ERΔE5在乳腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义探讨

目的：通过检测乳腺癌和癌旁乳腺组织（乳腺癌标本边缘外5cm）中雌激素受体α（Estrogen Receptor,ERα）剪切变异体ERΔE5表达水平的差异,探讨ERΔE5在乳腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法：培养乳腺癌细胞株ZR-75-1,采用RT-PCR检测目的基因ERΔE5,建立阳性对照体系。以液氮冷冻储存的59例乳腺癌组织和59例癌旁乳腺组织提取目的基因,进行对照实验,检测ERΔE5在乳腺癌组织和癌旁乳腺组织中的表达状况,分析二者的表达差异及其临床意义。结果：在ER阳性乳腺癌标本中,ERΔE5阳性20例（20/44）,ER阴性的乳腺癌标本中,ERΔE5阳性6例（6/15）,两者差异无统计学意义（P=0.7170）;在人表皮生长因子受体2（human epidermal growth factor receptor,HER-2）阳性的乳腺癌标本中,ERΔE5阳性20例（20/22）,HER-2阴性的乳腺癌标本中,ERΔE5阳性6例（6/37）。采用单因素分析,发现乳腺癌标本中ERΔE5的阳性表达与HER-2的阳性表达呈正相关（P〈0.0001）。在乳腺癌标本中ERΔE5的阳性表达率为44.07%（26/59）;在癌旁乳腺组织中未见ERΔE5的表达,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.0001）。在乳腺癌标本中ERΔE5的表达与临床分期无相关性（P=0.9084）。结论：在乳腺癌标本中ERΔE5的表达显著高于癌旁乳腺组织,而且与HER-2表达呈正相关,提示ERΔE5可能是一种新的临床预后的指标。     

乳腺癌组织中表皮生长因子受体4的表达及其临床病理意义

目的探讨人表皮生长因子受体4（HER-4）在人类表皮生长因子受体2（HER-2）强阳性与阴性乳腺癌组织中的表达差异,分析其与雌激素受体α（ERα）、孕激素受体（PR）表达情况及其TNM分期和腋窝淋巴结状况的关系。方法随机选择中山大学附属第一医院在2004年12月至2007年12月收治的HER-2高表达（＋＋＋）51例与无表达（-）49例乳腺浸润性导管癌病例,分别检测乳腺癌组织的HER-4、HER-2、ERα、ERβ、ER131、ER13CX、PR的表达水平,分析HER-4与以上各指标以及与肿瘤TNM分期、腋窝淋巴结转移等临床指标的相关性。结果HER-4、ERd、ERβ、ERβ1、ERβcx、PR在HER-2（＋＋＋）组的阳性表达率分别为43．13％、33．33％、45．10％、47．06％、78．43％、64．71％,在HER-2（-）组中的阳性表达率分别为69．38％、71．42％、81．63％、87．75％、87．75％、79．59％;两组中上述指标的表达差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。两组的HER-4表达与ERα、ERβ、PR、ERβ1、ERβcx呈正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。细胞膜、细胞质及细胞核表达率在HER-2（＋＋＋）组中分别为41．17％、37．25％、3．90％;在HER-2（-）组中分别为69．38％、48．97％、2．05％。两组中HER-4的细胞膜表达率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,但在细胞质及细胞核的表达率未显示出明显差异。结论HER-4可作为乳腺癌预后良好的指标,在乳腺病理诊断中增加UHER-4的检测对治疗和判断预后有一定的指导作用。HER-4在亚细胞中的不同定位值得进一步研究。     

c-erbB-2基因在乳腺浸润性导管癌及腋窝转移淋巴结中的表达相关性分析

目的:探讨乳腺浸润性导管癌中c-erbB-2的表达及其与腋窝淋巴结等临床病理因素的相关性.方法:采用免疫组织化学方法检测149例乳腺浸润性导管癌患者乳腺原发灶及47例腋淋巴结转移灶中c-erbB-2的表达,结合临床病理因素,分析其相关性.结果:19.46%(29/149)原发灶c-erbB-2高表达,其表达水平与肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结转移情况呈正相关,与ER、PR表达呈负相关.47例腋窝淋巴结转移乳腺浸润性导管癌患者中,原发灶c-erbB-2高表达18例(38.30%),腋窝淋巴结转移灶c-erbB-2高表达16例(34.04%),两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).5例原发灶c-erbB-2阴性或低表达患者腋窝淋巴结转移呈高表达,7例原发灶c-erbB-2高表达患者淋巴结转移呈阴性或低表达,变化率为25.53%(12/47).结论: c-erbB-2可以作为预测乳腺癌预后的指标,指导术后治疗,但应当考虑c-erbB-2在原发灶和复发转移灶之间的差异,有必要对复发转移灶进行c-erbB-2检测.     

乳腺癌组织中ERβmRNA和VEGFmRNA的表达及两者的关系

目的：探讨雌激素受体亚型β（ERβ）和血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）在乳腺癌组织中的表达及两者之间的关系。方法：采用半定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应（RT PCR）检测35例乳腺癌组织中ERβmRNA和VEGFmRNA的表达，分析两者表达的相关性及其与肿瘤病理参数的关系。结果：ERβmRNA表达水平与VEGF121和VEGF165mRNA的表达水平呈正相关（r=0.785和0.641，均P=0.000）。VEGF121和VEGF 165mRNA在有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌组织中表达水平明显高于无淋巴结转移者（P=0.033，0.004）。结论：乳腺肿瘤血管生成可能受ERβ的影响，而乳腺癌组织中VEGFmRNA的表达水平高者可能易于发生淋巴结转移。     

乳腺癌原发灶及淋巴结转移灶中表皮生长因子受体、C-erbB-2的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨乳腺癌原发灶和淋巴结转移灶中表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）、C-erbB-2的表达及其与肿瘤类型、肿瘤分期的关系.方法 选择行手术治疗且术前均未行抗癌治疗,术后病理证实无同侧腋窝淋巴结转移的乳腺癌患者24例,伴有同侧腋窝淋巴结转移的乳腺癌患者36例,用免疫组化S-P法检测原发灶和淋巴结转移灶EGFR、C-erbB-2的表达.结果 有同侧腋窝淋巴结转移的乳腺癌原发灶EGFR、C-erbB-2的表达明显高于无同侧腋窝淋巴结转移的乳腺癌.乳腺癌原发灶EGFR、C-erbB-2的表达呈正相关（P=0.01）.原发灶和淋巴结转移灶之间的EGFR、C-erbB-2的表达无相关性.原发灶EGFR、C-erbB-2的表达在不同的肿瘤分期存在差异.浸润性导管癌和浸润性小叶癌之间EGFR、C-erbB-2的表达无差异.结论 乳腺癌细胞淋巴结转移的过程中由于体内某种机制的作用导致了恶性程度的变化;EGFR、C-erbB-2的表达正相关并共同促进了乳腺癌的淋巴结转移;原发灶EGFR、C-erbB-2的表达与肿瘤的分期呈正相关.     

乳腺癌组织中HER2、ERα、ERβ、PR的表达及其相关性分析

目的探讨雌激素受体α（ERα）、雌激素受体β（ERβ）、孕激素受体（PR）、人类表皮生长因子受体2（HER2）在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其与TNM分期和腋窝淋巴结状况的关系。方法随机选择我院在2004年12月至2007年12月收治的HER2高表达（＋＋＋）51例与无表达（-）53例乳腺浸润性导管癌病例，分别检测乳腺癌组织的ERα、ERβ、PR的表达水平，分析其与TNM分期、腋窝淋巴结转移等临床指标的相关性。结果104例乳腺癌患者，TNM分期为I期的占14．42％，Ⅱ期占62．50％，Ⅲ期占19．23％，Ⅳ期占3．85％；HER2阳性的淋巴结转移率为41．18％，HER2阴性的转移率为47．5％；ERα、ERβ、PR的阳性表达率分别为52．88％、63．46％、73．08％。ERβ与ERα、PR的表达呈正相关（P〈0．01），与HER2的表达负相关（P〈0．01）；ERα与PR的表达正相关（P〈0．01），与HER2负相关（P〈0．01），PR与HER2的表达负相关（P〈0．05）；ERα、ERβ、PR、HER2的表达与淋巴结转移情况及TNM分期无显著相关性。结论HER2作为乳腺癌预后不良的重要指标与作为乳腺癌预后良好的重要指标ERα、ERβ、PR的表达呈负相关，与TNM分期及腋窝淋巴结转移状态未显示明显相关性。     

趋化因子受体5表达与乳腺癌临床病理特征及预后的相关性研究

目的 探讨趋化因子受体5(CCR5)在乳腺癌病灶和腋窝转移淋巴结中的表达及其与临床病理意义.方法 收集72例乳腺导管浸润癌及其腋窝淋巴结组织,50例乳腺纤维腺瘤组织,40例正常乳腺组织石蜡标本切片.采用免疫组化方法检测CCR5的表达情况;同时检测乳腺癌组织中C-erbB-2,p53,Ki-67,ER,PR的表达情况,并与临床病理资料进行统计学分析.结果 (1)乳腺癌组织中CCR5蛋白表达阳性率达84.72%(61/72),乳腺纤维腺瘤组织中表达阳性率较低(14%,7/50),正常乳腺组织中不表达CCR5;(2)乳腺癌CCR5表达与腋窝淋巴结转移呈正相关(X<'2>=4.982,P=0.026,r=0.305);(3)50例伴腋窝淋巴结转移的患者中,乳腺癌原发灶及转移淋巴结同时表达CCR5阳性者39例,具有较高的同源性;(4)乳腺癌CCR5表达与癌基因C-erbB-2之间呈低度正相关(P<0.05,r=0.291);(5)乳腺癌CCR5表达与患者年龄、绝经与否、肿瘤最大径、肿瘤分期等临床特征无关(均P>0.05);(6)乳腺癌CCR5表达与p53,Ki-67,ER,PR无关表达(均P>0.05).结论 CCR5在乳腺癌的发生、发展及腋窝淋巴结转移方面起一定作用;CCR5可间接作为预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移及预后判断的指标之一.     

乳腺癌c-erbB-2与雌孕激素受体及淋巴结转移的相关性分析

目的：分析乳腺癌c-erbB-2的表达与ER、PR，以及腋窝淋巴结、肿瘤大小、病理类型的相关性。方法：收集术前未行新辅助化疗而行手术切除加腋窝清扫的乳腺癌病人346例，采用免疫组化法检测c-erbB-2、ER及PR；比较c-erbB-2表达与ER、PR、腋窝淋巴结、肿瘤大小以及病理类型之间的关系。结果：c-erbB-2阳性表达者占48．2％，腋窝淋巴结有转移者的c-erbB-2阳性表达为69．6％，而淋巴结阴性者则为34．6％（P〈0．001）。ER、PR均阳性且c-erbB-2表达也阳性者为38．1％；而ER、PR均阴性、c-erbB-2阳性者达64．6％（P〈0．001）。仅ER阳性和阴性者的c-erbB-2阳性表达分别是40．7％和69.2％（P（0．001）。仅PR阳性和阴性者的c-erbB-2阳性分别为46．4％和49．7％（P〉0．05）。〈2cm和2～5cm肿瘤的c-erbB-2阳性率分别是47．1％和48．8％（P〉0．05）。导管内癌和黏液癌的c-erbB-2表达阳性率分别达73．8％和60．0％。结论：c-erbB-2阳性表达与腋窝淋巴结的转移呈正相关，与ER呈负相关，与PR和肿瘤大小不相关。c-erbB-2是判断乳腺癌预后的良好指标。     

CXCR4在乳腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：研究CXCR4在人乳腺癌及癌前病变中的表达情况,并分析其与乳腺癌相关临床病理指标之间的关系。方法：采用免疫组织化学方法（IHC）研究CXCR4在23例乳腺导管上皮增生,26例重度不典型导管上皮增生,34例乳腺导管内癌（DCIS）和126例浸润性乳腺癌组织中的表达差异情况;分析浸润性乳腺癌中CXCR4表达与腋窝淋巴结受累数目、临床分期、肿瘤直径、组织学分级等临床病理指标的相关性。结果：CXCR4在乳腺导管上皮增生、重度不典型导管上皮增生、乳腺导管内癌、浸润性乳腺癌组织中的阳性表达率依次为8.70%、23.08%、56.25%、60.32%,表达水平呈现增高趋势,具有随病变恶性程度加重而逐步增高的趋势（P〈0.05）;但导管内癌和浸润性乳腺癌两组表达水平无明显差别。CXCR4在浸润性乳腺癌中的表达与腋窝淋巴结受累数目、临床分期呈正相关,与肿瘤直径、组织学分级无明显相关性。淋巴结阳性组浸润性乳腺癌CX-CR4阳性表达率高于淋巴结阴性组（P〈0.05）。结论：CXCR4可能是乳腺癌发生的早期分子事件;CXCR4在浸润性乳腺癌中的表达与乳腺癌进展的临床病理指标相关,可作为乳腺癌的诊断指标;CXCR4可能成为乳腺癌治疗的新靶点。     

ER△E5在乳腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义探讨

目的:通过检测乳腺癌和癌旁乳腺组织(乳腺癌标本边缘外5 cm)中雌激素受体a(Estrogen Receptor,ER a)剪切变异体ER△E5表达水平的差异,探讨ER△E5在乳腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义.方法:培养乳腺癌细胞株ZR-75-1,采用RT-PCR检测目的基因ER△E5,建立阳性对照体系.以液氮冷冻储存的59例乳腺癌组织和59例癌旁乳腺组织提取目的基因,进行对照实验,检测ER△E5在乳腺癌组织和癌旁乳腺组织中的表达状况,分析二者的表达差异及其临床意义.结果:在ER阳性乳腺癌标本中,ER△E5阳性20例(20/44),ER阴性的乳腺癌标本中,ER△E5阳性6例(6/15),两者差异无统计学意义(P=0.7170);在人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor,HER-2)阳性的乳腺癌标本中,ER△E5阳性20例(20/22),HER-2阴性的乳腺癌标本中,ER△E5阳性6例(6/37).采用单因素分析,发现乳腺癌标本中ER△E5的阳性表达与HER-2的阳性表达呈正相关(P＜0.0001).在乳腺癌标本中ER△E5的阳性表达率为44.07%(26/59);在癌旁乳腺组织中未见ERAE5的表达,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.0001).在乳腺癌标本中ER△E5的表达与临床分期无相关性(P=0.9084).结论:在乳腺癌标本中ER△E5的表达显著高于癌旁乳腺组织,而且与HER-2表达呈正相关,提示ER△E5可能是一种新的临床预后的指标.     

维生素D受体在糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用

目的探讨维生素D受体(VDR)在糖尿病肾病(DKD)足细胞中的表达水平及在足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用。方法(1)本研究纳入了65例诊断患有2型糖尿病(伴或不伴蛋白尿)的患者,并纳入了25例年龄和性别相匹配的健康体检者为对照组。根据白蛋白/肌酐(ACR)的尿排泄比例对2型糖尿病患者进行分组,分别为无蛋白尿(ACR<30 mg/g,n=24)、微量白蛋白尿(ACR 30~300 mg/g,n=18)和临床蛋白尿(ACR>300 mg/g,n=23)。另选择25例经肾活检确诊的DKD患者作为DKD组。正常肾脏组织标本均取自泌尿外科同一时期肾脏肿瘤切除患者10例。将各组检测指标进行对比,同时采用实时定量PCR、ELISA法和免疫组化法检测VDR在各组患者的血液、尿液样本和肾脏组织中的表达情况,以及使用Pearson相关分析分析VDR与尿蛋白的相关性。(2)在2型糖尿病肾病小鼠模型中对上述结果进行验证,将遗传背景均为C57BLKs/J的雄性db/db小鼠及同窝出生的db/m小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(A组)、DKD对照组(B组)、DKD二甲基亚砜处理组(C组)、DKD帕立骨化醇(VDR激动剂)处理组(D组),C、D组连续腹腔注射处理8周,对照组不做任何处理。小鼠10周龄时开始连续干预8周,在小鼠22周龄(开始干预后12周)检测各组小鼠体重、血、尿生化指标对比;Western印迹法检测β⁃catenin、VDR的变化;免疫荧光观察足细胞标志蛋白podocin及足细胞损伤蛋白α⁃SMA的表达变化。结果(1)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者相比,微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05)。(2)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿糖尿病组和DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿糖尿病组患者相比,DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平亦较低(均P<0.05)。(3)免疫组化结果显示,DKD组肾组织中VDR的表达明显少于正常对照组。(4)DKD患者血浆中VDR mRNA相对水平与ACR呈负相关(r=-0.342,P<0.05)。(5)各组尿液上清液中VDR的水平与血浆中的水平呈相反趋势。(6)Western印迹结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞β⁃catenin蛋白表达高于D组(均P<0.05),VDR蛋白的表达低于D组(均P<0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞podocin的表达低于D组(均P<0.05),α⁃SMA的表达高于D组(均P<0.05)。结论VDR高表达缓解DKD足细胞损伤及蛋白尿。     

Comparison of University of Wisconsin and University of Pittsburgh solutions for heart transplantation

The effectiveness of University of Wisconsin (UW) and University of Pittsburgh (UP) solutions for the preservation of rat hearts was compared. Lewis rat hearts were preserved with UW (group A, n=45) or UP (group B, n=45) solution for 0 or 24 h and then transplanted heterotopically into the recipients' abdomen. Ten recipients in each group were observed to obtain 1-week graft survival rates. Tissue water content and tissue content of adenine nucleotides were measured 2 h after transplantation in six grafts from each group. Six hearts preserved for 0 h and seven hearts preserved for 24 h were taken from each group 24 h after grafting for histopathology. The 1-week graft survival rates of groups A24 and B24 were 60% and 10%, respectively. In the 24-h preserved grafts, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and energy charge [(ATP+adenosine diphosphate/2)/(ATP+adenosine diphosphate+adenosine monophosphate)] of groups A and B were 0.972±0.165 and 0.200±0.123 mg/g wet tissue (P<0.05) and 74.4% and 61.1% (P<0.05), respectively. The tissue water content of group A24 was 71.7%, whereas that of group B24 was 74.1% (P<0.05). Histopathology revealed more severe muscle edema and necrosis and infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells in group B24 than in group A24. We conclude that UW solution is more appropriate for rat heart preservation than UP solution.     

Renal allograft rejection: the temporal relationship and predictive value of plasma TNF (alpha and beta), IFN-gamma and soluble ICAM-1

Recently, close interactions have been described between the tumour necrosis factors alpha and beta (TNF-alpha and beta), interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in T-cell mediated immune activation. During the process of renal graft rejection, the properties of these cytokines to act as powerful stimulators of macrophages, to upregulate class II MHC expression and to stabilise cell-to-cell binding make them of great potential interest. The aim of the present study was to determine the plasma levels of each cytokine and soluble ICAM-1 in 16 renal allograft recipients. We examined plasmas of patients for the first 2 weeks after transplantation and correlated results with the clinical pattern of rejection. Our data suggest an immunopathologic involvement of TNF-alpha, TNF-beta and slCAM-1 in renal allograft rejection and showed that there was a significant elevation in plasma concentrations of these parameters 2 or 3 days prior to the diagnosis of clinical rejection. Rises in INF-gamma did not appear to be significant with regard to rejection as very high levels were found in patients showing no evidence of clinical rejection.     

移植肾IgA肾病临床病理及预后分析

目的探讨移植肾IgA肾病(IgAN)复发或新发的诱因及移植肾生存的危险因素。方法选取2012年11月至2018年12月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院经肾活检确诊为移植肾IgAN的患者,按照血肌酐(Scr)增高水平、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)下降率分为稳定组(Scr升高值<20μmol/L,eGFR下降率<10%)和进展组(Scr增高但未达翻倍值,30%相似文献   

Osteoporosis and obesity: Role of Wnt pathway in human and murine models

Studies concerning the pathophysiological connection between obesity and osteoporosis are currently an intriguing area of research.Although the onset of these two diseases can occur in a different way,recent studies have shown that obesity and osteoporosis share common genetic and environmental factors.Despite being a risk factor for health,obesity has traditionally been considered positive to bone because of beneficial effect of mechanical loading,exerted by high body mass,on bone formation.However,contrasting studies have not achieved a clear consensus,suggesting instead that excessive fat mass derived from obesity condition may not protect against osteoporosis or,even worse,could be rather detrimental to bone.On the other hand,it is hitherto better established that,since adipocytes and osteoblasts are derived from a common mesenchymal stem cell precursor,molecules that lead to osteoblastogenesis inhibit adipogenesis and vice versa.Here we will discuss the role of the key molecules regulating adipocytes and osteoblasts differentiation,which are peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-γand Wnts,respectively.In particular,wewill focus on the role of both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling,involved in mesenchymal cell fate regulation.Moreover,at present there are no experimental data that relate any influence of the Wnt inhibitor Sclerostin to adipogenesis,although it is well known its role on bone metabolism.In addition,the most common pathological condition in which there is a simultaneous increase of adiposity and decrease of bone mass is menopause.Given that postmenopausal women have high Sclerostin level inversely associated with circulating estradiol level and since the sex hormone replacement therapy has proved to be effective in attenuating bone loss and reversing menopause-related obesity,we hypothesize that Sclerostin contribution in adipogenesis could be an active focus of research in the coming years.     

Evaluation and comparison of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of allopregnanolone and pregnanolone at induction of anaesthesia in the male rat

We have evaluated and compared the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamicproperties of allopregnanolone and pregnanolone at inductionof anaesthesia in male rats. A threshold method was used, andthe first burst suppression period of 1 s or more in theEEG was selected as the end-point after fairly slow infusions.An optimal dose of 4.0 mg kg^–1 min^–1was noted for both steroids. Brain concentrations were low atlow infusion rates, indicating that acute tolerance was notoccurring. Significant positive correlations were noted betweendose rate and serum concentrations of allopregnanolone (r =0.94, P<0.001) and pregnanolone (r = 0.88, P<0.001). Suchcorrelations were also seen in striatum, cerebellum, cortexand muscle for both steroids (P<0.01). Despite changing infusionrates, the concentrations of both steroids in brainstem, hippocampusand fat remained stable. Because no correlation between infusionrate and steroid concentration was noted in the brainstem andhippocampus, these two brain areas may be regarded as primarysites of action for allopregnanolone and pregnanolone. Pregnanoloneconcentrations in the brainstem and hippocampus were significantlyhigher than those of allopregnanolone, suggesting that allopregnanolonewas more potent than pregnanolone in inducing anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86: 403–12     

Role of Conventional and Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Spinal Treatment Protocol for Hydatid Disease

Objective:

To demonstrate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in determining the treatment protocol for hydatid disease of the spine.

Design:

Case report; literature review.

Findings:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate complicated infected hydatidosis from abscesses, epidermoid cysts from arachnoid cysts, and benign from malignant vertebral compression fractures. It is also helpful in differentiating between abscesses and necrotic tumors.

Conclusion:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate between infections requiring immediate surgery and those that can be treated medically with antihelmintic treatment.     

Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after spinal morphine for Caesarean section: comparison of cyclizine,dexamethasone and placebo

Background. Low-dose intrathecal (spinal) morphine (0.1–0.2mg) for Caesarean section delivers excellent postoperative analgesiabut is associated with significant nausea and vomiting. We comparedthe antiemetic efficacy of cyclizine, dexamethasone, and placeboin this clinical setting. Methods. Ninety-nine women undergoing elective Caesarean sectionunder spinal anaesthesia were allocated randomly, in a double-blindstudy design, to receive either cyclizine 50 mg, dexamethasone8 mg, or placebo as a single-dose infusion in saline 0.9%, 100ml on completion of surgery. Spinal anaesthesia consisted of:hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%, 2.0 ml; fentanyl 10 µg; andspinal morphine 0.2 mg. The primary outcome measure was theincidence of nausea. Results. The incidence of nausea was significantly less in patientsreceiving cyclizine compared with dexamethasone and placebo(33 vs 60 and 67%, respectively, P<0.05). Severity of nauseaand number of vomiting episodes were also less at 3–6h in cyclizine patients. Overall satisfaction with postoperativecare at 24 h, expressed on a 100 mm visual analogue scale, wasgreater in cyclizine [78 (28)] than either dexamethasone [58(31), P=0.03] or placebo [51 (28), P=0.008]. Conclusion. We conclude that following spinal morphine 0.2 mgand fentanyl 10 µg analgesia for Caesarean section, cyclizine50 mg i.v. reduces the incidence of nausea compared with dexamethasone8 mg i.v. or placebo. It also lessens the severity of nauseaand vomiting, and increases maternal satisfaction in the earlypostoperative period. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90: 665–70     

末端可弯输尿管肾镜与电子输尿管软镜治疗肾结石的比较

目的比较末端可弯曲输尿管肾镜（孙氏镜）与电子输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾结石的疗效、安全性及优缺点。 方法回顾性分析我院2015年9月至2017年3月应用孙氏镜与电子输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗120例肾结石患者临床资料,其中65例采用电子输尿管软镜（电子镜组）,55例应用孙氏镜（孙氏镜组）,比较两组的临床资料及碎石效果。 结果两组手术时间、并发症、术后平均住院时间以及清石率等比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,总住院时间、治疗费用比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论孙氏镜联合钬激光治疗肾结石,视野清晰度较电子输尿管软镜略有不足,但操作更简便,微创、安全、有效,总住院时间短,费用低,值得应用和推广。     

Ultrastructural Characteristics of Dog and Human Platelets Adherent to Native and Collagen-Coupled Cuprophan

Adhesion of human and dog platelets to native and collagen-coupled Cuprophan under defined flow conditions was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Dog platelets, singly adherent to and uniformly distributed on both native and collagen-coupled Cuprophan, extend slender pseudopods across the surface without evidence of degranulation. Human platelets, while not adhering to native Cuprophan, formed irregularly shaped, semi-confluent cytoplasmic sheets on the collagen-coupled surface. Extensive cytoplasmic reorganization and degranulation suggests a post-release state of the human platelets. Aspirin had no apparent effect on either human or dog platelet adhesion or upon the apparent release state of the human platelets.