食管静脉曲张结扎术临床应用

食管静脉曲张结扎术临床应用刘建明，王改连我院从１９９０年３月开始应用自行设计制作的内窥镜结扎器，在动物试验的基础上，对３２例肝硬变食管静脉曲张患者行食管静脉结扎术，现介绍如下：１．结扎器的制作及使用方法：结扎器包括粗、细各一个套管。粗套管内径９ｍｍ，...     

内镜结扎在治疗静脉曲张出血中的作用

1　食管静脉曲张急性出血的内镜结扎治疗肝硬变食管静脉曲张患者 ,3 4 %死于上消化道出血 ,3 2 %死于肝功能衰竭。因此寻找一种安全、有效的控制出血的方法 ,已成为各国学者关注的焦点。内镜结扎疗法由于其快捷简单、容易操作、并发症少、疗效高 ,正日益受到重视。我们治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血 88例 ,单环结扎器结扎法止血率为93 .6% ,多环结扎器结扎止血率则更高。对各种治疗方法失败的患者 ,仍然可以取得满意的效果。我们共治疗手术后食管静脉曲张复发出血 79例 ,其中活动性出血 3 8例 ,3 6例经结扎止血 ,紧急止血率为 94.7%。1.1　食管…     

内镜结扎术治疗手术后食管静脉曲张复发出血65例报告

作者采用经内镜结扎的方法，共治疗手术后食管静脉曲张复发出血６５例．其中活动性出血３１例中有３０例经内镇结扎控制出血，急诊止血率为９７％．经３～５次结扎治疗，５４例食管静脉曲张完全消除或缩小至１°．占８３％．未发生与结扎术有关的严重并发症．该疗法操作简单、安全可靠．对手术后食管静脉曲张复发出血，尤其是肝功能不良者，作者建议首选经内镜结扎术．     

内镜食管静脉曲张结扎术(附20例报告)

我院从1992年9月～1993年6月,在内镜下行食管静脉曲张结扎术20例。本组采用Stiegmann方法,使用湖南医科大学湘雅医院改良的结扎器。经随访半年以上,8例曲张静脉完全消失,11例曲张静脉由Ⅲ、Ⅳ度变为1度。1例伴有胃底静脉曲张的病例在结扎后第7天再出血死亡。作者认为,本疗法是一种治疗食管静脉曲张的简易安全有效的方法,它特别适用于肝功能差和不能耐受剖腹手术的危重病人,和适用于已做脾切除及断流或分流术的再出血病人。本法属于局部治疗,对门脉高压本身不能解除。它对食管静脉曲张的疗效确切,但对胃底静脉曲张的疗效不佳。     

内窥镜食管静脉曲张结扎术的护理

内窥镜食管静脉曲张结扎术是一种崭新的治疗方法，作者总结了对７８例肝硬化门脉高压食管静脉曲张的患者在实施食管静脉曲张结扎治疗后的护理措施，强调结扎术前予以镇静，让患者顺利地配合操作；术中用口咽外套管，用抽吸器油净胃内或食管内积血，以保证术野清晰，既有利于手术顺利进行，同时又可防止患者误吸。术后密切观察生命体征及症状的变化，防止因剧烈呕吐或咳嗽使结扎圈脱落出血。短暂的禁食既可防止结扎圈脱落，又能使患者     

应用内镜多环结扎器治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血30例体会

食管静脉曲张内镜下结扎术（ｅｎｄｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｖａｒｉｃｅａｌｌｉｇａｔｉｏｎ，ＥＶＬ）是近年来国内治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的新方法。我院曾采用单环结扎器（ｓｉｇｌｅｂａｎｄｌｉｇａｔｏｒ，ＳＢＬ）行ＥＶＬ治疗患者数百例，疗效显著〔１〕。自１９９６年...     

经皮曲张静脉分段结扎术治疗下肢静脉曲张

目的总结采用经皮曲张静脉结扎器分段结扎术治疗下肢静脉曲张的方法和疗效。方法2000年4月-2007年8月，采用自行设计的经皮曲张静脉结扎器分段结扎治疗210例（255条）下肢静脉曲张患者。男167例，女43例：年龄22～67岁，平均50岁。左侧120例，右侧45例，双侧45例。病程2～30年。静脉曲张程度按照美国静脉论坛CEAP分级国际特别委员会临床分级：C2 67条，C3 25条，C4 113条，C5 30条，C6 20条。患肢均经Trendlenberg和Perthes试验及下肢静脉多普勒、静脉造影检查诊断为单纯性大隐静脉曲张。结果210例255条肢体下肢针孔均于术后3d基本愈合，无继发出血及感染。25例术后2d出现一过性小腿水肿，1例术后3d出现膝下重度水肿，均经对症处理后消退。200例获随访6个月～6年，平均5年。皮肤色素沉着不同程度减轻，皮肤溃疡无复发，无下肢深静脉血栓形成。术后1～3年，局部静脉曲张复发3例，复发率为1．4％。结论采用经皮曲张静脉结扎器分段结扎治疗单纯性大隐静脉曲张具有创伤小、手术时间短、恢复快以及皮肤不留瘢痕等优点。     

精索静脉高位结扎术与分流术的疗效比较

治疗精索静脉曲张的手术方式有两类，即精索静脉高位结扎木和高位结扎加分流术。我院自1985年以来收治精索静脉曲张65例，其中35例采用精索内静脉高位结扎术，30例采用结扎加分流术，现根据临床结果，将两种术式的临床疗效对比分析如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料本组65例，年龄19～46岁，平均325岁。左侧精索静脉曲张61例，双侧精索静脉曲张4例；中度（Ⅱ度）精索静脉曲张47例，重度（Ⅲ度）精索静脉曲张18例。病程4个月～8年。因不育就诊28例，精索静脉高位结扎术后复发4例。1.2手术方式35例采用腹股构管内精索内静脉高位结扎术，30例采用腹…     

内镜套扎术与硬化剂治疗食管及胃底静脉曲张

目的:探讨内镜套扎术与硬化剂治疗食管及胃底静脉曲张的疗效及并发症。方法:用多环结扎器进行内镜下套扎术治疗食管静脉曲张30例,其中14例合并胃底静脉曲张者应用硬化剂治疗。结果:全组30例患者,食管静脉曲张消失或基本消失22例;合并胃底静脉曲张14例,胃底静脉曲张消失或基本消失8例。随访26例,4例出现大出血。结论:内镜套扎术联合硬化剂治疗食管胃底静脉曲张是安全有效、切实可行的,是预防其破裂出血积极有效的措施。     

腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张26例报告

目的：探讨腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎治疗精索静脉曲张的临床价值,总结保留睾丸动脉的单纯精索内静脉高位结扎术及睾丸动静脉集柬高位结扎术的优缺点。方法：回顾分析腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张26例患者的临床资料,其中14例行保留睾丸动脉的单纯精索内静脉高位结扎术,12例行睾丸动静脉集柬高位结扎术。结果：26例手术均获成功。6例术前诊断为左侧精索静脉曲张的病例术中确诊为双侧精索静脉曲张。睾丸动静脉集柬高位结扎术中1例并发附睾炎。以不育就诊的14例中,保留睾丸动脉的单纯精索内静脉结扎的8例中4例生育,而睾丸动静脉集柬高位结扎的6例中只有1例生育,全部病例未见复发。结论：腹腔镜下精索内静脉高位结扎术具有损伤小,视野清楚,操作简单,并发症少,术后恢复快等优点,尤其适合双侧精索静脉曲张者,可同时探查和治疗双侧精索静脉曲张。保留睾丸动脉的单纯精索内静脉高位结扎术能提高不育症的疗效,减少鞘膜积液的发生率。     

食管静脉曲张内镜下结扎术临床疗效分析

目的对121例食管静脉曲张内镜下套扎治疗的患者行回顾性分析,并比较不同套扎法的优缺点及套扎疗效与肝功能等因素的关系,以寻找更为简便,疗效更确切的食管静脉曲张的治疗方法。方法121例患者中,其中30例行Olympus尼龙圈结扎法,50例行日本注气式秋田静脉曲张结扎器(MD-487-9)治疗,41例行Wilson-Cook六连环套扎设备治疗。结果根据疗效判定标准,急性活动性出血控制32例(83.0%),其中19例应用六连环法,8例应注气式结扎法,6例应用尼龙圈结扎法,其余中转其它治疗。结扎后近期再出血3例,远期再出血21例,其中肝功能Child C级12例,Child B级9例。共EV根治98例(81.0%)。其中Child A23例,Child B72例,包括接受EVL治疗4次者65例,2~3次者33例。结论EVL操作简便、并发症少,仍为内镜治疗EV的首选方法,不同套扎方法各有优缺点,可根据患者情况酌情选择。套扎疗效与肝功能分级及治疗次数密切相关。     

内镜治疗食管胃静脉曲张的效果分析

目的探讨内镜下套扎、硬化剂、组织粘合剂治疗食管胃静脉曲张的临床疗效。方法选择有食管、胃静脉曲张破裂出血史的患者107例,进行胃镜检查,依据LDRf分型结果选择内镜下套扎、硬化剂或者组织粘合剂治疗食管胃静脉曲张并随访。结果进行内镜下套扎治疗52例,硬化剂治疗18例,组织粘合剂治疗8例,硬化剂加组织粘合剂治疗15例,未进行内镜下治疗14例。结论内镜下治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血操作简单、疗效可靠、止血率高、静脉曲张消失快、并发症少,是治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的有效方法。LDRf内镜下分型简单明了、规范、统一,对于食管胃静脉曲张的内镜下治疗有指导意义。     

Rupture of rectal varices treated with endoscopic variceal ligation

We report here 3 cases of rectal varices treated with endoscopic variceal ligation and discuss the pathogenesis, treatment, and prognosis of rectal varices with referring to previous reports. Of the 3 patients, 2 had been diagnosed as liver cirrhosis and 1 as extrahepatic portal hypertension. All of the 3 patients had previously undergone treatment of esophagogastric varices. The rupture of rectal varices appeared to have some relationship with the treatment of esophageal varices. In previous reports, 73% of patients with ruptured rectal varices treated with endoscopic injection sclerotherapy or endoscopic variceal ligation had undergone treatments of esophageal varices. The endoscopic treatments resulted in a favorable prognosis in 2 patients. Although no fatality from endoscopic injection sclerotherapy or endoscopic variceal ligation has been reported, 1 of the present 3 cases died of liver failure.     

Endoscopic clipping versus band ligation in the management of bleeding esophageal varices

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of endoscopic clipping in the hemostasis of bleeding esophageal varices and the eventual variceal eradication was compared with that of band ligation. METHODS: Forty patients were enrolled in the study in a prospective manner, 19 of whom received endoscopic clipping (group I) and the remaining (n = 21 patients) received endoscopic band ligation (group II). All patients in this study presented with bleeding from esophageal varices. The patient characteristics (age, sex, Child-Pugh score, variceal grade) were comparable in the two groups. After initial hemostasis, the patients were assigned one of the two forms of endoscopic therapy which was continued in the follow-up sessions until varices were eradicated. Early and late results were compared. RESULTS: Initial hemostasis was achieved in all patients in group I but two patients in group II required clip ligation for initial hemostasis because of the failure in band ligation. Those two were treated with band ligation in the follow-up sessions. A total of 224 clips in 53 treatment sessions and 296 bands in 82 treatment sessions were placed in group I and group II, respectively. The rates of complete variceal eradication were 89% and 76% in group I and group II, respectively (p > 0.05). The median number of required treatment sessions for complete eradication of the varices was significantly lower in group I than group II (3 versus 4, p = 0.013). Three patients from group I (15%) and seven patients from group II (33%) were readmitted for variceal bleeding during the follow-up period (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: With the advantages of high initial hemostasis rate, decreased risk of rebleeding, and fewer treatment sessions needed for variceal eradication, endoscopic clipping is as effective as band ligation, or perhaps more effective in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices.     

The Evolving Role of Endoscopic Treatment for Bleeding Esophageal Varices

The treatment of acute and recurrent variceal bleeding is best accomplished by a skilled, knowledgeable, and well-equipped team using a multidisciplinary integrated approach. Optimal management should provide the full spectrum of treatment options including pharmacologic therapy, endoscopic treatment, interventional radiologic procedures, surgical shunts, and liver transplantation. Endoscopic therapy with either band ligation or injection sclerotherapy is an integral component of the management of acute variceal bleeding and of the long-term treatment of patients after a variceal bleed. Variceal eradication with endoscopic ligation requires fewer endoscopic treatment sessions and causes substantially less esophageal complications than does injection sclerotherapy. Although the incidence of early gastrointestinal rebleeding is reduced by endoscopic ligation in most studies, there is no overall survival benefit relative to injection sclerotherapy. Simultaneous combined ligation and sclerotherapy confers no advantage over ligation alone. A sequential staged approach with initial endoscopic ligation followed by sclerotherapy when varices are small may prove to be the optimal method of reducing variceal recurrence. Overall, current data demonstrate clear advantages for using ligation in preference to sclerotherapy. Ligation should therefore be considered the endoscopic treatment of choice in the treatment of esophageal varices.     

内镜下硬化与套扎治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血疗效比较

目的：对比内镜下硬化治疗（EIS）、套扎治疗（EVL）及套扎联合硬化治疗（ESL）3种方法对食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效。方法：回顾分析中日友好医院消化内科2001—2005年内镜下治疗肝硬化单纯食管静脉曲张破裂出血149例,其中EIS46例、EVL32例、ESL71例,对3种方法的止血率、静脉曲张消失率及再出血率进行比较。结果：3种治疗方法止血率均在90%以上;静脉曲张消失率分别为EIS80.4%、EVL68.8%、ESL87.3%;2年内再出血率分别为EIS52.2%、EVL59.3%、ESL43.6%,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：内镜下EIS、EVL及ESL治疗肝硬化食管曲张静脉出血均可达到较好效果,临床实践中可结合患者实际情况综合考虑后选择。     

不同治疗方式对门静脉高压症患者食管下段腔内外静脉的影响

目的 研究内镜结扎、脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术（断流术）、内镜结扎联合部分脾栓塞、内镜结扎加脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术（联合断流术）对食管下段腔内外静脉的影响。方法 将142例患者根据治疗方法的不同分为4组：内镜结扎组（54例）、断流手术组（23例）、结扎联合部分脾栓塞组（34例）、腔内外联合断流组（31例）。运用微探头超声检查食管下段静脉结构的情况,进行治疗前后对比研究。结果 治疗后内镜结扎组黏膜下曲张静脉消失,食管周围静脉丛仍然存在;结扎联合部分脾栓塞组黏膜下曲张静脉消失,食管周围静脉丛曲张较术前减轻;断流组黏膜下曲张静脉存在,程度较前减轻,食管周围静脉丛消失;腔内外联合断流组食管黏膜下和周围静脉丛均消失。后两组治疗后穿静脉的显示率也显著降低。结论 腔内外联合断流能更有效地闭塞食管下段壁内外静脉,阻断门静脉奇静脉分流,防治食管静脉曲张出血与复发。     

Pediatric gastroesophageal varices: treatment strategy and long-term results

Background/Purpose

There are various treatment strategies for gastroesophageal varices in children. We studied the therapeutic value of endoscopic variceal clipping (EVC) and ligation (EVL).

Methods

Four hundred ninety-nine endoscopic examinations performed between 1991 and 2005 were retrospectively analyzed. F2 and F3 varices with red color signs on follow-up endoscopy were treated with prophylactic EVC. In variceal rupture cases, EVC and EVL were used in combination.

Results

Eighty-two prophylactic EVCs were done, and variceal progression was prevented in 89.9%. However, some patients had persistent red color signs and required frequent EVC. Ten emergent procedures were done for variceal rupture, and, in 4 cases, EVL was used to arrest massive variceal bleeding. Five patients developed bleeding during follow-up cause by rupture of gastric fundal varices, which probably had been aggravated by prior treatment for esophageal varices.

Conclusions

The control of gastroesophageal varices by routine EVC was satisfactory. However, ruptures during follow-up suggested the importance of controlling gastric fundal varices. Endoscopic variceal ligation is a simple, effective, and safe treatment tool, particularly for ruptured varices. However, it is difficult to treat gastric fundal varices with EVL; this disadvantage of EVL can be overcome by the concomitant use of EVC.     

手术、内镜下治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的近期和远期疗效观察

目的 比较内镜下食管静脉套扎术（EVL）联合硬化剂注射（EVS）和食管胃底静脉断流术对食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的近期和远期疗效,探讨EVL结合EVS和两种方法单独应用的适应证。方法12例肝硬化门脉高压症患者行食管胃底静脉断流术,术后胃镜观察曲张静脉消失程度及合并出血的情况,其中6例术后做了EVL或EVS;32例行EVL结合EVS;9例单纯行EVS;5例单纯行EVL。所有病例术后随访3年,观察曲张静脉消失和复发程度以及出血情况。结果 食管胃底静脉断流术为急诊止血的可靠方法,但术后仍存在程度不同的曲张静脉,术后3年内再出血发生率高达66.7％（8/12）,术后择期行EVL或EVS,曲张静脉可完全消退。EVL结合EVS曲张静脉完全消退达93.75％（30/32）,总疗程2-3周。内镜下治疗后3年内观察曲张静脉复发率仅为10.53％（4/38）,再出血发生率为6.52％（3/46）。结论EVL结合EVS对食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的近期和远期疗效明显优于手术组。食管胃底静脉断流术后施行EVL和/或EVS可以同时达到降低门脉高压和消除曲张静脉目的。EVL结合EVS明显优于两者单独应用的疗效,同时避免了单纯用EVS容易引起出血的可能性,并且缩短了单纯用EVL的疗程,克服了后期套扎的难度。     

秋田注气及附加气囊结扎器治疗食管静脉曲张

目的：探讨秋田注气及附加气囊MD－48720结扎器治疗食管静脉曲张的安全性和操作特点。方法：53例肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血病人分成两组,A组28例行秋田注气结扎治疗,B组25例行乙氧硬化醇注射治疗,对比研究两者治疗特点及并发症等。结果：A组消退曲张静脉方面优于B组（P＜0．01）,急性出血可经气囊填压及硬化剂即时治疗。结论：秋田注气及附加气囊MD－48720结扎器结扎食管曲张静脉在安全性、消退曲张静脉及并发症处理方面均优于乙氧硬化醇治疗。