循环微RNA在2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期中的意义

微RNA(miRNA)是一类普遍存在的小分子RNA,通常在转录后水平抑制靶基因的表达。miRNA参与了多种疾病的基因调控并与糖尿病病程的发展有关。糖尿病是最常见的内分泌代谢疾病,糖尿病前期是指一种异常的血糖状态,特征为糖耐量减低和(或)空腹血糖受损。糖尿病前期在最终进展为显性2型糖尿病(T2DM)之前,可以持续相当长的时间,目前关于循环miRNA在T2DM及糖尿病前期中的作用仍需大量研究证实。     

社区2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期管理现状调查研究

背景　我国成年2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患病率高,但糖尿病治疗率和治疗控制率低。糖尿病前期人群可出现糖尿病并发症,且患病率高于正常人群。目前社区糖尿病管理针对糖尿病前期的干预、慢性并发症筛查、科普宣传等缺乏相应的证据。目的　调查、分析社区2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期人群糖尿病管理现状,为优化社区糖尿病管理提供依据。方法　选取2020年11月-2021年1月在上海市安亭、真如、曹杨、青村、桃浦社区卫生服务中心就诊的糖尿病前期人群101例及2型糖尿病患者1 055例。采用流行病学调查方法,向调查对象发放流行病学调查表。收集调查对象一般资料,并比较糖尿病前期人群和2型糖尿病患者生活方式干预率、药物治疗率、慢性并发症筛查率及科普宣传教育率。结果　2型糖尿病患者生活方式干预率和药物治疗率高于糖尿病前期人群（P<0.05）。糖尿病前期人群慢性并发症筛查率为19.8%（20/101）,低于2型糖尿病患者的78.6%（829/1 055）（P<0.001）。已行慢性并发症筛查的糖尿病前期人群中未发现糖尿病慢性并发症,低于2型糖尿病患者的24.7%（205/829）（P=0.022）。糖尿病前期人群接受科普宣传教育率为27.7%（28/101）,低于2型糖尿病患者的67.2%（709/1 055）（P<0.001）。结论　社区糖尿病前期人群的生活方式干预率、慢性并发症筛查率及接受科普宣传教育率均明显低于2型糖尿病患者,提示社区对糖尿病前期人群管理重视程度不足,亟待改进。     

初诊糖尿病与糖尿病前期诊断的探讨

目的了解具有糖代谢异常危险症状患者初诊Ⅱ型糖尿病（T2DM）、糖尿病前期（IFG、IGT）的临床特征。方法242例患者根据空腹血糖与口服葡萄糖耐量试~t（OGTT）服糖2小时后血糖分为4组：正常血糖（NOR）、空腹血糖受损（IFG）、糖耐量受损（IGT）、T2DM,对各组平均年龄、体重指数（BMI）、糖化血红蛋白（HBAlc）、甘油三酯（TG）进行分析,并对各组在不同HBAlc浓度中分布情况进行分析。结果检出IFG24例,IGT79例,T2DM63例,NGR76例,阳性率68．59％。结论加强对伴有糖代谢异常危险症状患者的筛查,行OGTT,可有效提高初诊T2DM、糖尿病前期诊断率。     

糖尿病前期人群血脂特点及其对糖尿病前期转归的影响研究

目的 了解糖尿病前期人群的血脂特点,并探讨血脂对糖尿病前期人群血糖转归的影响。方法 采用整群随机抽样法,选取2011年4-11月泸州市区内茜草、大山坪、龙马潭3个社区居民4 000名,从中筛选出糖尿病前期人群1 090名,根据不同血糖状态分为单纯空腹血糖受损（IFG）（n=79）、单纯糖耐量异常（IGT）（n=856）和空腹血糖受损+糖耐量异常（IFG+IGT）（n=155）3组。对糖尿病前期人群进行基线调查和为期3年的随访,比较3组基线血脂水平及血脂异常患病率、随访3年后的血糖转归情况、不同转归患者的基线资料,并分析血脂对糖尿病前期血糖转归的影响。结果 IFG+IGT组总胆固醇（TC）水平高于IGT组,三酰甘油（TG）水平高于IFG、IGT组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平低于IFG组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而且IFG+IGT组高TG血症患病率高于IFG、IGT组,差异亦有统计学意义（P＜0.016 7）。随访3年后,1 090名糖尿病前期人群转归为正常糖耐量395人、IFG 32人、IGT 419人、IFG+IGT 56人、糖尿病188人,3组血糖转归分布间差异有统计学意义（χ2=41.579,P＜0.001）;其中IFG、IGT、IFG+IGT转变为糖尿病的年转变率分别为4.2%、5.0%、10.5%。转归为糖尿病的患者基线年龄、BMI、腰围、臀围、收缩压、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖、口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）2 h血糖、TG水平及糖尿病家族史、饮酒史比例均高于转归为正常糖耐量的患者,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。TG为糖尿病前期转归为糖尿病的危险因素,在调整性别、年龄、BMI、腰围、臀围、糖尿病家族史、吸烟史、饮酒史、收缩压、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖、OGTT2 h血糖后,与TG1水平（0.35～0.98 mmol/L）相比,TG4水平（2.08～11.70 mmol/L）的OR（95%CI）为1.285（1.067,2.151）,P=0.045。结论 糖尿病前期人群合并有不同程度的脂代谢异常,其中以高TG血症为主;IFG+IGT人群糖尿病的转变率最高;TG对糖尿病前期人群的转归有影响,或可成为糖尿病前期人群糖尿病转归的预测指标。     

2型糖尿病危险因素分析

目的 探讨在以不同指标作为2型糖尿病（DM）诊断标准时,相关的主要危险因素对诊断的影响,为临床防治干预提供科学依据.方法 选择本院门诊就诊的糖尿病高危人群387例,分别以空腹血糖、标准化75 g葡萄糖耐量试验（OG-TT）2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）为标准诊断2型糖尿病或糖调节受损,多因素Logistic回归分析年龄、BMI、高血压、高血脂、家族史等危险因素与诊断的相关性及影响程度.结果 （1）在糖尿病诊断中,以空腹血糖为标准时,相关影响因素是年龄;以OGTT2 h血糖为标准时,相关影响因素是年龄和血脂;以糖化血红蛋白为标准时,相关影响因素是年龄.（2）在糖尿病前期（即中间状态,包括空腹血糖受损、糖耐量异常）诊断中,以空腹血糖为标准时,相关影响因素是年龄和BMI;以OGTT 2 h血糖为标准时,相关影响因素是年龄;以糖化血红蛋白为标准时,相关影响因素是年龄和血脂.结论 无论是在诊断2型糖尿病或糖调节受损时,各组别以年龄关系最密切,而其他危险因素与诊断的相关性有差异.     

运动疗法与2型糖尿病

糖尿病（DM）是一组以慢性血糖水平增高为特征的代谢疾病,引起碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪等代谢异常。在我国患病人群中,以2型糖尿病（T2DM）为主,占93.7%,1型糖尿病（T1DM）占5.6%,其他类型仅占0.7%[1]。     

eNOS基因多态性与糖尿病肾病易感性相关关系

目的探讨eNOS基因多态性与糖尿病肾病易感性的相关关系。方法选择病程大于10年的88例南方汉族2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者为研究对象。将尿微量白蛋白排泄率（UAER）〉20μg／mL归入糖尿病肾病（DN）组,将UAER≤20μg／mL归入对照组,比较两组患者的年龄、性别构成、血压、血脂、血糖、C肽、糖化血红蛋白等传统危险因素的差异,并进行eNOS基因多态性分析。结果①两组患者在性别构成、年龄、糖尿病病程、吸烟及高血压比例、收缩压、舒张压、体重指数、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、空腹C肽、餐后2hC肽、糖化血红蛋白、胆固醇和甘油三酯等方面比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。②DN组GT基因型及T等位基因显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论eNOS基因GT基因型及T等位基因是DN是易感因素。     

血浆miR-1181在2型糖尿病患者表达水平变化和意义

  目的  miRNA可作为预测糖尿病发生和发展的生物标志物，探索miR-1181在2型糖尿病（Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus，T2DM)患者的表达情况。  方法  运用Agilent miRNA芯片对T2DM患者（n = 5）和正常对照组（n = 5）血浆样本进行差异筛选，荧光定量PCR技术（quantitative Real Time PCR，qRT-PCR）验证出差异表达的miRNA；通过生物信息学方法预测其靶基因并绘制miRNA-靶基因-代谢通路关系网络图，扩大样本检测血浆中差异表达的miRNA:miR-1181和靶基因MAP2K2、MAPK12表达水平。  结果  miRNA芯片筛选和qRT-PCR验证出与T2DM相关的差异表达miRNA:miR-1181，生物信息学分析得出miR-1181靶基因有CCND1、PI3KR2、MAP2K2和MAPK12；T2DM患者血浆中 miR-1181的表达水平明显下降（P < 0.001），而靶基因MAPK12 mRNA的表达水平明显升高（P < 0.01）。  结论  2型糖尿病患者血浆miR-1181水平降低，可能与其抑制靶基因MAPK12对MAPK通路影响有关。     

miRNA在胰岛素信号传导通路中的作用研究

2型糖尿病是临床上常见的一种代谢紊乱相关疾病,胰岛素抵抗作为2型糖尿病的重要发病因素之一,与胰岛素信号传导通路密切相关。微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一类非编码小分子RNA,通过与靶基因结合在转录后水平调节蛋白的表达,参与多种病理生理过程。现有研究显示,miRNA参与胰岛素信号传导通路的调控,本文综述了部分调控胰岛素信号传导通路中关键蛋白表达的miRNA,及它们对2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的调节机制,为探寻2型糖尿病的诊断及治疗提供了新的方向。     

护理干预对糖尿病前期人群的影响

目的探讨护理干预对糖尿病前期人群2型糖尿病发生率的影响。方法对糖尿病高危人群行口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）,按1999年WHO的诊断标准,对筛选出的165例糖耐量减低（IGT）患者进行1年6个月前瞻性观察。初访时随机分为对照组（口服药物组）和护理干预组,每半年进行OGTT复查。结果1年6个月末,对照组和护理干预组空腹血糖（FPG）及餐后2h血糖（2hPG）均有明显下降,平均每年对照组糖尿病发生率为3.3%,护理干预组糖尿病发病率为4%。结论护理干预与口服药物对糖尿病前期人群减少糖尿病发生作用相当。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.