肠外与肠内营养支持在肝移植术后病人治疗中的应用

探讨肝移植术后病人的最佳营养支持方法。对 3例肝移植术后病人的营养支持方法进行分析 ,术后第 2～ 3天开始给予全肠外营养 (TPN) ,辅以人血白蛋白及血浆 ;后在 TPN基础上加肠内营养 (EN) ,并逐渐过渡到全肠内营养 (TEN)、完全经口饮食。结果 :术后病人恢复良好。结论 :肝移植术后病人营养支持以 TPN→ PN+EN→ TEN,逐渐过渡 ,胃肠功能一旦恢复 ,早期 EN,有利于促进肝移植术后病人尽恢复。肠外与肠内营养支持在肝移植术后病人治疗中的应用@蔡瑛$昆明医学院附属二院 @黄青青$昆明医学院附属二院 @万林骏$昆明医学院附属二院…     

围手术期营养支持在胰十二指肠切除术病人的临床应用

目的:比较胰十二指肠切除术病人围手术期肠内营养(EN)与肠外营养(PN)支持的效果. 方法:60例胰十二指肠切除捆绑式胰肠吻合术后病人随机分为全肠内营养(TEN)组和完全胃肠外营养(TPN)两组,每组各30例.手术前3 d开始给予营养支持,TEN组口服百普素,术后24 h内开始经空肠造口管输注;TPN组术前3 d开始经腔静脉置管行PN支持,术后24 h恢复TPN支持,两组营养支持时间均为14 d. 结果:两组病人均完成营养支持计划,未发生吻合口瘘和腹腔感染.两组病人术后的体质量、体质指数、上臂周径均较术前略低,但组间比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).两组病人血清蛋白水平在手术后均有明显下降,TPN组下降更明显,组间比较有显著性意义(P＜0.05).TPN组术后谷酰转肽酶和乳酸脱氢酶高于TEN组.术后监测氮平衡1周,两组均表现为负氮平衡.TEN、TPN组肠功能恢复时间分别为(2.5±0.5) d和(3.0±0.5) d(P＜0.05).术后排便时间分别为(4.0±1.0) d和(6.0±1.0) d(P＜0.01).两组病人住院天数无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但TEN组伤口愈合情况优于TPN组(P＜0.05),平均住院费用/药物费用TEN、TPN组分别为11 206/4 502元、15 430/7 500元(P＜0.05). 结论:对胰十二指肠切除术病人,术前3 d及术后早期行EN,可改善营养状况,降低蛋白质分解,促进肠功能恢复,符合生理需求.     

不同营养方式对肝移植术后感染率的影响

目的 :对比不同营养方式下肝移植术后细菌、真菌感染率 ,与感染直接相关的病死率和感染部位分布等情况 ,寻找肝移植术后降低感染率方面更恰当的营养方式。　方法 :对 132例术前营养评估为中、重度营养不良的原位肝移植病人按时间段分为两组 ,第 1组 6 3例 ,术后实行全胃肠外营养 (TPN) 1周 ;第 2组 6 9例 ,术后第 2天起采取部分肠内营养 (EN)加肠外营养 (PN) ,再逐步向完全EN(TEN)过渡 ,比较两组病人细菌和真菌感染率、与感染直接相关的病死率和感染部位分布比例。　结果 :EN加PN组较TPN组病人肝移植术后真菌、细菌、肠道真菌和原发性血行细菌感染率均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;EN加PN组与感染直接相关的病死率较TPN组有下降 ,但两组无显著差异(P >0 .0 5 )。　结论 :对于术前合并中、重度营养不良的病人 ,肝移植术后早期应用EN加PN ,再逐步向TEN过渡的方法在预防感染方面明显优于TPN。     

胃癌病人术后早期营养支持对营养等状况恢复的比较

目的:探讨胃底贲门癌病人术后早期应用全肠外营养(TPN)和肠内营养(EN)对营养等状况恢复的比较分析.方法:将73例胃底贲门癌病人随机分为EN组(37例)和PN组(36例).于术后48 h内开始给予等氮、等热量营养支持,观察两组病人手术前、后的营养和免疫指标、术后肠鸣音恢复、肛门排气时间和并发症发生的情况.结果:两组病人术后营养支持的营养及免疫指标明显改善(P＜0.05),EN组前清蛋白和免疫指标较PN组明显提高(P＜0.05);EN组较PN组术后胃肠道功能恢复的更早,同时并发症的发生率亦明显减低.结论:胃底贲门癌病人术后早期肠内营养支持,既能促进胃肠道功能尽早恢复,又可改善病人术后营养状况和免疫功能.     

ICU重症肠外、肠内营养支持初步评价

目的 重症病人多合并营养不良及营养代谢性疾病，为进一步探讨营养支持方案及其疗效对预后的影响，进行了营养不同的ICU重症肠外、肠内营养支持的初步评价。方法 选择最近三年ICU住院时间及营养支持时间≥7天的各类重症38例，依营养支持方法不同分成TPN组、PN＋EN组及TEN组。调查ICU治疗前后的血清白蛋白、血糖、血清离子、肝肾功能及相关并发症；营养支持途径（中心静脉、周围静脉、鼻胃管词、口入）；营养素摄入量。热能的摄入PN＋EN组较TPN组增加差异显（P＜0．05），蛋白质摄入PN＋EN组较TPN组增加差异非常显（P＜0．001） ，三组间脂肪、碳水化物无显性差异（P＜0．05）。三组年龄、ICU住院时间比较无显差异（P＜0．05）。结果 以血清白蛋白为营养评价的指标中，各组间比较及三组营养支持后与营养支持前比较均无显性差异（P＜0．05）。PN EN组较TPN组各种感染发生率、高血糖发生率及死亡率明显降低。结论 ICU重症因多种因素营养素不足的问题较为普遍，本热能、蛋白质的摄入PN＋EN组较TPN组对氮平衡维持的影响要小。尽管三组ICU治疗时间短，尚未显示出血清白蛋白的明显转归，但从治疗后的均值看PN＋EN组较TPN组下降幅度要小，发生的各种感染率、高血糖率、死亡率较低。说明ICU重症能量的补给以维持能量平衡、氮平衡为重要。营养支持方法的选择只要病情允许，肠外与肠内营养支持方法结合营养素的摄入量相对适宜，也有利消化道功能的恢复。从而减少严重分解状态加上热能、蛋白质摄入不足，引起肌蛋白大量分解，氮及谷氨酰胺大量选择和消耗，体内脂肪大量动员，水和电解质代谢紊乱，病人迅速消耗导致的短期内死亡。     

肠外、肠内序贯营养支持在普外科大手术后危重病人的应用

探讨危重、应激病人合理的营养支持模式。对 2 5例普外科危重、大手术后病人进行全肠外 (TPN) -部分肠外 (PN)、部分肠内 (EN) -全肠内 (TEN)序贯营养支持 ,观察营养支持的效果和并发症。结果 :治疗前后营养状态有明显改善 ,营养支持平均时间 16 .3天 ,其中 TPN7.2天 ;PN、EN4.6天 ;TEN4.5天。并发症 :导管并发症 1例 ;代谢并发症 2例 ;严重腹泻 1例。结论 :TPN- EN、PN- TEN序贯营养支持模式是危重病人较合理的实用模式。肠外、肠内序贯营养支持在普外科大手术后危重病人的应用@姜海平$暨南大学医学院附属第一医院普外科 @…     

胃癌患者术后早期肠内营养结合TPN诊治疗效分析

目的探讨胃癌患者术后留置鼻肠管（NJT）给予早期肠内营养结合TPN诊治的意义．方法对17例胃癌手术的病人，术中NT留置，术后早期给予肠内营养液同时TPN治疗。结果病人均能顺利置入NJT，术后早期开展肠内营养，胃肠功能恢复良好，无明显并发症发生。结论胃癌患者术后围手术期合理应用肠内、肠外营养支持对胃癌术后病人减少并发症，促进恢复有一定的作用。胃癌患者早期作肠内营养，可促使病人尽早、顺利康复。NJT留置肠内营养结合全胃：肠营养（TPN）。更为经济有效。     

食管癌术后早期肠内营养的应用

目的：探讨术后早期肠内营养支持对食管癌病人术后营养状况恢复的影响,评价食管癌术后早期肠内营养支持的效果。方法：通过对21例食管癌病人术后实施EN（EN组）和21例行PN（对照组）的病例资料进行对照研究,分析两种不同方式营养支持对病人主要生化指标、机体营养状况、肠道功能恢复及并发症治疗情况的影响。结果：早期肠内营养支持的食管癌术后病人营养状况和免疫功能和肠外营养一样能获得明显改善。结论：食管癌术后早期肠内营养安全、可行、有效,对食管癌术后病人营养状况的恢复和免疫功能的改善有明显效果。     

肠外瘘合并胆或胰外瘘时的营养支持研究

目的 :研究肠外瘘合并胆或胰外瘘时的营养支持方法及其作用。　方法 :2 3例肠外瘘合并胆或胰外瘘病人行TPN→PN +EN→TEN→EN +口服饮食序贯营养支持。收集各阶段的营养物质供给量、天数、所占比例及各营养支持阶段末期的肝酶谱 ;统计肠内营养给予途径、全组病例的预后及并发症发生情况 ;比较TPN支持前、TEN支持后 1 5天病人的体重、上臂中点周径、血清总蛋白、白蛋白和前白蛋白浓度。　结果 :2 3例病人住院总天数为 1 498天 ,使用TPN 90 1天 (60 1 % ) ,供给非蛋白质热量 (1 35 .9± 2 3 .4)kJ/(kg·d) ,氮 (0 .2 1± 0 .0 6) g/(kg·d) ;使用PN +EN 445天 (2 9.7% ) ,供给非蛋白质热量 (1 2 3 .4± 1 4 .2 )kJ/(kg·d) ,氮 (0 .1 8± 0 .0 3) g/(kg·d) ;使用TEN 1 52天 (1 0 .2 % ) ,供给非蛋白质热量 (1 1 6 .3± 1 9.6)kJ/(kg·d) ,氮 (0 .1 7± 0 .0 4 ) g/(kg·d) ,肠内营养途径依次是鼻肠管1 3例 ,空肠造口管 5例 ,堵瘘 3例 ,鼻胃管 2例。全组死亡 4例 ,治愈 1 9例 ;中心静脉导管感染 2例 ,肝酶谱改变 6例 ,腹胀、腹泻 3例 ;TEN支持后阶段营养指标明显改善。　结论 :TPN→PN +EN→TEN→EN +口服饮食的序贯营养支持模式是肠外瘘合并胆或胰外瘘病人的合理、有效营养支持方法 ,其中PN是主要手段     

肠内营养对肝功能受损病人术后肠粘膜屏障的影响

目的：探讨严重肝功能损伤的病人术后施行肠内营养（EN）支持对胃肠道粘膜屏障的保护作用及临床意义。方法：将肝功能为ChildB级的成年病人共76例，随机分为肠内营养组（EN，n=30)、全肠外营养组（TPN，n=26)和对照组（CON，n=20)，分别检测三组病人术前1天，术后5天和10天时的营养状况及肝功能的变化，并检测尿中排泄的乳果糖（L）和甘露醇（M）的比值（L／M），观察不同营养方法对肠粘膜通透性的影响。结果：EN组和TPN组病人术后都无明显肝功能害加重的表现；EN组病人术后较早达到正氮平衡，体重减轻功较少，与TPN组相比差异显著（P＜0．05）；EN组病人手术前，后L／M值无明显变化（P＞0．05），而TPN组和CON组变化明显（P＜0．05）。结论：对肝功能严重受损的病人，EN是一种方便、安全、有效的临床营养支持方法；EN对肠道粘膜屏障具有明显的保护作用。     

营养环境与人群营养素摄入水平的相关性

完善了营养环境的概念及指标，提出可以用线性规划建立的数学模型计算营养环境的指标，即由该模型得出的营养素的理论达标率和营养素的边际成本。用天津１９８９年的营养素的理论达标率和１９８８年天津人群的营养素实际达标率进行线性回归分析，得出回归方程：实际达标率（％）Ｙ＝１５．１５（％）＋０．７８８Ｘ（Ｘ为理论达标率，％），其相关性显著（Ｒ＝０．９８６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；还发现天津营养环境中脂肪、动物性蛋白质的边际成本大于零。讨论了上述方程的意义，营养环境与营养干预的关系。认为，改善食物的营养素含量、降低价格、增加营养素含量丰富的食物品种的营养干预措施，效果较好。     

The enteral vs parenteral nutrition debate revisited

Many trials and several meta-analyses have been devoted to comparing enteral with parenteral nutrition support. In this review, these studies are subjected to critical analysis with particular emphasis on their methodology and clinical relevance. Evidence is produced to suggest that the heterogeneous patient populations of the studies and the rigid approach taken to comparing different nutrition therapies inter alia render their conclusions highly questionable and of very doubtful clinical significance. An alternative approach to nutrition research is suggested in which strategies of nutrition support rather than fixed menus are compared. It is suggested that objective measures of intestinal function be evaluated more fully in patients requiring nonvolitional nutrition support, and these are briefly reviewed. In addition, a more scientific approach to evaluating the physiological effects of nutrition support, including chemical tagging and evaluation of muscle function, is recommended.     

Ceramide in Lipid Emulsions Used in Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease is a prevalent and severe complication of long term parenteral nutrition. We present here for the first time data on the presence of ceramide, a bioactive compound involved in a variety of metabolic processes, in different lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition. Further research is needed to determine whether this potential harmful bioactive compound is involved in parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.     

Nutrition knowledge and attitudes of New Zealand registered midwives

Aim: The importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy is well established. In New Zealand, the majority of women choose midwives as their maternity provider. Therefore, it is important that midwives have an understanding of nutrition issues related to pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutrition knowledge of New Zealand midwives, and to assess the importance they place on nutrition during pregnancy. Methods: An 18‐question postal survey was sent to all members of the New Zealand College of Midwives (n = 1340). Results: A total of 370 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 27.6%). Less than 40% of midwives reported that they had formal nutrition education; however, nearly 75% of respondents indicated that they had received nutrition information through their midwifery education. Most midwives indicated that nutrition was important or very important during pregnancy (98.4%), and that they had a significant or very significant role in educating pregnant women (94.9%) about nutrition. Midwives generally reported a high level of confidence in dealing with nutrition‐related issues. Midwives answered most of the nutrition knowledge questions correctly. However, 64.6% of midwives (n = 369) incorrectly identified spirulina as a good source of iron for vegetarians, 28.1% (n = 104) incorrectly answered that maternal intake of cabbage and beans are often responsible for colic in breastfed infants, and 40.0% (n = 128) incorrectly answered that to reduce food allergies all lactating women should avoid peanuts and shellfish. Conclusion: Overall, midwives were knowledgeable on nutrition issues related to pregnancy and reported a high level of confidence on educating women about nutrition.     

Practice Analysis of Nutrition Support Professionals

Background: The National Board of Nutrition Support Certification (NBNSC) is an independent credentialing board responsible for administering the multidisciplinary certification examination in nutrition support. For an exam to be legally and practically defensible, it must represent practice. Validation is by practice audit, the highest level of supporting evidence. Objectives: To define the role of the nutrition support professional (NSP) and the current elements (knowledge and functions) required for competent NSP practice. Methods: A survey instrument was constructed using a content validation strategy to establish the link between job tasks and the content of the examination. Internet‐based surveys were made available to 5100 NSPs. NSP duties performed and knowledge required for patient safety and welfare were analyzed for the group as a whole and for each profession separately. Results: A total of 765 surveys were completed (return rate of 15%). The results of the practice audit demonstrate a common core of practice across the nutrition support disciplines as well as a universal core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Conclusion: The results of this survey continue to support a common core of practice across nutrition support disciplines as well as a common core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Accordingly, the NBNSC will continue to offer one examination to all disciplines both nationally and internationally and confer the Certified Nutrition Support Clinician (CNSC) credential to all individuals who successfully pass this validated examination.     

Future Doctors' Perceptions about Incorporating Nutrition into Standard Care Practice

Objective: The increasing prevalence of chronic disease has been largely attributed to long-term poor nutrition and lifestyle choices. This study investigates the attitudes of our future physicians toward nutrition and the likelihood of incorporating nutrition principles into current treatment protocols.Methods: Setting: The setting of this study was an Australian university medical school. Subjects: Subjects including year 1–4 students (n = 928) in a 4-year medical bachelor, bachelor of surgery (MBBS) degree program. Students were invited to participate in a questionnaire based on an existing instrument, the Nutrition in Patient Care Attitude (NIPC) Questionnaire, to investigate their attitudes toward nutrition in health care practices.Results: Respondents indicated that “high risk patients should be routinely counseled on nutrition” (87%), “nutrition counseling should be routine practice” (70%), and “routine nutritional assessment and counseling should occur in general practice” (57%). However, despite overall student support of nutritional counseling (70%) and assessment (86%), students were reluctant to perform actual dietary assessments, with only 38% indicating that asking for a food diary or other measure of dietary intake was important.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that future physicians are aware of the importance of considering nutrition counseling and assessment. However, students are unlikely to adequately integrate relevant nutritional information into their treatment protocols, evidenced by their limited use of a basic nutritional assessment. This is potentially the result of a lack of formal nutrition education within their basic training.     

Transition Phase Nutrition Recommendations: A Missing Link in the Nutrition Management of Preterm Infants

Background: Despite the availability of international nutrition recommendations, preterm infants remain vulnerable to suboptimal nutrition. The standard approach of assessing nutrient intakes chronologically may make it difficult to identify the origin of nutrient deficits and/or excesses. Objective: To develop a “nutrition phase” approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabling analysis of nutrient intakes during the period of weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition (EN), called the transition (TN) phase, and compare the data with those analyzed using the standard “chronological age” approach to assess whether the identification of nutrient deficits and/or excesses can be improved. Methods: Analysis of a comprehensive nutrition database developed using actual nutrient intake data collected on an hourly basis in 59 preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 g, gestation <34 weeks) over the period of PN delivery (range, 2–21 days). Results: The nutrition phase analysis approach revealed substantial macronutrient and energy deficits during the TN phase. In particular, deficits were identified as maximal during the EN‐dominant TN phase (enteral feeds ≥80 mL/kg/d) of the infant’s nutrition course. In contrast, the chronological age analysis approach did not reveal a corresponding pattern of deficit occurrence but rather intakes that approximated or exceeded recommendations. Conclusion: Actual intakes of nutrients, analyzed using a nutrition phase approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabled a more infant‐driven rather than age‐driven application of nutrition recommendations. This approach unmasked nutrient deficits occurring during the transition phase. Overcoming nutrient deficits in this nutrition phase should be prioritized to improve the nutrition management of preterm infants.