大鼠选择性门静脉栓塞的实验研究

目的 研究选择性门静脉栓塞的作用及安全性。方法 用α－氰基丙烯酸正辛酯选择性栓塞SD大鼠的门静脉左支,分别于术后1、3、7、14、30d处死,与正常大鼠比较,进行大体、组织学及增殖细胞核抗原染色观察,并检测血常规和肝功能。结果 被栓塞肝叶大片坏死、纤维化、萎缩,术后30d由栓塞前占全肝重70％降至8％（P＜0．01）。未栓塞肝叶代偿性肥大,术后30d重量达术前的3倍,门静脉分支扩张,肝细胞增生活跃,增殖细胞核抗原标记指数术后第1d升至术前水平的4．3倍（P＜0．01）,术后30d降至术前水平。血常规无明显变化,肝功能呈一过性改变,主要为转氨酶升高,2周内恢复正常。结论 选择性门静脉栓塞可使被栓塞肝叶明显萎缩而未栓塞肝叶代偿性增生肥大,效果安全可靠,为进一步用于临床肝癌治疗提供了实验依据。     

血红素氧合酶-1在大鼠供肝中的表达及其对供肝缺血再灌注损伤的防护作用

目的探讨血红素氧合酶-1（HO—1）在大鼠同种异体移植肝脏中的表达及其对供肝缺血再灌注损伤的防护作用。方法96只WiS1ar大鼠随机分为正常对照组（c组）、生理盐水预处理组（S1组）、钴原卟啉预处理组（S2组）和锌原卟啉预处理组（S3组）。C组6只，各预处理组分别为30只。各预处理组随机取出24只分为供受体，供体于预处理后24h行原位肝移植，分别于门静脉复流后1h和3h各取6只取血及肝组织；余6只仅行预处理，于供体预处理后24h取血及肝组织，分别检测血清ALT、AST、TNF—α水平、肝组织形态学变化及HO—1蛋白表达水平。结果①血清转氨酶水平：与C组相比，供肝预处理后24h，各组血清转氨酶水平无显著性差异（P〉0．05），门静脉复流后各时间点，S2组血清转氨酶水平均低于S1组和S组（P〈0．05），S1组低于S组（P〈0．05）；②HO—1表达水平：C组基本无表达；预处理后24h，S组肝脏HO—1mRNA及其蛋白即有较高表达，S1组和S3组只有极少量表达；门静脉复流后各时间点，S2组均高于S1组和S组（P〈0．05），S1组高于％组（P〈0．05）；③肝脏形态学变化：与C组相比，移植肝门静脉复流后3h，＆组肝脏损伤轻于S1组和S3组，S1组轻于S组。结论HO—1在同种异体肝移植大鼠肝脏中的过表达可显著改善移植后的肝脏功能，减轻供肝的缺血再灌注损伤。     

TH胶在经皮经肝穿刺食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞治疗中的应用

目的评价TH胶在经皮经肝穿刺食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞中的应用价值。方法肝硬化门静脉高压并食管胃底静脉曲张患者20例，其中男性14例，女性6例。年龄25-72岁，平均年龄52岁。静脉曲张程度轻度2例，中度12例．重度6例。肝功能Child-Pau小分级A级15例，B级5例。采用经皮经肝门静脉穿刺途径，用TH胶灌注填塞曲张静脉，在拔出导管鞘时用1．2mlTH胶填塞肝脏穿刺通道。结果20例患者食管胃底静脉曲张即时闭塞率100％（20／20）．肝脏穿刺通道填塞良好，未出现肝包膜严重出血。肝功能各项指标在术后3d-过性升高，术后1个月恢复正常。17例患者随访6-12个月，随访期间无食管胃底静脉破裂出血。无死亡病例。结论TH胶能即时闭塞食管胃底的曲张静脉．治疗和预防曲张静脉破裂出血．也能够即时填塞肝脏穿刺通道，防止肝包膜下出血．在门静脉高压并食管胃底静脉曲张的介入栓塞治疗中具有重要的应用价值。     

门静脉的解剖与变异

目的：利用经动脉性门静脉造影CT重建门静脉、肝静脉三维结构，观察生理状态下的门静脉的解剖与变异。方法：150例病人，导管置入于肠系膜上动脉内，注入造影剂后门静脉期和肝静脉期连续扫描肝脏。三维重建门静脉及肝静脉，分析门静脉的解剖与变异。结果：150次成像中门静脉变异25例，12例（8．0％）显示门静脉呈三分叉状，10例（6，7％）门静脉先分出右后支，然后上行分为左支和右前支，1例（0．7％）门静脉左支水平段缺如，门静脉右支缺如2例（1．3％），余下125例（83．3％）显示正常左右门静脉分支。结论：门静脉的三维图像重建及类型分析对术前手术方式的确定有一定的临床意义。     

食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞加脾动脉栓塞法治疗急诊肝硬化上消化道大出血

目的探讨应用经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞(PTVE)联合经皮部分性脾动脉栓塞(PSE)治疗肝硬化门脉高压所致的急诊上消化道大出血的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析36例肝硬化门脉高压(不合并肿瘤者)所致的急诊上消化道大出血患者,均急诊行NBCA胶加弹簧圈栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉治疗,再于一周后行部分性脾动脉栓塞术,分析36例病例的近期疗效(6~18月)、并发症,评价该方法的有效性和安全性。结果36例病例均应用NBCA胶和弹簧圈栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉,术中术后未出现重大手术并发症,术后跟踪随访6~24月,有4例患者出现上消化道出血复发,其中1例患者复发出现在介入栓塞后的第二天,再次行栓塞治疗后好转,余3例患者复发的上消化道出血均不严重,经内科保守治疗后恢复。结论NBCA胶配合弹簧圈栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉治疗肝硬化门脉高压所致的上消化道出血是有效的安全性,加用部分性脾动脉栓塞术可降低门静脉压力,提高单纯性食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞的疗效。     

三维适形放疗联合肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌临床研究

目的评价肝动脉化疗栓塞结合三维适形放射治疗对原发性肝癌的疗效。方法将68例原发性肝癌患者分为两组，对照组32例，仅给予肝动脉化疗栓塞；观察组36例，先行肝动脉化疗栓塞后给予三维适形放射治疗，观察疗效及生存率。结果治疗后3个月肿瘤局部控制率观察组为86．1％（31／36），对照组为62．5％（20／32），1、2、3年生存率观察组分别为86．1％，52．8％，22．2％，对照组分别为65．6％、46．9％、18．8％。结论肝动脉化疗栓塞结合三维适形放射治疗是治疗原发性肝癌的有效无创治疗手段。     

超声引导对经皮肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术的辅助作用

目的探讨超声引导对经皮肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术（PTVE）治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的辅助作用。方法52例经超声引导下PrrVE作为观察组,37例采用盲穿门静脉行PTVE作为对照组。比较2组患者穿刺成功率、穿刺时间（指确定穿刺点至导管置入时间）、栓塞效果及并发症发生率。结果观察组1次穿刺成功率（73．1％）显著高于对照组（43．2％）,P〈0．05具有统计学意义。观察组1次穿刺成功时间（2．3±0．6）min显著低于对照组（4．2±0．8）min,P〈0．05具有统计学意义。观察组栓塞成功率（100％）显著高于对照组（86．5％）,P〈0．05具有统计学意义。观察组并发症发生率低于对照组。结论超声引导对PTVE具有重要的辅助作用,能准确判断门静脉位置,增加了穿刺成功率,提高了穿刺速度。     

肝内肝门静脉解剖及变异的多层螺旋CT成像分析及意义

目的：用多层螺旋CT前瞻性地观测肝内肝门静脉的解剖和变异。方法 对200名正常人,使用16排多层螺旋CT行上腹部CT动态增强扫描,将肝内肝门静脉的解剖和变异进行分型。并对肝门静脉系统各血管参数进行定量研究,行统计学分析。结果：肝门静脉正常型占81.5% (163例),Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型变异分别占11.5％ (23例、6.5％(13例)、0.5％ (1例),未发现有门脉左支水平段或右支缺如。在不同性别间门静脉直径（Dpv）、脾静脉直径（Dsv）及肠系膜上静脉直径（Dsmv）有统计学意义（P<0.05）;除男性≥50岁组较＜50岁组门静脉长度（Lpv）有所延长外,其他男性、女性不同年龄组间,肝门静脉系统各管径均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：多层螺旋CT门静脉血管成像（multi-slice CT portography,MSCTP）能方便而清楚地显示肝内门静脉解剖和变异。     

重型肝炎时乙型肝炎病毒基因型与基本核心启动子及前C区突变关系的研究

目的探讨重型肝炎（重肝）乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）基因型与基本核心启动子（BCP）及前C区突变的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）-限制性片段长度多态性分析技术（PCR-RFLP）对52例重肝和52例慢性乙肝（CHB）进行HBV基因分型。采用PCR产物直接测序技术，随机对15例B型和15例C型重肝患者的BCP区和前C区进行序列测定，分析HBV基因型与BCPT1762／A1764及前C区A1896突变的关系。结果泉州地区重肝的基因型以B型为主（48．08％），其次为C型（30．77％）和B／C混合型（17．31％），无A、E、F型存在。与CHB组比较，重肝组B型检出率明显降低，而C型和BIC混合型检出率明显升高。C型重肝患者BCPT1762／A1764双突变率显著高于B型（P〈0．05），而前C区A1896突变率在B、C型感染者中差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论C型感染易引起较重肝损伤，而B／C型混合感染可能是导致重肝发生的重要原因之一。C型重肝患者BCP T1762／A1764双突变率显著高于B型。     

部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进患者的112例临床观察

目的分析与评价部分脾动脉栓塞术对肝硬化患者的各种临床影响。方法112例肝硬化合并脾功能亢进患者,其中男性71例,女性41例;年龄38～72岁,平均年龄52-3岁。采用Seldinger技术进行部分脾动脉栓塞术．观察其外周血细胞、肝功能、凝血酶原时间、白蛋白、肾功能、门静脉内径等。结果所有患者经过部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗5d后,外周血白细胞由（3．63±1．82）×10^9／L明显增高至（7．67±4．20）×10^9／L（P〈0．05）,血小板由（62．03±36．55）×109／L明显升高至（125．71±98．18）×10^9／L（P〈0．05）,凝血酶原时间由（17．68±3．44）s明显缩短至（16．68±2．92）s（P〈0．05）。肾功能中血尿素氮明显变化。血肌酐由（83．82±20．66）μmol／L明显升高至（90．54±19．15）μmol／L（P〈0．05）,4周后门静脉管径由（1．33±0．16）cm缩小至（1．16±0．16）cm（P〈0．05）,门静脉血液流速由（721．97±230．09）mL／min缩小至（492．30±174．67）mL／min（P〈0．05）。肝功能中观察了总胆红素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转氨酶、谷酰转肽酶等指标均无明显变化。结论部分脾动脉栓塞术对肝硬化患者不仅有缓解脾功能亢进,且能降低门静脉压,预防出血,对肝功能无明显影响。     

国人肝段在冠状断层上的划分

目的：为肝内微小病变精确定位诊断和外科治疗提供冠状断层解剖学依据。方法：采用30例上腹部连续冠状断层标本、20例肝内门静脉和肝静脉解剖正常的薄层MSCT断层图像及其三维重建图像,在冠状断层上对其门静脉肝段进行精确划分。结果：经胆囊、门静脉左支及肝左静脉的冠状断面上,肝中静脉主干是划分右前上叶和左前下叶的识别标志,门静脉左支角部是左前下叶的段间裂识别标志,亦是右前上叶和左前下叶的亚段间裂识别标志。经肝门静脉主干的冠状断面上,门静脉右前支主干是右前上叶的段间裂识别标志,该层面以前为右前上叶的腹侧段,该层面以后则为右前上叶的背侧段。经网膜孔的冠状断面上、下腔静脉的右缘是划分尾状叶和右半肝的识别标志,门静脉右后支主干是划分右前上叶背侧段和右后下叶下段的标志,经下腔静脉和肝右静脉的冠状面上,肝右静脉主干是划分右前上叶的背侧段和右后下叶上段的标志;门静脉右后支主干是右后下叶的段间裂识别标志。结论：国人门静脉肝段在冠状断面上的精确划分,不仅有利于肝内微小病变的精确定位,且有利于探索新的和更加安全的外科术式。     

肝静脉与门静脉的解剖及其在经颈静脉肝内门体分流术中的应用

目的：探讨肝静脉与门静脉的解剖及在经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）中的应用。方法：在PUBMED、CNKI及维普等数据库中,查阅近年来国内外有关肝静脉、门静脉的正常解剖与变异及其在TIPS中应用的文献,进行分析总结。结果：肝静脉系统主要由肝右静脉、肝中静脉、肝左静脉3支组成,肝左静脉发生变异最多,肝中、右静脉变异相对少见。门静脉在肝门处进入肝脏,以分为左支和右支两主干这一类型居多,其解剖形态因地区、种族等因素而有差异。肝静脉和门静脉呈向后向上与向前向下的空间关系,经典TIPS是从肝右静脉距下腔静脉入口约2cm处向门静脉分叉部或右支内穿刺建立分流道。结论：肝静脉、门静脉的正常解剖与变异及其空间关系对顺利完成TIPS的操作至关重要。熟悉肝静脉、门静脉正常解剖和变异可提高TIPS的成功率,减少和避免并发症的发生。     

Intrahepatic distribution of portal and hepatic arterial blood flows in anaesthetized cats and dogs and the effects of portal occlusion, raised venous pressure and histamine

1. Radioactive microspheres were used to determine the distribution of arterial and portal flows within the liver. (141)Ce-microspheres and (51)Cr-spheres were given to allow two determinations of flow distribution in each animal and experiments are described to establish the accuracy and validity of the method.2. Mean flow/g to any lobe or segment of a lobe in a group of animals was not markedly different from the mean flow/g to the whole liver, and in general the liver was homogeneously perfused with both portal and arterial blood. However, in any one liver, some areas received a relatively greater flow (up to 300%) and some a relatively smaller flow (down to 50%) at the time the microspheres were given. The gall bladder received a much smaller portal flow/g than the parenchyma but its arterial flow/g varied widely in different animals.3. If portal flow to an area of parenchyma was reduced by occlusion of a branch of the portal vein, this area received a significantly increased arterial flow.4. An increase in hepatic venous pressure did not cause a significant change in the intrahepatic distribution of either arterial or portal flows in cats.5. In dogs, infusions of histamine into the portal vein caused a redistribution of portal flow away from the free ends of the lobes towards the hilar ends but the distribution between lobes did not change and there was no redistribution of arterial flow.     

Different expression of positive and negative regulators of hepatocyte growth in growing and shrinking hepatic lobes after portal vein branch ligation in rats

Portal vein branch embolization is often performed before hepatectomy to prevent postoperative liver failure. It is, however, still not clear how the embolized lobe shrinks and the non-embolized lobe proliferates in counterbalance. We investigated the expression of positive and negative regulators of hepatocyte growth to clarify the mechanisms of liver growth and atrophy in a rat portal vein ligation (PVL) model compared with partial hepatectomy (PH). A significant increase in DNA synthesis within the non-ligated lobe reached a peak at 36 h, a delay of 12 h as compared with PH, while no increase occurred in the ligated lobe. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor mRNA remarkably increased in the non-ligated growing lobe between 6 and 24 h, but was only slightly elevated in the ligated shrinking lobe. Contrarily, negative regulators of hepatocyte proliferation, such as TGF-beta1 and IL-1beta, were strongly expressed in the ligated shrinking lobe. Thus, the changes of portal venous flow and/or pressure caused by PVL may contribute to induction of different kinds of growth factors between the ischemic and non-ischemic lobes; these factors possibly regulate liver regeneration and atrophy after PVL.     

Ramification of the portal vein at the porta hepatis in humans

The ramification of the portal vein at the porta hepatis was studied by anatomic dissection performed in 32 formalin fixed human livers. In all the specimens there were branches which ran towards the caudate lobe, arising from the portal vein and either from the left or the right portal branches. Tri-and quadrifurcation of the portal vein was observed. In 5 cases (16%) there were branches arising from left portal branch or portal vein and directed anteriorly to the quadrate lobe or to the region of the gall-bladder sulcus. These branches ranged from 1.0 to 6.0 mm in diameter. The portal caudate branches were divided into 3 groups.Group 1: Branches to the papillary process; 1 or 2 branches in 26 cases (82%), 3 or 5 branches in 3 cases (9%) and no branches in 3 cases (9%);     

肝门静脉右支的临床解剖

目的 探讨肝门静脉右支的形态特征和分支分布规律.方法 50例肉眼观察无病变的成人尸肝进行剥离解剖,对肝门静脉右支的形态结构进行观察,测量主干及主要分支的相关数据并进行统计学分析.结果 82.0%肝门静脉分为左﹑右两支,其成角(105.59±13.82)°,依据右支主干分支将其分为5型,其中65.8%右支主干分为右后叶支...     

兔肝脏及附属管道的应用解剖学研究

目的　对兔肝脏及其附属管道进行应用解剖学研究。 方法　对20只日本大耳兔分别进行活体和离体形态学观察,制作门静脉和肝静脉管道铸型标本观察其分支与走行,测定各肝叶质量及其所占肝脏百分比。 结果　兔肝肝裂明显,依据肝叶形态、肝裂走行和门静脉主干分支形式将兔肝脏分为五叶,分别为尾状叶、左外叶、左中叶、右中叶、右外叶,各肝叶质量分别为(g)：3.93±1.13、15.93±3.50、14.83±3.31、15.08±4.34、12.08±3.55。左中叶和右中叶根部肝组织融合,其余各肝叶相对独立,尾状叶包括相对独立的乳头突和尾状突两部分。各肝叶有相对独立的Glisson系统和肝静脉走行于肝蒂内。 结论　兔肝解剖学特点与多数哺乳类实验动物肝脏解剖相似,同时又具有其自身特点,适合于肝脏外科疾病动物模型的制作。     

The fate of the vitelline and umbilical veins during the development of the human liver

Differentiation of endodermal cells into hepatoblasts is well studied, but the remodeling of the vitelline and umbilical veins during liver development is less well understood. We compared human embryos between 3 and 10 weeks of development with pig and mouse embryos at comparable stages, and used Amira 3D reconstruction and Cinema 4D remodeling software for visualization. The vitelline and umbilical veins enter the systemic venous sinus on each side via a common entrance, the hepatocardiac channel. During expansion into the transverse septum at Carnegie Stage (CS)12 the liver bud develops as two dorsolateral lobes or ‘wings’ and a single ventromedial lobe, with the liver hilum at the intersection of these lobes. The dorsolateral lobes each engulf a vitelline vein during CS13 and the ventromedial lobe both umbilical veins during CS14, but both venous systems remain temporarily identifiable inside the liver. The dominance of the left‐sided umbilical vein and the rightward repositioning of the sinuatrial junction cause de novo development of left‐to‐right shunts between the left umbilical vein in the liver hilum and the right hepatocardiac channel (venous duct) and the right vitelline vein (portal sinus), respectively. Once these shunts have formed, portal branches develop from the intrahepatic portions of the portal vein on the right side and the umbilical vein on the left side. The gall bladder is a reliable marker for this hepatic vascular midline. We found no evidence for large‐scale fragmentation of embryonic veins as claimed by the ‘vestigial’ theory. Instead and in agreement with the ‘lineage’ theory, the vitelline and umbilical veins remained temporally identifiable inside the liver after being engulfed by hepatoblasts. In agreement with the ‘hemodynamic’ theory, the left–right shunts develop de novo.