Tumor tissue characterization evaluating the luciferase activity under the control of a hsp70 promoter and MR imaging in three tumor cell lines

Severe stenosis/occlusion of the proximal celiac trunk due to median arcuate ligament compression (MALC), arteriosclerosis, pancreatitis, tumor invasion, and celiac axis agenesis has been reported. However, clinically significant ischemic bowel disease attributable to celiac axis stenosis/occlusion appears to be rare because the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) provides for rich collateral circulation. In patients with celiac axis stenosis/occlusion, the most important and frequently encountered collateral vessels from the SMA are the pancreaticoduodenal arcades. Patients with celiac artery stenosis/occlusion are treated by interventional radiology (IR) via dilation of the pancreaticoduodenal arcade. In patients with dilation of the pancreaticoduodenal arcade on SMA angiograms, IR through this artery may be successful. Here we provide several tips on surmounting these difficulties in IR including transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma, an implantable port system for hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy to treat metastatic liver tumors, coil embolization of pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysms, and arterial stimulation test with venous sampling for insulinomas.     

内脏动脉狭窄闭塞侧支循环的多层螺旋CT血管成像

目的:探讨腹腔动脉(CA)、肠系膜上动脉(SMA)、肠系膜下动脉(IMA)狭窄闭塞侧支循环在多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)中的表现.方法:搜集CA、SMA、IMA慢性狭窄闭塞行MSCTA检查的患者80例,采用容积再现(VR)血管添加技术(AV)对侧支血管进行选择性重建.结果:80例慢性期内脏动脉狭窄闭塞患者中SMA...     

Preoperative Embolization of the Celiac Axis or Common Hepatic Artery before Distal Pancreatectomy with Resection of the Celiac Axis

Patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer who undergo distal pancreatectomy with resection of the celiac axis (CA) are at risk for postoperative hepatic or gastric ischemia if collateral blood flow from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) via the gastroduodenal artery is insufficient. This study presents a technique for preoperative angiographic evaluation of these collateral vessels by using an AMPLATZER Vascular Plug to temporarily occlude the CA or common hepatic artery while simultaneously performing digital subtraction angiography of the SMA. If collateral vessels are deemed sufficient, the plug can subsequently be released for permanent occlusion with the intent to enhance the blood flow in these collateral vessels.     

肠系膜上动脉病变 MSCTA 诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋 CT 血管成像(MSCTA)诊断肠系膜上动脉(SMA)病变临床价值。方法回顾性分析40例 SMA病变患者 MSCTA 图像特点,运用容积再现(VR)、多平面重组(MPR)、曲面重组(CPR)及最大密度投影(MIP)等多种后处理重建技术。结果SMA 缺血16例,包括 SMA 急性闭塞8例,其中并发小肠缺血性坏死1例并行坏死小肠切除术。SMA 慢性闭塞8例;孤立性 SMA 夹层10例;SMA 真性动脉瘤7例,感染性心内膜炎相关假性动脉瘤1例;SMA 溃疡3例,其中1例合并肠系膜下动脉(IMA)重度狭窄;腹腔干重度狭窄2例;IMA 闭塞1例。本组40例患者可见 SMA 疾病相关侧支循环13例,4例见于 SMA 慢性闭塞,3例见于 SMA 急性闭塞,1例见于孤立性 SMA 夹层,1例见于 SMA 假性动脉瘤,2例分别见于 IMA 狭窄和闭塞。2例见于腹腔干重度狭窄。其中包括胰十二指肠前、后动脉弓3例,胰背动脉侧支2例、Riolan 弓10例。结论MSCTA 可以清晰观察SMA 各类病变、侧支循环开通情况以及评估肠腔缺血状态。     

MSCTA对腹腔干狭窄及侧支循环的应用价值

目的:分析腹腔干狭窄的MSCTA表现,探讨MSCTA在诊断和评估腹腔干狭窄及侧支循环方面的价值。方法:回顾性分析经MSCTA的30例腹腔干狭窄患者的影像学资料,男23例,女7例,平均年龄53.7岁。所有病例临床病史均未提示腹腔干血管病变。分别对腹腔干血管狭窄的程度、侧支循环及有无并发腹腔内脏动脉瘤或肠系膜上动脉狭窄进行评估。结果:30例患者腹腔干起始段均狭窄,狭窄率45%～95%。22例伴有侧支循环(73.3%,22/30),共有28个侧支交通,其中胰十二指肠动脉弓型17个(60.7%,17/28),胰背动脉型6个(21.4%,6/28),肝内型1个(3.6%,1/28),肠系膜下动脉型4个(14.3%,4/28)。8例无侧支循环(26.7%,8/22)。30例腹腔干狭窄患者中合并肠系膜上动脉狭窄4例,合并腹腔动脉瘤3例。结论:MSCTA能够准确诊断和评价腹腔干狭窄及其伴发的侧支循环或腹腔内脏动脉瘤,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma fed by the reconstructed inferior phrenic artery: anatomical and technical analysis

PURPOSE: To evaluate reconstructed patterns of occluded inferior phrenic artery (IPA) and determine the technical success rate and complications of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) fed by the occluded IPA through the anastomosing branch. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 19 patients, 24 IPAs, including two that had been previously embolized, were demonstrated through collateral pathways. The incidence of each collateral circulation was evaluated. Thirteen IPAs in 12 patients fed the tumor and TACE was attempted. TACE was performed only if the catheter could be advanced into the anastomosing branch so that the nontarget branches were avoided. RESULTS: A reconstructed unilateral IPA was observed in 14 patients (11 right IPAs and three left IPAs) and two reconstructed IPAs were observed in five. The IPA was demonstrated through the dorsal pancreatic artery (n = 13), inferior or middle adrenal artery (n = 7), left gastric artery (n = 2), contralateral IPA (n = 2), lumbar artery (n = 1), and small branch derived from the celiac trunk (n = 1). Five IPAs (21%) were demonstrated through more than two separate arteries, including two demonstrated through both dorsal pancreatic arteries arising from the celiac and superior mesenteric artery. The IPA opacified through the lumbar artery had been previously embolized. TACE of the reconstructed IPA was possible in 10 of 13 IPAs (77%). Complications related to the procedure were a small amount of pleural effusion (n = 4) and basal atelectasis (n = 2). CONCLUSION: The IPA is reconstructed mainly through the retroperitoneal anastomosing branch in the upper abdomen. TACE of the reconstructed IPA can be performed with a high success rate without major complications.     

Variations in feeding arteries of hepatocellular carcinoma located in the left hepatic lobe

The left hepatic lobe is divided into three subsegments according to anatomical landmarks; however, there are several variations in the vascular territories of the left hepatic arterial branches. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) located near the umbilical fissure or at the left side of the umbilical portion of the left portal vein has frequent crossover blood supply. HCC located in the caudal aspect of the lateral segment has a variety of feeding arteries, and is infrequently supplied by the caudate artery or the medial subsegmental artery (A4), and by the lateral left hepatic arteries. HCC located in the posterior aspect of segment 4 is frequently supplied by the caudate artery or a small A4 branch arising from the caudate artery. In addition, the left inferior phrenic, right and left internal mammary, right and left gastric, cystic, and omental arteries are well known extrahepatic collateral pathways supplying HCC in the left hepatic lobe, especially when the hepatic artery is attenuated by previous transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Interventional radiologists should have sufficient knowledge of vascular territories in the left hepatic arterial branches and extrahepatic collaterals to perform effective TACE for HCC located in the left hepatic lobe.     

原发性肝癌肝外血供的血管造影分析及介入治疗

目的 探讨原发性肝癌的肝外血供的血管造影表现及其对肝癌介入治疗的意义.方法 本组32例原发性肝癌患者行常规腹腔动脉造影及肝外血供探查,并对其行超选择性插管及化疗栓塞治疗(TACE).结果 32例患者共见37支肝外营养血管,分别为肠系膜上动脉12支,右膈下动脉9支,左膈下动脉1支,胃左动脉6支,胰十二指肠动脉弓2支,胃网膜动脉2条,胃十二指肠动脉2支,右胸廓内动脉1支,右肋间动脉1支,脾动脉1支.大多数肝外血供为肠系膜上动脉和右膈下动脉;4支肝外营养血管因未能成功行超选择性插管而只予化疗药灌注治疗,其余33支肝外血供均行超选择性插管和化疗栓塞治疗.结论 原发性肝癌的肝外血供较为常见和多变,对肝外血供的化疗栓塞在肝癌的介入治疗中具有重要的意义.     

A New Technique for Superselective Catheterization of Arteries: Preshaping of a Micro-Guide Wire into a Shepherd's Hook Form

Objective

We wanted to introduce a new technique for superselective catheterization of arteries with preshaping of a micro-guide wire into a shepherd''s hook form, and this is useful for superselection of small arteries branching at an acute angle from a large parent artery for the treatment of tumors and hemorrhages.

Materials and Methods

We developed a superselective catheterization technique by using preshaping of a micro-guide wire into a shepherd''s hook form. We encountered six patients in our practice for whom we failed to catheterize the small tumor-feeding arteries that branched at an acute angle from wide parent arteries during chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma; the parent arteries were the right inferior phrenic artery (n = 4) and the left gastric artery (n = 1) from the celiac axis with celiac stenosis due to compression by the median arcuate ligament and the proper hepatic artery from the gastroduodenal artery (n = 1) in a patient who had celiac axis occlusion with collateral circulation via the pancreaticoduodenal arcade from the superior mesenteric artery. In these consecutive six patients, we tested the usefulness of this new technique with employing preshaping of a micro-guide wire into a shepherd''s hook form for superselective catheterization of targeted vessels.

Results

The target arteries were successfully catheterized and satisfactory transcatheter arterial chemoembolization was performed in all six patients. There were no significant complications such as arterial dissection.

Conclusion

We developed a technique that is effective for superselection of vessels with preshaping of micro-guide wire into a shepherd''s hook form, and we successfully applied it during chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. This technique can be useful for superselection of small arteries that branch from a large parent artery at acute angles for the treatment of tumors and hemorrhages.     

Impact of Multislice CT Angiography on Planning of Radiological Catheter Placement for Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy

The objective of this study was to assess prospectively the role of multislice CT angiography (MSCTA) on planning of radiological catheter placement for hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC). Forty-six patients with malignant liver tumors planned for HAIC were included. In each patient, both MSCTA and intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were performed, except one patient who did not undergo DSA. Comparison of MSCTA and DSA images was performed for the remaining 45 patients. Detectability of anatomical variants of the hepatic artery, course of the celiac trunk, visualization scores of arterial branches and interobserver agreement, presence of arterial stenosis, and technical outcome were evaluated. Anatomical variations of the hepatic artery were detected in 19 of 45 patients (42%) on both modalities. The course of the celiac trunk was different in 12 patients. The visualization scores of celiac arterial branches on MSCTA/DSA were 3.0 ± 0/2.9 ± 0.2 in the celiac trunk, 3.0 ± 0/2.9 ± 0.3 in the common hepatic artery, 2.9 ± 0.2/2.9 ± 0.3 in the proper hepatic artery, 2.9 ± 0.3/2.9 ± 0.4 in the right hepatic artery, 2.8 ± 0.4/2.9 ± 0.4 in the left hepatic artery, 2.9 ± 0.2/2.9 ± 0.3 in the gastroduodenal artery, 2.1 ± 0.8/2.2 ± 0.9 in the right gastric artery, and 2.7 ± 0.8/2.6 ± 0.8 in the left gastric artery. No statistically significant differences exist between the two modalities. Interobserver agreement for MSCTA was equivalent to that for DSA. Two patients showed stenosis of the celiac trunk on both modalities. Based on these imaging findings, technical success was accomplished in all patients. In conclusion, MSCTA is accurate in assessing arterial anatomy and abnormalities. MSCTA can provide adequate information for planning of radiological catheter placement for HAIC.     

Accessory blood supply to the liver from the dorsal pancreatic artery: An unusual anatomic variant

A case of an accessory hepatic artery from the dorsal pancreatic artery is illustrated. A discussion of anatomic variations and embryology of the arterial blood supply to the liver from the celiac axis and aberrant blood supply from other vessels is presented with a consideration of the surgical and diagnostic significance of anatomic variance.     

螺旋CT双期扫描对肝迷走动脉的显示

目的：探讨肝迷走供血动脉规律及其对外科手术和肝肿瘤介入治疗的意义。材料与方法：２００例成人行中上腹螺旋ＣＴ双期扫描,观察肝脏供血动脉的起源及走行,并将不同类型肝迷走动脉加以统计分析。结果：２００例成人中３１例出现迷走血管。肝左、肝右动脉起自腹腔干９例,肝总动脉起自肠系膜上动脉６例;迷走肝右动脉起自肠系膜上动脉４例,迷走肝左动脉起自胃左动脉４例,肠系膜上动脉２例,胃右动脉１例;腹主动脉发现副肝左、副     

Hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe of the liver: variations of its feeding branches on arteriography

There are usually multiple caudate arteries arising from the right, left, and middle hepatic arteries, and they are frequently connected to each other. Therefore, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the caudate lobe is frequently fed by multiple branches arising from different origins. HCC located in the Spiegel lobe is usually fed by the caudate arteries derived from the right and/or left hepatic artery. HCC in the paracaval portion is mainly fed by the caudate artery derived from the right hepatic artery; with low frequency, it is fed by the caudate artery derived from the left hepatic artery. HCC in the caudate process is usually fed by the caudate artery derived from the right hepatic artery. Because of the complexity and overlap of vascular territories, the tumor-feeding branch of a recurrent HCC lesion in the caudate lobe frequently changes on follow-up arteriograms. In addition, several extrahepatic collateral vessels supply the recurrent tumor. To perform effective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for HCC in the caudate lobe, radiologists should have sufficient knowledge of vascular anatomy supplying HCC in the caudate lobe.     

肝癌合并腹腔动脉与肠系膜上动脉侧支循环通路假性闭塞(附12例报告)

目的：探讨肝癌合并腹腔动脉与肠系膜上动脉侧支循环通路假性闭塞的血管造影表现及其在介入治疗中的价值。方法：回顾性分析12例该类患者的肠系膜上动脉造影，腹腔动脉造影及介入治疗资料。结果：12例假性闭塞中，位于肝总动脉与腹腔动脉分叉处6例，肝总动脉分出胃十二指肠动脉支处5例，1例右肝动脉直接起源于腹腔动脉，并在其分叉处发生假性闭塞。在这12处假性闭塞中，于腹腔动脉造影时呈闭塞状态，而肠系膜上动脉造影却完全通畅，似静脉瓣样。并且导丝、导管能顺利通过该闭塞处。10例患者完成了肝动脉化疗栓塞术。结论：这一少见现象可能与其血液动力学改变和解剖学变异有关，了解此征象对于指导介入治疗有一定价值。     

肝癌动脉血供变异在介入治疗中的意义

目的:探讨肝癌动脉血供变异在经动脉导管化疗栓塞术中的临床意义。方法:前瞻性研究分析我院2006年全年共220例(330次)肝癌动脉血管造影及介入治疗资料。结果:220例中171例(77.7%)为典型腹腔动脉-肝总动脉供血。肝动脉解剖变异29例(13.2%,29/220),其中肝总动脉变异2例,肝右动脉变异23例,变异的肝右动脉或副肝右动脉有22例起源于肠系膜上动脉(75.9%,22/29),肝左动脉变异2例,肝左动脉和肝右动脉同时变异2例。20例(9.1%,20/220)在初次或重复介入治疗中发现存在寄生性供血动脉,其中起源于右膈下动脉10例,肠系膜上动脉、胃左动脉、网膜动脉及脾动脉各2例,左膈下动脉及右肋间动脉各1例。肝外侧支供血动脉的存在与病灶大小、位置及介入治疗次数之间显著相关。结论:认识肝癌动脉血供变异有助于提高经动脉导管栓塞成功率及介入治疗疗效。     

迷走肝动脉的DSA研究及临床意义

目的 研究迷走肝动脉的解剖特征，探讨其临床意义。资料与方法 回顾分析1000例肝动脉DSA资料，将直接起自腹腔干及胃肠道供血动脉的变异肝动脉称之为迷走肝动脉（aberrant hepatic artery,AbHA)，并根据其在肝内的走行方向和分布范围不同，进一步将其分为迷走肝右动脉（aberrant right hepatic artery,AbRHA），迷走肝左动脉（aberrant left hepatic artery,AbLHA)，迷走肝中动脉（aberrant middle hepatic artery,AbMHA)，迷走肝固有动脉（aberrant proper hepatic artery,AbPHA)及迷走肝总动脉（aberrant common hepatic artery,AbCHA）等，分别统计其发生率，描述其起源、走行、分支、分布等解剖学特征。结果 1000例中，共发现210例存在AbHA，占21％，其中12例分别显示2支AbHA，共发现222支AbHA，其构成如下：AbRHA 102支（45.95%,102/222)，AbLHA88支（39.64%,88/222)，AbMHA 4支（1.80%,4/222),AbPHA 3支（1.35%,3/222)，AbCHA 25支（11.26%,25/222)。222支AbHA中，起于肠系膜上动脉114支（51.35%,114/222)，起于胃左动脉83支（37.39%，83／222），起于胃十二指肠动脉13支（5.86%,13/222)，起于腹腔干10支（4.50%,10/222)，起于胃右动脉2支（0.90%,2/222)。结论 AbHA是一种比较常见的肝动脉变异，熟悉这种血管变异对肝癌的动脉内化疗栓塞具有极其重要的临床意义。     

肠系膜上动脉供血型肝癌的血管造影分析及介入治疗

目的：研究肠系膜上动脉供血型(即变异肝动脉起源于肠系膜上动脉)肝癌的血管造影表现及插管技术。方法：回顾分析41例肠系膜上动脉供血型肝癌的DSA及介入治疗资料，统计血管解剖变异的发生率，对其起源、走行、分支、分布等解剖学特征及其与血管插管的关系进行描述和分析。结果：350例肝癌中肠系膜上动脉供血型41例(11．9％)，其中副肝右动脉15例(36．5％)，替代肝右动脉16例(39．0％)，肝总动脉8例(19．5％)，腹腔动脉干起源于肠系膜上动脉2例(5％)。31例肠系膜上动脉发出替代或副肝右动脉者，29例(94．0％)腹腔动脉造影表现为肝右动脉细小或缺如，肝右叶出现无血管区。RH导管超选择性插管成功25例(61％)，未成功者改用Cobra、Simmon导管以及结合微导管技术后获得成功。结论：肠系膜上动脉供血型肝癌是一种比较常见的肝动脉变异性供血，熟忿其血管变异的特点对肝动脉化疗栓塞术具有重要的意义。     

Unusual aneurysm of the pancreas arcade in occlusion of the celiac trunk

This is a report about a rare aneurysm of the pancreas arcade--the angiography showing an occlusion of the celiac axis. Using a diagram of the arterial phase of the angiography, the morphology of the collateral circulation between the celiac axis and the superior mesenteric artery is described. The reason the occlusion of the celiac axis formed collateral circulation and the origin of the aneurysm and the therapeutic steps to be taken are discussed.     

Prevention of gastric complications in hepatic arterial chemoembolization. Balloon catheter occlusion technique.

Gastric complications may be a problem in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, if the right gastric artery branches distally from the proper hepatic artery or its branch, or the accessory left gastric artery arises from the left hepatic artery. We occluded the proper hepatic artery with a balloon catheter to redirect blood flow in these gastric branches toward the liver. This procedure prevented chemoembolic agents from flowing into the gastric branches, and accordingly protected against gastric complications even when chemoembolization was performed by injecting the agents proximally to the gastric branches.     

腹腔动脉与肠系膜上动脉的螺旋CT血管造影初探

探讨螺旋ＣＴ血管造影（ｓｐｉｒａｌｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｄｔｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＳＣＴＡ）对腹腔动脉及其分支与肠系膜上动脉干的显示能力及扫描技术。方法腹部ＳＣＴＡ检查结果正常者３０例,平扫后行小剂量试验。取胰体水平腹主动脉为靶血管,以峰值时间为２秒定为最佳延迟扫描时间。ＳＣＴＡ以３．５ｍｌ／ｓ速度经肘前脉注入碘造影剂９０－１１０ｍｌ,由于侧向足侧扫描,扫描参数为螺距１．０层厚３．２ｎ