence in maintaining mental health

Relationships between anxiety, social support, coping, and defence, in connection to mental health, were studied among patients with suspected breast cancer, awaiting diagnosis. Data were collected by questionnaires from 117 women, 25-76 years of age (mean: 53.6 years) who had undergone breast biopsy. Instruments used were: the Social Provisions Scale (SPS); the state scale of State-Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI); and CODE [based on the Utrecht Coping List (UCL) and Defence Mechanisms Inventory (DMI)]. The results showed that patients reported elevated levels of anxiety and high levels of social support. Yet, anxiety was strongest and negatively related to 'instrumental coping', followed by 'cognitive defence'. 'Defensive hostility' was unrelated to anxiety. Unexpectedly, 'emotion-focused coping' and social provisions were unrelated to anxiety. Social provisions were somewhat related to 'instrumental coping', but sparsely related to 'emotion-focused coping', unrelated to 'cognitive defence' and partly negatively related to 'defensive hostility'. Hence, social support and 'emotion-focused coping' did not in themselves repress anxiety. 'Instrumental coping' did, even in a situation where nothing could be done. Social support is suggested to be the product of an 'instrumental coping style', not necessarily contributing to it. Clinical consequences for professional information and support to patients with different coping styles are suggested.     

原发性青光眼患者社会支持及影响因素的分析

目的探讨原发性青光眼患者的社会支持及其影响因素。方法采用社会支持评定量表,对120例原发性青光眼患者的社会支持及影响因素进行调查。结果影响原发性青光眼患者社会支持的因素有家庭、经济和居住地域。原发性青光眼患者社会支持得分为（35．13±3．62）分,常模社会支持得分为（34．56±3．73）分,两者比较,经统计学分析,t=1．375,P〉0．05,差异无统计意义结论原发性青光眼患者能获得相应的社会支持,有利于患者获得健全的人格,提高他们的应对能力。     

Anxiety, depression and coping strategies in post-hysterectomy Chinese women prior to discharge

OBJECTIVE: This survey investigated the relationships among anxiety, depression, coping strategies and demographic characteristics of post-hysterectomy Chinese women before discharge and further determined the best predictors of anxiety and depression among this group. METHODS: The sample consisted of 105 women who were administered, 1-2 days prior to discharge, via one-to-one interview, the Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale, the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, the Brief COPE Scale and a demographic questionnaire. RESULTS: Only 1.9% of the participants experienced anxiety, while 4.8% experienced depression after having a hysterectomy. Active coping, positive reframing, planning, emotional support and venting were the most frequently used coping strategies. Significant positive and negative correlations were found among anxiety, depression, coping strategies and the demographic characteristics of the subjects. The best predictors of anxiety were self-blame, venting and medical payment. The best predictors of depression were self-blame and employment status. CONCLUSION: Self-blame was the predictor of both anxiety and depression. It implied that a patient's negative self-evaluation may influence both psychological status and mental health. The ways of medical payment and employment status were predictors of anxiety and depression respectively, both of which reflected the economic stress that affected the psychological status and quality of life of the Chinese women, post-hysterectomy, before discharge. The findings of this study indicate that care for Chinese women post-hysterectomy, before discharge, should address their physical, psychological, social and economic well-being.     

Quality of life among women with breast cancer living in Wuhan,China

BackgroundQuality of life is an important indicator in patients with breast cancer. Studies here reported that the quality of life in patients with breast cancer is low and many factors contribute to this poor quality of life.PurposeTo examine the relationships among demographic characteristics, optimism, social support, illness related factors, appraisal of illness, coping strategies and the quality of life of Chinese women with breast cancer residing in Wuhan, China.MethodsA convenience sample of 156 Chinese women with breast cancer was recruited from five teaching hospitals in Wuhan, China. Participants completed the Revised Life Orientation Test, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Symptom Distress Scale, the Appraisal of Illness Scale, the Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast. Path analysis was used to examine factors influencing quality of life.ResultsSignificant relationships were found between optimism, symptom distress, social support, appraisal of illness, a give-in coping mode and quality of life. Optimism, social support, symptom distress, lymph node status, appraisal of illness, and a give-in coping mode accounted for 66.6% of the variance in quality of life.ConclusionsThe findings of this study underscore the importance of helping women reduce symptoms distress, appraise their illness positively, use less negative coping modes, and maintain optimism, maintain good social support, because all of these factors indirectly or directly affect their quality of life.     

乳腺癌放疗病人癌因性疲乏与社会支持及心理弹性的相关性研究

目的:探讨乳腺癌放疗病人癌因性疲乏与社会支持及心理弹性的关系。方法:采用方便抽样法选取2018年10月—2019年10月92例乳腺癌放疗病人,在病人放疗期间应用癌因性疲乏量表、社会支持量表、心理弹性量表对其进行调查,乳腺癌放疗病人癌因性疲乏与心理弹性、社会支持三者的关系应用Pearson相关分析,应用多元回归分析影响乳腺癌放疗病人癌因性疲乏的独立因素。结果:乳腺癌放疗病人癌因性疲乏总分为(26.25±4.78)分、社会支持总分为(45.23±3.98)分、心理弹性总分为(60.12±5.11)分。Pearson相关分析显示,乳腺癌放疗病人癌因性疲乏总分、情感疲乏及认知疲乏评分与社会支持总分、社会支持利用度评分和心理弹性总分及其各维度评分呈负相关(P<0.05)。多元回归分析显示,病人文化程度、临床分期、放疗效果、社会支持及心理弹性是乳腺癌放疗病人癌因性疲乏发生的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:影响乳腺癌放疗病人癌因性疲乏的因素较多,护理人员可通过加强病人放疗期间心理疏导,强化病人外部社会支持,从而减轻病人放疗期间癌因性疲乏,促进病人身心健康。     

Social support, threat, and coping responses and effectiveness in the functionally disabled

A causal model based on Lazarus' (1966) cognitively oriented theory of psychological stress and coping was tested in a functionally disabled population to determine the effects of social support variables, threat appraisal, and coping responses on coping effectiveness. Social support variables (perceived availability of social support, perceived effectiveness of social support, and personal constraints to the use of social support) were hypothesized to effect coping responses both directly and through the variable of threat appraisal. Coping responses (use of social support, cognitive reappraisal, emotion-focused coping, and problem-focused coping) were hypothesized to directly effect coping effectiveness and to mediate the effect of all other variables. Data from 50 functionally disabled, wheel-chair-bound individuals discharged within 3 years from two rehabilitation facilities were analyzed using path analysis. The model fit the data and accounted for 61% of the variance in coping effectiveness. Findings indicated that perceived availability of social support, but not the use of social support, was significantly and positively related to coping effectiveness through the mediating variables of problem- and emotion-focused coping. In contrast to the relationship of marital status to coping effectiveness usually found in the literature, nonmarried subjects coped more effectively and perceived less threat.     

Biopsychosocial predictors of coping strategies of patients postmyocardial infarction

Data from the Patients and Families Psychological Response to the Home Automated External Defibrillator Trial were used to examine the relationship between biopsychosocial variables and patients' coping strategies postmyocardial infarction. This study is the secondary data analysis of longitudinal observational study. A total of 460 patient–spouse pairs were recruited in January 2003 to October 2005. Hierarchical linear regression analysis examined biological/demographic, psychological and social variables regarding patients' coping scores using the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale. Lower social support and social support satisfaction predicted lower total coping scores. Being younger, male gender and time since the myocardial infarction predicted lower positive coping strategy use. Higher anxiety and lower social support were related to fewer positive coping methods. Lower educational levels were related to increased use of negative coping strategies. Reduced social support predicted lower total coping scores and positive coping strategy use and greater passive coping style use. Social support from a broad network assisted with better coping; those living alone may need additional support. Social support and coping strategies should be taken into consideration for patients who have experienced a cardiac event.     

Marital status, social support, and loneliness in visually impaired elderly people

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between marital status, social support, and loneliness in visually impaired elderly people. The sample was derived from a larger study designed to examine loneliness in low-vision adults (Foxall et al. 1992). Subjects were 87 visually impaired elderly people who were at least 65 years of age, had a visual acuity of 20/70 or less in the better eye, had been visually impaired for at least 1 year, and were not totally blind. Data were collected by interview using the Revised UCL4 Loneliness Scale, the Social Support Questionnaire, and a demographic and health information form. Results indicate marital status was not directly related to loneliness but may be indirectly related through social support. Loneliness was associated with greater network dissatisfaction related to caring and relaxation. Findings provide direction for nursing assessment of and intervention into loneliness with visually impaired elderly people.     

老年前列腺增生患者心理弹性与社会支持、应对方式的相关性研究

目的 探讨老年前列腺增生患者心理弹性与社会支持、应对方式的相关性。 方法采用一般资料问卷、心理弹性量表、领悟社会支持量表、简易应对方式问卷对204例老年前列腺增生患者进行调查。 结果 患者的心理弹性、社会支持、积极应对、消极应对得分分别为(60.75±12.47)分、(54.61±12.40)分、(1.56±0.63)分、(1.82±0.60)分。Pearson相关分析结果显示:心理弹性与社会支持、积极应对呈正相关,与消极应对呈负相关。 结论 老年前列腺增生患者的心理弹性较低,护理人员应通过改善患者的社会支持及应对方式来提高其心理弹性。     

心脏机械瓣膜置换术后早期患者对华法林抗凝认知现状及其影响因素分析

目的：调查心脏机械瓣膜置换术后早期患者对华法林抗凝认知情况,并探讨其影响因素,为制定有针对性的华法林抗凝临床健康教育方案提供依据。方法：采用自行设计的华法林抗凝认知情况调查表,以及Zung焦虑自评量表、Zung抑郁自评量表和社会支持评定量表,以门诊复诊和电话随访的方式对115例心脏机械瓣膜置换术后服用华法林进行抗凝治疗的患者进行问卷调查。结果：患者抗凝认知得分为4～15（9.34±2.91）分,认知程度差者占40.0%,认知程度一般者占34.8%,认知程度好者占25.2%;认知程度主要影响因素为社会支持度、抑郁程度和现居住地。结论：患者抗凝认知程度尚待提高,护理人员应加强对患者进行华法林抗凝相关知识的宣教,特别是对于社会支持较差、有抑郁倾向或抑郁症状以及现居农村的患者。     

乳腺癌患者首次手术后抑郁与应对方式社会支持相关性研究

目的探讨乳腺癌首次手术后未放疗化疗患者的抑郁水平及其与应对方式、社会支持之间的相关性。方法采取整群抽样法,对2007年11月—2008年5月在新疆乌鲁木齐市某三级甲等医院就诊的乳腺癌首次手术后2周,尚未进行放疗化疗的124例女性患者采用抑郁自评量表、医学应对问卷、社会支持评定量表分别调查患者的抑郁水平、应对方式、社会支持状况。用单样本资料的t检验对乳腺癌术后患者抑郁水平与国内常模进行比较;用Pearson相关分析确定应对方式、社会支持与抑郁的相关性。结果乳腺癌首次术后未放疗化疗患者的抑郁发生率为59.7%;抑郁总体与应对总体及其分项目中的面对无相关性,但抑郁总体与应对方式中的回避、屈服呈负相关。抑郁总体与社会支持总体及其3个维度呈负相关。结论乳腺癌首次手术后未放疗化疗患者的抑郁水平较高,应对方式中的回避、屈服及社会支持状况均会影响患者的抑郁水平。护士在护理乳腺癌术后患者的过程中应指导患者用适当的应对方式,并且充分地应用各方面的社会支持,以降低患者的抑郁水平,增进其心理健康。     

反复性自然流产患者心理健康状况与社会支持的相关性研究

目的 探讨反复性自然流产患者的心理健康状况及其与社会支持的关系。方法 采用症状自评量表(SCL90)和社会支持评定量表(SRS)对92例反复性自然流产患者进行测试,并分析患者心理健康状况与社会支持的相关性。结果 反复性自然流产患者具有较多的心理问题,心理健康状况比较差,且与年龄、流产次数、文化程度和婚姻状况等一般因素及主观支持、支持利用度和社会支持总分有一定相关性。结论 在反复性自然流产患者的护理工作中,应根据这一群体的特定心身特点及影响因素,采取相应的心理护理对策。     

Predictors of coping efficacy, negative moods and post-traumatic stress syndrome following major trauma

The purpose of the study was to test relationships among injury appraisals, coping, social support and outcomes of coping efficacy, mood states and post-traumatic stress syndrome. A purposive sample of 152 hospitalized patients a week following major trauma was recruited from two trauma centres. The measures included the modified Ways of Coping Scale; the brief Social Support Questionnaire; the brief Profile of Mood State; the Impact of Event Scale; and selected demographic and injury related variables. Data were analyzed by multivariate statistics. The results indicated that perceived controllability, satisfaction with social support, wishful-thinking coping and problem-focused coping were the significant predictors for coping efficacy; perceived stressfulness, problem-focused coping and wishful thinking explained a significant amount of variance in mood states; avoidance coping and wishful-thinking coping were predictors for post-traumatic stress syndrome. The moderating effects of emotion-focused coping at high and medium levels were identified.     

心脏机械瓣膜置换术后患者院外早期抗凝监测的依从性及其影响因素

目的调查心脏机械瓣膜置换术后患者院外早期抗凝监测的依从性现状,并探讨其影响因素,为制订有针对性的健康教育策略提供依据。方法采用自行设计的患者抗凝监测依从性问卷、华法林抗凝治疗认知情况调查表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表和社会支持评定量表,以门诊复诊和电话随访的方式对115例心脏机械瓣膜置换术后6个月口服华法林进行抗凝治疗的患者进行问卷调查。结果患者早期抗凝监测依从性得分为（2．73±0．84）分,63．5％的患者依从性好,36．5％的患者依从性差;监测依从性与华法林抗凝认知情况、文化程度、客观支持和就业情况呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论患者抗凝监测依从性尚待提高,护理人员应加强对患者华法林抗凝相关知识的宣教,特别是文化程度较低、客观社会支持较差以及抗凝认知不足的在岗患者,以提高其对术后华法林抗凝监测的重视,降低抗凝相关并发症的发生率及再住院率。     

应对方式在急性创伤病人领悟社会支持与创伤后成长中的中介作用

目的:探讨应对方式在急性创伤病人领悟社会支持与创伤后成长之间的中介效应。方法:采用横断面调查法,使用一般资料问卷、医学应对问卷、领悟社会支持量表、创伤后成长量表对212例急性创伤病人进行调查。结果:急性创伤病人创伤后成长的总分为(67.18±12.28)分,处于中等水平;不同性别、年龄、文化程度、有无配偶、家庭人均月收入、手术方式及并发症的急性创伤病人创伤后成长得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);领悟社会支持、应对方式中面对维度与创伤后成长呈正相关(r=0.583、0.624,P<0.01);应对方式回避维度、屈服维度与创伤后成长呈负相关(r=-0.382、-0.511,P<0.01);面对应对与回避应对在领悟社会支持和创伤后成长之间存在着部分中介效应为总效应的22.85%和4.85%。结论:病人发生急性创伤后成长处于中等水平,与社会支持的领悟及应对方式的选择密切相关,应对方式在领悟社会支持和创伤后成长之间存在部分中介效应,引导病人采取积极应对方式有利于提高病人创伤后成长。     

Current status and influencing factors of post-traumatic growth in maintenance hemodialysis

ObjectiveTo study the post-traumatic growth level and influencing factors in patients with maintenance hemodialysis.MethodsA total of 179 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis from a third-level grade A hospital in Tianjin, China were investigated using Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Perceived Social Support Scale, and Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire.ResultsThe total score for the PTGI was 53.73 ± 16.45. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that social support, coping style, marital status, and family income significantly influenced the post-traumatic growth level in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. These factors explained 41.4% of the variance.ConclusionMedical staff should help patients under maintenance hemodialysis to fulfill their potentials by boosting the level of social support and to effectively cope with internal conflicts. In addition, nursing staff should provide relevant psychological health education to patients to improve their post-traumatic growth.     

护理人员核心能力与社会支持相关性研究

目的:探讨护理人员核心能力和社会支持的相关性,为培养高素质实用型护理人才提供合理依据。方法:采用单纯随机和整群抽样法,运用注册护士核心能力量表和社会支持评定量表对湖北省3所三级甲等医院482名护理人员进行问卷调查。结果:护理人员社会支持得分为46.10±6.36,其社会支持水平因年龄、护龄、婚姻和职称的不同而存在统计学差异(P0.05)。主观社会支持与批判性思维能力、科研,临床护理,人际关系,专业发展,教育、咨询及总体核心能力呈正相关(P0.05)。结论:护理人员的主观社会支持是影响其核心能力的重要因素,增强主观支持,可提高护理人员核心能力。