柿叶提取物通过MAPK/ERK1/2通路减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤

目的探讨柿叶提取物(PEL)减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)的作用机制。方法健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、心肌缺血再灌注损伤组(MIRI组)、柿叶提取物组(PEL组)、MAPK抑制剂组、MAPK抑制剂+PEL组。采用结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支30 min后再灌注60 min建立心肌缺血再灌注模型。PEL组大鼠灌胃50 mg/(kg·d)柿叶提取物,MAPK抑制剂组大鼠尾静脉注射PD0325901; MAPK抑制剂+PEL组大鼠灌胃50 mg/(kg·d)柿叶提取物前30 min尾静脉注射PD0325901。假手术组和MIRI组灌胃等量生理盐水。每天相同时间给药1次,连续给药21 d。全自动生化分析仪检测血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK)水平,试剂盒检测心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平,TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡率,采用1%氯化三苯基四氯唑测定心肌梗死面积,Western Blot检测心肌组织中Bcl-2、Bax和p-ERK1/2蛋白表达。结果与假手术组比,MIRI组大鼠血清AST和CK含量、心肌细胞凋亡率、心肌梗死面积,心肌组织MDA和LDH含量、Bax蛋白表达均显著升高(P 0. 05),心肌组织SOD和GSH-Px活力、Bcl-2和p-ERK1/2蛋白表达显著降低(P0. 05)。与MIRI组比,PEL组和MAPK抑制剂+PEL组大鼠血清AST和CK含量、心肌细胞凋亡率、心肌梗死面积、心肌组织MDA和LDH含量、Bax蛋白表达均显著降低(P 0. 05),心肌组织SOD和GSH-Px活力、Bcl-2和pERK1/2蛋白表达均显著升高(P 0. 05); MAPK抑制剂组无显著差异(P 0. 05)。与MAPK抑制剂组比,MAPK抑制剂+PEL组血清AST和CK含量、心肌细胞凋亡率、心肌梗死面积、心肌组织MDA和LDH含量、Bax蛋白表达均显著降低(P 0. 05),心肌组织SOD和GSH-Px活力、Bcl-2和p-ERK1/2蛋白表达显著升高(P 0. 05)。结论 PEL可能通过激活MAPK/ERK1/2信号通路减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤。     

蛇床子素后处理对大鼠心肌急性缺血/再灌注损伤心肌细胞凋亡的影响及其可能机制

目的观察蛇床子素后处理对大鼠心肌急性缺血/再灌注损伤心肌细胞凋亡的影响,并对其可能的作用机制进行探讨。方法结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支30 min后,松开结扎线再灌注120 min制备急性心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型;将30只Wistar大鼠随机分为以下3组:对照(Sham)组、缺血/再灌注(I/R)组、I/R+蛇床子素后处理(Ost)组。采用TUNEL法原位标记缺血区凋亡心肌细胞并计算凋亡指数,采用Western blot法检测心肌组织中Caspase-3、Bcl-2及Bax三种蛋白的表达。结果与Sham组相比,I/R组心肌细胞凋亡指数、心肌组织Caspase-3蛋白、Bcl-2蛋白和Bax蛋白含量明显增高(均P<0.05);与I/R组相比,Ost组心肌细胞凋亡指数(P<0.05)、心肌组织Caspase-3蛋白(P<0.01)及Bax蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.05),而Bcl-2蛋白表达水平明显增高(P<0.05)。结论蛇床子素后处理能抑制急性心肌缺血/再灌注损伤所致的大鼠心肌细胞凋亡,同时上调心肌组织中Bcl-2蛋白的表达及下调心肌组织中Bax蛋白的表达,提示上调Bcl-2蛋白及下调Bax蛋白、进而上调Bcl-2/Bax比值可能是其发挥抗心肌细胞凋亡作用的机制。     

缺血预处理加用川芎嗪抑制肠缺血-再灌注性心肺细胞凋亡

目的：研究缺血预处理加川芎嗪对肠缺血-再灌注大鼠心、肺细胞凋亡及相关基因Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响.方法：健康SD大鼠,随机分为假手术对照组（Ⅰ组）、肠缺血-再灌注组（Ⅱ组）、川芎嗪治疗组（Ⅲ组）、缺血预处理组（Ⅳ组）和川芎嗪＋缺血预处理组（Ⅴ组）5组.用免疫组化法检测心、肺组织Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达,用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的生物素化脱氧尿嘧啶缺刻标记技术（TUNEL）检测心、肺细胞凋亡,并测定心、肺组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量.结果：Ⅴ组心、肺组织细胞凋亡指数明显低于除Ⅰ组外的其他各组,Bcl-2蛋白表达明显增多,肺组织Bax蛋白表达明显减少,心肌细胞Bax蛋白表达明显比Ⅱ组降低,同时Ⅴ组心、肺组织SOD活性增高,MPO活性和MDA含量降低.结论：缺血预处理与川芎嗪联合应用对抑制肠缺血-再灌注所致的心、肺细胞凋亡具有显著的协同作用.     

二氮嗪对大鼠心肌缺血-再灌流损伤细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察二氮嗪对缺血-再灌流心肌细胞凋亡,以及对Bax、Bcl-2和Caspase-3表达的影响。方法21只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham operation,SO),缺血-再灌流组(ischemia/reperfusion,IR)和二氮嗪处理组(Diazoxide,DI)。SO组和IR组静脉注射相应量溶媒,DI组12.5 mg/kg剂量静脉注射二氮嗪。10min后SO组不结扎前降支,4 h后取心脏,而IR组和DI组结扎前降支2 h,再灌流2 h。采用TUNEL法和免疫组化法检测缺血心肌细胞凋亡和Bax、Bcl-2、Caspase-3表达,及心肌梗死范围。结果与SO组相比,IR和DI组心肌细胞凋亡率显著增加(P<0.05),Bax、Bcl-2和Caspase-3蛋白阳性细胞指数明显升高(P<0.05);与IR组相比,DI组明显降低心肌细胞凋亡率(P<0.05)和Bax,Caspase-3蛋白阳性细胞指数(P<0.05),增加Bcl-2蛋白阳性细胞指数(P<0.05)。IR组心肌梗死范围为(36.9±2.3)%,DI组为(20.0±8)%,两组差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论二氮嗪通过上调Bcl-2表达,下调Bax及Caspase-3表达而减少在体大鼠缺血-再灌流损伤心肌细胞凋亡。     

NF-κB在早期心肌缺血-再灌流损伤中的作用

目的探讨核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)在心肌早期缺血-再灌流损伤中的作用.方法将18只山羊随机分为单纯体外循环(CPB)组、缺血-再灌流(IR)组、缺血-再灌流加特异性NF-κB抑制剂二硫代氨基甲酸吡咯烷(PDTC)组.建立山羊CPB模型,心脏行缺血60 min,恢复血流-再灌流90 min,PDTC组在心肌缺血前应用PDTC(100 mg/kg).于心肌再灌流后,测量血流动力学数据及测定局部心功能,并应用TUNEL染色检测心肌细胞凋亡数量,同时采用凝胶电泳迁移率改变分析(EMSA)法检测心肌组织中NF-κB的含量.结果缺血-再灌流能引起典型心肌缺血损伤的组织学改变,IR组NF-κB在缺血心肌组织中大量激活,心肌组织中NF-κB的活性水平显著高于CPB组(P＞0.05);而PDTC组再灌流60、90 min后,NF-κB的核转录活性明显减弱,显著低于IR组(P＜0.05);原位末端标记表明,IR和PDTC组中心肌细胞凋亡指数分别为(11.2±0.4)%和(6.4±0.2)%,心肌损伤显著减轻(P＜0.05).结论核转录因子-κB在心肌早期缺血-再灌流损伤中起重要作用,PDTC通过抑制NF-κB的核转录活性,从而减轻了心肌缺血-再灌流损伤.     

强恒磁场对在体大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的 研究强恒磁场对在体大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌细胞凋亡的影响.方法 采用Wistar大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型,随机分3组对照组、暴磁Ⅰ组、暴磁Ⅱ组.常规方法 检测血清肌酸磷酸激酶(CPK)、心肌丙二醛(MDA)含量,TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡,免疫组化SABC法检测Bcl-2、Bax、Fas基因表达.结果 缺血再灌注后血清CPK、心肌MDA含量升高,对照组明显高于暴磁组(P<0.05).暴磁组心肌细胞凋亡率明显低于对照组.与对照组比较,暴磁组Bcl-2表达增强,而Bax、Fas蛋白表达下降.结论 强恒磁场能清除氧自由基、抑制在体大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡,保护缺血再灌注损伤心肌.     

Ⅰ型磷酸酶抑制亚基1对大鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨Ⅰ型磷酸酶抑制亚基1(PPI1)对大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧(H/R)损伤的保护作用及其机制.方法 用PPI1野生型和活化型突变体表达质粒分别转染乳鼠心肌细胞,并建立乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧H/R模型,测定各组心肌细胞的存活率、丙二醛(MDA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的含量、caspase-3活性及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,此外用流式细胞术测定各组心肌细胞凋亡率,Western blot分析PPI1对凋亡相关蛋白表达及PI3K/Akt信号通路的影响.结果 与正常组比较,模型组LDH、MDA含量、caspase-3活性及细胞凋亡率增高(P<0.05),细胞存活率和SOD活性降低(P<0.05);PPI1活化型突变体转染组细胞的LDH、MDA含量、caspase-3活性和细胞凋亡率则降低,细胞存活率和SOD活性升高,与缺氧/复氧组比较各实验指标差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05).Western blot表明该组细胞P53、Bax 表达下调,pAkt表达上调.结论 PPI1活化型突变体对H/R造成的心肌细胞损伤具有保护作用,其机制与稳定心肌细胞膜、减轻氧自由基损伤及减少细胞凋亡有关.     

运动预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤老龄大鼠心肌的影响

目的:观察运动预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤后老龄大鼠心功能、心肌梗死面积、心肌细胞超微结构及抗氧化能力的影响。方法:选择60只SPF级雄性SD老龄大鼠按照随机数字表法分为对照组(Con组)、缺血再灌注模型组(IR组)、运动预处理+缺血再灌注组(EP+IR组)、缺血预适应组(IPC组)、运动预处理+缺血预适应组(EP+IPC组),每组12只。Con组、IR组、IPC组不做特殊运动干预;EP+IR组、EP+IPC组接受运动预处理干预(采用电动动物实验跑台进行梯度运动训练,1次/d,5 d/周,共训练6周)。利用Langendorff装置制备老龄大鼠离体心肌缺血/再灌注模型,具体如下:Con组仅进行心肌离体灌流,持续平衡灌注180 min,不进行缺血操作;IR组平衡预灌注20 min,然后保持心脏温度恒定在37℃,通过控制灌流设备的三通阀,使全心缺血40 min,再复灌120 min;EP+IR组大鼠心脏离体后,模型制备方法同IR组;IPC组大鼠心脏离体后平衡灌注20 min,给予3次缺血预处理(短暂缺血5 min,再灌注10 min),之后缺血40 min,再复灌120 min;EP+IPC组大鼠心脏离体后,模型制备方法同IPC组。于再灌注前、再灌注30、60、120 min分别采用多导生理记录仪记录心脏功能变化;于再灌注结束后,采用TTC染色法测定心肌梗死面积,比色法检测冠脉流出液中LDH活性、心肌组织中MDA含量及SOD活力。结果:(1)心脏功能指标:与Con组同一时间点比较,IR组再灌注前、再灌注后30、60、120 min心功能各项指标[心率(CR)、左心室舒张压(LVDP)、左心室压力最大变化速率(±dp/dtmax)、冠脉流量(CF)]均明显降低(P<0.05)。与IR组同一时间点比较,EP+IR、IPC、EP+IPC组再灌注30、60、120 min心功能各项指标均明显升高(P<0.05)。与IPC组同一时间点比较,EP+IPC组再灌注30、60、120 min心功能HR、±dp/dt_max、CF均明显更高(P<0.05)。(2)心肌梗死面积:与Con组比较,IR组心肌梗死面积明显增大(P<0.05);与IR组比较,EP+IR、IPC、EP+IPC组心肌梗死面积明显缩小(P<0.05)。(3)LDH活性、MDA含量、SOD活力:与Con组比较,IR组LDH活性水平明显升高(P<0.05);与IR组比较,EP+IR、IPC、EP+IPC组LDH活性水平降低(P<0.05);与EP+IR、IPC组比较,EP+IPC组LDH活性水平明显更低(P<0.05)。与Con组比较,IR组MDA含量明显升高,SOD活力明显降低(P<0.05);与EP+IR、IPC组比较,EP+IPC组MDA含量明显更低,SOD活力明显更高(P<0.05)。结论:运动预处理可诱导老龄大鼠心肌IPC保护作用,能有效改善心肌缺血再灌注损伤老龄大鼠心脏功能,减小心肌梗死面积,减轻心肌细胞损伤,这可能与其降低心肌缺血/再灌注时心肌LDH活性、MDA含量,提高SOD活力,增强心肌抗氧化能力有关。     

人参皂甙Re抗大鼠急性缺血-再灌流心肌细胞凋亡及相关基因蛋白表达

目的　观察人参皂甙Re抗急性缺血再灌流心肌细胞凋亡及Bcl 2、Bax、Bad和Fas基因蛋白表达 ,探讨人参皂甙Re抑制心肌细胞凋亡的可能机制。方法　结扎Wistar大鼠左冠状动脉前降支 ,建立大鼠缺血 再灌流动物模型 ;采用透射电镜、缺口末端标记法检测心肌凋亡细胞 ,利用光学显微镜进行细胞计数 ;免疫组织化学检测Bcl 2、Bax、Bad和Fas基因蛋白的表达 ,并利用图像分析系统测量平均光密度值进行定量分析。结果　①假手术组未发现心肌凋亡细胞。缺血 再灌流组心肌凋亡细胞数为 (13 4 4 5± 4 5 61)个 /视野 ,Re治疗组 (90 66± 19 2 2 )个 /视野 ,两组间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 1)。②免疫组织化学检测发现缺血 再灌流组及Re治疗组Bcl 2、Bax、Bad和Fas基因蛋白的表达较假手术组明显增加 (P <0 0 5 ) ,Re治疗组Bcl 2的表达与缺血 再灌流组比较差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ,而Bax、Bad、Fas的表达明显下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ,人参皂甙Re治疗组Bcl 2 /Bad、Bcl 2 /Bad、Bcl 2 /Fas比值均较假手术组与缺血 再灌流组明显增大。结论　人参皂甙Re治疗可以抑制急性缺血再灌流诱导的心肌细胞凋亡 ,其作用机制可能是抑制了促凋亡基因Bax、Bad、Fas的表达 ,从而使Bcl 2 /Bax、Bcl 2 /Bad、Bcl 2 /Fas比值增大。     

褪黑素、维生素E对阿霉素所致大鼠心肌损伤的影响

目的研究褪黑素(MLT)、维生素(Vit)E对阿霉素(ADM)导致大鼠心肌损伤的影响。方法采用成年SD大鼠40只,随机分为空白对照组、ADM组、MLT+ADM组、VitE+ADM组、MLT+VitE+ADM组,每组各8只。实验30 d后Masson氏三色染色法进行左室胶原特异染色及半定量分析,计算胶原容积分数(CVF),并作HE染色,光镜下病理形态学观察,测定心肌超氧化物酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,测定Bcl-2/Bax蛋白的表达。结果与正常对照组大鼠比较,阿霉素组大鼠心肌MDA含量显著升高,而SOD活性显著降低,心肌细胞Bax/Bcl-2基因的蛋白阳性表达增高,心肌损伤。给予MLT、VitE治疗可明显降低心肌组织中MDA含量,并显著增强SOD活性,抑制心肌细胞Bcl-2/Bax基因的蛋白阳性表达心肌损伤减轻。2种抗氧化剂相比,MLT在大鼠心肌组织的抗氧化能力强于VitE,两者联用则抗氧化能力强于两者单独应用。结论MLT和VitE均可通过增强阿霉素诱导的心肌损伤大鼠的抗氧化能力和抑制氧化应激反应从而对心肌具有一定的保护作用,并且MLT的抗氧化能力强于VitE,联用MLT和VitE则抗氧化能力表现更明显。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.