颗粒性肽-DNA复合疫苗抗肿瘤免疫的研究

诱导有效的抗肿瘤免疫应答是肿瘤免疫治疗的主要目标 ,由于肽疫苗和DNA疫苗具备较高的安全性和实用性 ,因而成为肿瘤疫苗学领域中发展最为迅速的肿瘤免疫治疗方案之一。但是这两种疫苗形式仍然具有各自的缺点 ,其抗原呈递动力学存在显著差异 ,提示这两种疫苗可能存在互补性。本研究对多肽疫苗和DNA疫苗进行综合 ,设计出新型肽 DNA复合疫苗 ,并以P815A为模式抗原 ,证实了该种新型疫苗激发抗肿瘤免疫的有效性     

新型肽-DNA复合颗粒性疫苗的制备方法

目的 研究、优化新型颗粒性肽-DNA复合疫苗的制备方法。方法以DNA沉淀试验、DNA阻滞试验、DNase Ⅰ保护试验和电镜分析对该疫苗颗粒的制备参数进行优化。结果在NaCl浓度为87．5mmol／L，电荷比为2的制备条件下，该疫苗形成直径为20nm的均一颗粒，并可有效介导DNA疫苗所携带基因的表达。结论该研究为颗粒性肽-DNA复合疫苗获得良好的免疫学效应奠定了基础。     

点突变p53肽诱导肽特异性CTL的研究

目的探索点突变ｐ５３肽诱导细胞免疫应答的可能性,为其作为肽疫苗用于肿瘤免疫治疗提供实验依据。方法人工合成小鼠点突变ｐ５３肽Ｐ１３２Ｆ（ＬＮＫＬＦＦＱＬ,１３２Ｃｙｓ→Ｐｈｅ突变）,与不完全弗氏佐剂（ＩＦＡ）或ＲＩＢＩ佐剂（ＲＡＳ）混合,皮下免疫Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６小鼠,分离脾细胞体外用肽再刺激,诱导细胞毒Ｔ淋巴细胞（ＣＴＬ）,并以５１Ｃｒ释放法检测其杀伤活性。结果Ｐ１３２Ｆ肽加上ＩＦＡ或ＲＡＳ免疫小鼠,均能诱导肽特异性ＣＤ８＋ＣＴＬ;低剂量重组白细胞介素２（ｒＩＬ－２）能增强肽免疫效果。结论所用突变的ｐ５３蛋白具有免疫原性,提示来源于突变ｐ５３的抗原肽有可能作为肽疫苗用于临床肿瘤免疫治疗     

癌基因蛋白抗原肽与肿瘤特异性免疫治疗

近年来有关ＭＨＣ－ＴＣＲ与癌基因蛋白抗的肽的研究进展迅速，三者之间在空间结构上相互识别和有机结合，可以诱导以肿瘤特异性ＣＤ８ＣＴＬ增殖为主的细胞免疫应答，在Ｐ＾２１，Ｐ＾１２５，Ｐ＾５３Ｐ＾２１０ＢＣＲ－ＡＢＬ抗原肽的研究中已取得一定成果，有可能利用癌基因蛋白的肽，进行肿瘤特异性免疫治疗。     

肝癌高表达抗原MAGEC2 CTL表位肽的鉴定

目的:观察肝癌高表达抗原MAGEC2的改造表位是否有HLA-A2限制性抗肿瘤能力。方法:通过Net CTL 1.2、SYFPEITHI和IEDB软件预测打分选取MAGEC2的HLA-A2限制性表位;替换MAGEC2抗原锚定位点氨基酸获得改造肽;结合力实验检测候选表位与T2细胞表面HLA-A2分子的结合能力,ELISPOT实验和胞内因子染色检测候选表位肽诱导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)分泌干扰素γ(IFN-γ)的能力,体外细胞毒实验检测诱导CTL的能力。结果:P248、P248-1Y、P356、P356-1Y、P356-2L和P356-1Y2L具有较好的结合力,且P248-1Y和P356-1Y2L等改造肽与HLA-A2的结合力高于原肽。胞内因子染色和ELISPOT实验结果显示,表位肽P248、P248-1Y、P356和P356-1Y2L诱导的CTL具有分泌IFN-γ的能力,且P248-1Y和P356-1Y2L诱导特异性T细胞免疫分泌的IFN-γ略高于原肽(P0.05)。细胞毒实验结果显示表位肽P248、P248-1Y、P356和P356-1Y2L对Hep G2细胞均有一定的杀伤作用,且P248-1Y和P356-1Y2L特异性CTLs对Hep G2细胞杀伤率高于原肽特异性CTLs(P0.05)。结论:MAGEC2抗原改造表位P248-1Y和P356-1Y2L分别与天然表位P248和P356相比有更高的HLA-A2分子亲和力,保留了原有的免疫原性,并且改造肽抗肿瘤免疫效应强于天然表位。P248-1Y和P356-1Y2L是优秀的MAGEC2抗原的HLA-A2限制性CTL候选表位,可以成为新的抗肿瘤多肽免疫治疗疫苗的候选表位。     

DNA疫苗激活CTL反应机制及增强DNA疫苗效力的研究进展

DNA疫苗相对于以前的疫苗免疫策略有着强大的优势，但仍有许多问题待解决，尤其是采用哪些有效的方法来增强DNA免疫的效果，是目前研究关注的热点，本文就近年来DNA疫苗研究中所采用的增强免疫效力的策略作了综述，并就DNA免疫激活CTL反应的有关机制进行讨论。     

体外构建的HSP70-肝癌抗原肽诱导抗原肽特异性免疫反应1

目的研究体外构建的HSP70-肝癌抗原肽复合物诱导针对肝癌的特异性免疫反应能力,为该复合物的临床应用奠定基础.方法在体外构建HSP70-肝癌抗原肽复合物,联合应用粒/巨细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)及白介素-4(IL-4)直接从志愿者外周血中培养出DC;以HSP70、HSP70-肝癌抗原肽、抗原肽分别刺激DC,DC激活同源的T淋巴细胞产生细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL),检测其杀伤T2细胞和肝癌细胞系的能力.结果HSP70-抗原肽、抗原肽均可诱导CD8+的抗原肽特异性CTL,而前者的诱导效果更强.结论体外构建的HSP70-抗原肽复合物具有免疫原性,HSP70可以增强抗原肽诱导特异性免疫反应的能力,HSP70-抗原肽复合物有可能作为肽疫苗用于临床肿瘤免疫治疗.     

用合成肽替代肿瘤抗原诱导肿瘤特异性T杀伤细胞的研究

利用海绵移植模型，将Ｆｆｉｅｎｄ病毒ｇａｇ基因编码蛋白的两个合成肽片段分别注入海绵中，植入Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６（Ｈ－２）小鼠皮下，经一定潜伏期后收集其中的浸润淋巴细胞（ｓｐｏｎｇｅｉｎｆｉｌｔｒａｔｉｎｇｌｙｍｐｈｏｃｙｔｅ，ＳＩＬｓ）体外培养扩增后，发现合成肽３号能诱导出针对该合成肽特异性的ＳＩＬｓ，并特异性杀伤用合成肽３号致鳘的Ｅ１０靶细胞，但不杀伤Ｆｒｉｅｎｄ病毒在Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６小鼠诱导的ＦＢＬ－     

树突状细胞肿瘤疫苗的研究进展

在抗肿瘤免疫应答中,关键的一步是抗原呈递细胞将肿瘤抗原呈递给T淋巴细胞。树突状细胞是专职抗原呈递细胞,它能够有效的将肿瘤抗原呈递给T细胞,引发机体产生抗肿瘤的免疫应答。因此,利用树突状细胞制备肿瘤疫苗可望提供一种有效的肿瘤免疫治疗方法。目前,体外实验、动物实验和初期的临床实验都已经证明了树突状细胞肿瘤疫苗的抗肿瘤作用。本文主要介绍树突状细胞的生物学特征和树突状细胞肿瘤疫苗在肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究进展。     

HBV S基因修饰树突状细胞疫苗诱导特异性CTL反应的探讨

目的分析腺病毒载体介导HBVS基因修饰树突状细胞（DCs）能否诱导抗HBV特异性CTL反应。方法制备携带HBVS基因的重组腺病毒，分别转染外周血诱导培养的DCs，观察腺病毒转染DCs效率和DCs中HBV抗原的表达；混合淋巴细胞反应测定HBV抗原基因修饰DCs刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖能力；乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测特异性CTL细胞对HepG2 22．1．5靶细胞的杀伤能力。结果腺病毒载体能够高效介导HBVS基因在DCs中表达，且DC细胞形态完整；HBVS基因修饰DCs具有刺激同种异体T细胞增殖能力，同时能诱导抗HBV特异性CTL反应。结论HBVS基因修饰DCs疫苗具有增强抗HBV特异性CTL效应的能力，可能发展为一种新型抗病毒疫苗。     

DNA免疫激发针对肾母细胞瘤CTL效应初步研究

目的 将鼠源肾母细胞瘤WT1基因一段序列(WT1y)构建于真核表达质粒pCDNA3.1( ),通过小鼠和体外细胞模型初步研究所激发的针对肾母细胞瘤CTL效应.方法 人工合成WT1基因一段序列,含有HLA-A*2402锚定残基的9个氨基酸.构建重组真核表达质粒pCDNA3.1( )/WT1y.免疫Balb/c小鼠,通过ELISA方法检测体液免疫反应;分离脾淋巴细胞,FCM检测脾淋巴细胞中CD4/CD8;将分离的脾淋巴细胞与小鼠肾母细胞瘤细胞共培养,检测其体外溶解组织相容性抗原型别一致的外源性靶细胞能力.结果 构建的重组质粒经测序鉴定,与GenBank中登录的序列完全一致;免疫组小鼠T淋巴细胞增殖及CTL活性均明显优于对照组(P＜0.01);体外具有较强溶解靶细胞的功能.结论 WT1基因的DNA疫苗初步研究具有很强的CTL效应,为小儿肾母细胞瘤的治疗提供了新的思路.     

Multiple copies of a tumor epitope in a recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) vaccine enhance CTL responses, but not tumor protection

We propose the replacement of endogenous epitopes with foreign epitopes to exploit the highly immunogenic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as a vaccine vector to elicit disease-protective cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Locations were defined within the HBsAg gene where replacements of DNA encoding HBsAg epitopes may be made to generate functional recombinant (r) HBsAg DNA vaccines. We demonstrate that rHBsAg DNA vaccines encoding multiple copies of a model tumor epitope from human papillomavirus (HPV) elicit enhanced CTL responses compared to rHBsAg DNA vaccines encoding a single copy. We show that rHBsAg DNA vaccines elicit a marked prophylactic and long-lived therapeutic protection against epitope expressing tumor, although protective efficacy was not improved by increasing the number of copies of the tumor epitope DNA. These results demonstrate the efficacy of HBsAg as a vector for the delivery of foreign CTL epitopes using the epitope replacement strategy, and have implications for rHBsAg vaccine design. The results also have implications for the derivation of a therapeutic vaccine for HPV-associated squamous carcinoma.     

乙肝核酸疫苗诱导BALB/C小鼠的CTL免疫应答

目的：研究携带HBsAg基因的载体质粒pcDHBs诱导小鼠CTL应答效果。方法：将HBsAg基因连接到真核表达载体pcDNA3．1上，构建成载体质粒pcDHBs。将纯化后的质粒pcDRBs和pcDNA3．1肌肉注射免疫小鼠，眼眶采血检测血清中抗体水平。用质粒pcDHBs转染P815细胞制备乙肝疫苗诱导BALB／C小鼠CTL活性检测的靶细胞。免疫后，取脾细胞，按效靶比为10：1、25：1、50：1进行CIL杀伤检测。结果：免疫pcDHBs疫苗后，检测到小鼠血清中的RBsAb。用pcDHBs进行转染的P815细胞能够检测到HBsAg基因片段和蛋白质抗原的表达。用pcDHBs免疫组小鼠的CTL杀伤率均明显高于pcDNA3．1免疫组。结论：质粒pcDHBs作为核酸疫苗能够诱导小鼠体液免疫应答和CTL免疫应答。     

Individual differences in the orientation of the cytolytic T cell response against mouse tumor P815

We reported previously that the mouse tumor P815 expresses four distinct antigens (A, B, C, D) recognized by syngeneic cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). A fifth P815 antigen (E) was identified by means of a CTL clone derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. We compared a number of mice for the orientation of their CTL response with respect to the various P815 antigens. Lymphocytes from mice inoculated subcutaneously with living P815 cells were stimulated in vitro with tumor cells and the resulting CTL were tested against targets expressing either antigens A and B or antigens C, D and E. Many mice had an asymmetrical response, some producing CTL directed almost exclusively against antigens A, B and others producing CTL directed almost exclusively against C, D. E. When mice were inoculated into two separate sites, different orientations in the responses of the two local lymph nodes were often observed, suggesting that individual differences in the orientation of the anti-P815 CTL response do not result from preexisting differences between the animals. Asymmetrical CTL responses persisted in mice that were given a second injection of tumor cells. A possible interpretation of our results is that the major component of the CTL response is made of the progeny of a very small number of CTL precursors that happen to be the first to be stimulated by the tumor antigens.     

Superior induction of anti-tumor CTL immunity by extended peptide vaccines involves prolonged, DC-focused antigen presentation

Anti-tumor vaccines consisting of extended CTL peptides in combination with CpG-ODN were shown to be superior to those comprising minimal CTL epitopes and CpG-ODN, in that they elicit stronger effector CTL responses with greater tumoricidal potential. We now demonstrate that this improved performance is primarily due to the focusing of CTL epitope presentation onto activated DC in the inflamed lymph nodes draining the vaccination site. In the case of vaccination with minimal peptides, additional APC including T and B cells are also loaded with CTL epitopes. Our data suggest that circulation of these peptide-loaded lymphocytes leads to epitope presentation in non-inflamed lymphoid organs distal from the vaccination site, in the absence of potent costimulatory signals required for efficient CTL priming. The resulting blend of pro-immunogenic and tolerogenic signals, which results in suboptimal activation of the CTL response, is avoided by vaccinating with extended CTL peptides. An additional advantage of extended CTL peptide vaccines is an increased duration of in vivo epitope presentation.     

Endoplasmic reticulum targeting sequence enhances HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by a CTL epitope-based DNA vaccine

CD8(+) T cells play a critical role in protective immunity against Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Epitope-based DNA vaccines expressing HBV-dominant CTL epitopes can be used as candidate vaccines capable of inducing cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) responses. A plasmid DNA encoding a CTL epitope of HBV core antigen, HBc(18-27), was constructed. Intramuscular immunization of C57BL/6 mice with this DNA vaccine resulted in successful induction of HBV-specific CTL responses. In order to promote transportation of the peptide into endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to bind to MHC class I molecules for optimal class I antigen presentation, an ER targeting sequence (ERTS) was fused with the C(18-27) encoding gene. ERTS fusion significantly enhanced specific CD8(+) T cell responses in terms of CTL cytolysis as well as IFN-gamma secretion. This enhancement was correlated with promoted epitope presentation on target cell surface. We report here an enhanced immunogenicity of an epitope-based DNA vaccine using an ER targeting signal sequence, which has significant implications for future design of therapeutic HBV vaccine.     

Nanoparticle delivery of CDDO-Me remodels the tumor microenvironment and enhances vaccine therapy for melanoma

Lipid-calcium-phosphate nanoparticle (NP) delivery of Trp2 peptide vaccine is one of the most effective vaccine strategies against melanoma. However, due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment in the tumor, the achievement of potent immune responses remains a major challenge. NP delivery systems provide an opportunity to deliver chemotherapy agent to modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and improve the vaccine activity. Anti-inflammatory triterpenoid methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me) is a broad spectrum inhibitor of several signaling pathways that are important in both cancer cells and cells in the TME. Intravenous delivery of CDDO-Me using poly-lactic-glycolic-acid NP combination with subcutaneous Trp2 vaccine resulted in an increase of antitumor efficacy and apoptotic tumor tissue than Trp2 vaccine alone in B16F10 melanoma. There was a significant decrease of both Treg cells and MDSCs and a concomitant increase in the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte infiltration in TEM of the vaccinated animals. Also, CDDO-Me remodeled the tumor associated fibroblasts, collagen and vessel in TME, meanwhile, enhanced the Fas signaling pathway which could sensitize the tumor cells for cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated killing. The combination of systemic induction of antigen-specific immune response using Trp2 nanovaccine and targeted modification of the TME with the NP delivered CDDO-Me offers a powerful combination therapy for melanoma.     

The shared tumor-specific antigen encoded by mouse gene P1A is a target not only for cytolytic T lymphocytes but also for tumor rejection

A number of human tumor antigens have been characterized recently using cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) as screening tools. Some of them are encoded by MAGE-type genes, which are silent in normal tissues except in male germ cells, but are activated in a variety of tumors. These tumor-specific shared antigens appear to be promising targets for cancer immunotherapy. However, the choice of these antigens as targets has been questioned because of the lack of direct evidence that in vivo responses against such antigens can lead to tumor rejection. The antigen encoded by the mouse gene P1A represents the only available animal model system for MAGE-type tumor antigens. We show here that mice immunized by injection of L1210 leukemia cells expressing P1A and B7-1 (L1210.P1A.B7-1) are efficiently protected against a challenge with a lethal dose of mastocytoma P815 tumor cells, which express P1A. Mice immunized with L1210 cells expressing B7-1 but not P1A were not protected. Furthermore, we observed that P1A-transgenic mice, which are tolerant to P1A, were not protected after immunization with L1210.P1A.B7-1. These results demonstrate that the immune response to P1A is the major component of the tumor rejection response observed in normal mice, and support the use of tumor-specific shared antigens as targets for the immunotherapy of human cancer.     

热休克蛋白70融合肿瘤抗原基因的DNA疫苗研究进展

在抗肿瘤免疫治疗中,已经发展了多种形式的热休克蛋白70(HSP70)相关治疗性疫苗,这些疫苗主要包括蛋白疫苗、肽疫苗、细胞疫苗及DNA疫苗等,其中HSP70融合DNA疫苗凭借其自身的优势引起人们的关注。它不但可诱导高效、持久的抗肿瘤免疫应答,而且可以维持免疫记忆。本文就HSP70在肿瘤治疗性DNA疫苗中的作用和应用作一综述。     

A chimeric multi-epitope DNA vaccine elicited specific antibody response against severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus which attenuated the virulence of SARS-CoV in vitro

Epitope-based vaccines designed to induce antibody responses specific for severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) are being developed as a means for increasing vaccine potency. In this study, we identified four B cell epitopes from the spike (S) and membrane (M) protein through bioinformatics analysis and constructed a multi-epitope DNA vaccine. Intramuscular immunization of mice with this vaccine was sufficient to induce specific prime as well as a long-term memory humoral immune response to at least two candidate epitopes, S(437-459) and M(1-20). A DNA prime-protein boost strategy greatly enhanced the antibody generation and the immune sera not only reacted with the lysates of SARS-CoV-infected Vero cells but also neutralized the cytopathic effect of SARS by 75% at 1:160 dilution. The novel immunogenic S protein peptide revealed in this study provides new target for SARS vaccine design; and our work indicated multi-epitope DNA vaccine as an effective means for eliciting polyvalent humoral immune response against SARS-CoV.