穿刺活检100例前列腺癌的形态学观察

目的 探讨穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的形态学标准。方法 对２５０例前列腺穿刺活检包括１００例前列腺癌进行回顾性分析,评价结构异常、细胞学改变,浸润和其他有诊断意义的病变四个方面共２０项形态学指标对诊断前列腺癌的意义。结果 ２０例形态学指标对诊断胶列腺癌均有不同程度价值,尤以结构异常,核仁明显增大,间质及神经周围浸润最有意义。结论 前列腺癌的诊断需对多项指标全面观察后进行综合判断。     

肝移植665例穿刺活检病理诊断总结

目的总结我国目前肝移植(OLTx)病理诊断的基本情况和经验。方法回顾性分析4家医院的665例、1123例次OLTx肝穿刺活检的病理诊断结果,肝组织常规HE染色,部分病例做巨细胞病毒(CMV)、HBsAg、细胞角蛋白(CK)19、CD4和CD8免疫组织化学染色。结果各单位间病理诊断并发症类型在4～12种。本组每例肝穿刺次数为1～9次,平均2.2次/例,肝穿刺时间为OLTx术后2～2877d。OLTx术后并发症发生率居前5位的是:急性排异(237例,35.6%)、缺血/再灌注损伤(89例,13.4%)、胆管狭窄(37例,5.6%)、药物性损伤(33例,5.0%)、慢性排异(31例4.7%);平均诊断时间最早的5种并发症依次是原发性无功能(4.7d±2.1d)、缺血/再灌注损伤(14.0d±4.0d)、急性排异(32.1d±62.9d)、肝动脉栓塞/狭窄(62.9d±74.2d)、CMV感染(107.7d±93.0d)。结论本结果为了解OLTx术后主要并发症的病理类型、发生频率与时机等提供了参考依据。排异与非排异性并发症之间的鉴别始终是移植病理诊断的难点,特别应注意熟悉各主要并发症的变异型组织学表现。Banff排异活动指数(RAI)对于临床评估排异程度有较大参考价值,建议诊断时常规应用。     

乳腺穿刺活检标本中交界性病变的诊断和治疗问题

随着乳腺影像学检查和乳腺针刺活检技术在乳癌筛查中的广泛应用,越来越多的乳腺早期恶性病变或其前驱病变被检出.这类病变的临床表现不明显,一般无明确肿块,其发展为恶性/浸润性肿瘤的风险较高,后续的临床处理措施很重要.本文主要讨论乳腺柱状细胞病变(columnar cell lesions,CCL)、非典型导管增生(atypical duct hyperplasia,ADH)、低核级导管原位癌(low grade ductal carcinoma in situ,DCIS)以及小叶肿瘤(lobular neoplasia,LN)等几种较常见并具有交界性特点的病变之穿刺活检标本的病理诊断和相应的临床处理问题.     

超声引导穿刺活检在胸膜下肺部疾病诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声引导穿刺活检在胸膜下肺部病灶定性诊断中的应用价值。方法 回顾性病例对照研究。纳入2018年1月—2020年11月蚌埠医学院第一附属医院胸外科胸膜下肺部疾病患者178 例,其中男120例、女58例,年龄22~69(57.3±7.8)岁。患者均接受外科手术治疗,术前均行超声引导穿刺活检。以外科手术病理诊断为金标准分为良性组(56例)和恶性组(122例),比较两组患者肺部病变超声声像表现的差异。观察超声引导穿刺活检取材成功率和并发症发生率,统计超声引导穿刺活检诊断胸膜下肺部疾病的准确率、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及95%可信区间(CI)。结果 两组患者性别、年龄等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。两组患者肺部病变的超声声像表现在形态、是否有空气支气管征、血流信号等方面差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05),而在病灶侧别、边界、内部回声等方面差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。超声引导穿刺活检一次穿刺取材成功率96.07%(171/178),并发症发生率3.31%(6/178);诊断准确率93.82%(95% CI 89.21%~96.88%)、灵敏度90.98%(95% CI 84.44%~95.41%)、特异度100%(95% CI 92.32%~100%)、阳性预测值100%(95% CI 95.98%~100%)及阴性预测值83.58%(95% CI 72.77%~90.75%)。结论 胸膜下肺部病变的超声表现可为良恶性病变的鉴别诊断提供一定信息,且超声引导穿刺活检具有实时观察、并发症发生率低、诊断准确率高等优点,对于胸膜下肺部疾病的诊断具有重要临床价值。     

采用CT导引下穿刺活检诊断骨盆恶性肿瘤

目的评估CT导引细针穿刺在骨盆肿瘤活检中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析32例CT导引下穿刺活检骨盆肿瘤患者,其中男性23例,女性9例,年龄16～70岁,平均年龄42.5岁。肿瘤大小5～20cm(小于10cm的15例,大于10cm的17例),按肿瘤发生部位骨盆Ⅰ区肿瘤14例,Ⅱ区肿瘤13例,Ⅲ区肿瘤4例,Ⅳ区肿瘤1例。患者就诊症状多为髂骶部疼痛或包块。术前均做CT平扫和增强扫描。在SIEMENSPlus4单排螺旋CT引导下进行穿刺,扫描层厚5mm,层距10mm,通过定位器于体表做出标记,测量靶点与进针点连线的距离和角度,以及靶点与相邻组织的距离。通常采用与局部皮肤垂直方向进针,穿刺活检的要点为选择最佳层面和进针点。活检标本送病理科做细胞病理学检查。结果32例均安全地穿刺到病变内并取出病理标本,无严重并发症发生。病理学检查32例均为恶性肿瘤,经手术证实或临床检查、随访证实穿刺准确率及正确率均为100%。结论CT导引经皮穿刺活检骨盆肿瘤是一种安全有效而并发症发生率低的诊断和鉴别诊断方法。     

前列腺穿刺活检标本30例病理诊断分析

目的 探讨穿刺活检的前列腺疾病的病理诊断.方法 对30例前列腺穿刺活检标本进行常规病理学检查及部分免疫组化染色.结果 良性疾病20例,前列腺癌10例.结论 直肠B超引导前列腺穿刺活检可以有效的对前列腺癌做出诊断.     

猫抓病淋巴结细针穿刺细胞学分析

目的：探讨猫抓病（cat-scratch disease,CSD)淋巴结细针穿刺细胞学及免疫组化特点。方法：对17例CDS患者的淋巴结细针穿刺资料进行细胞学、组织学及免疫组化分析。结果：17例CSD患者均有与猫密切接触史，并伴局部淋巴结肿大，其HE染色细胞学特点为：可见呈小簇状或栅状分布的上皮样组织细胞，较多中怀粒细胞及无定形的坏死碎片，偶见吞噬核碎片的巨噬细胞，淋巴细胞增生，大小不一，可见多种转化阶段的淋巴样细胞。免疫表型：CEA、EMA均（－），CD45（＋），CD20、CD45RO（＋／－），CD68（＋＋＋），Mac387(＋＋＋)。结论：CSD是一种病程自限的细菌感染性疾病，其临床病史、淋巴结细针穿刺细胞学检查、免疫组化、特异性皮内试验对CSD的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要意义。     

皮肤活检组织远程邮寄免疫病理检验

为了推动病理新技术的开展 ,福州迈新公司有志赞助本刊《技术交流》栏目 ,支持学术交流 ,促进病理新技术的普及和应用 ,凡其客户在本栏发表的优秀论文一律给予奖励 ,欢迎投稿。     

骨与软组织肿瘤穿刺活检临床价值研究

目的 探讨影像设备引导下经皮穿刺活检骨与软组织肿瘤技术的安全性及有效性。方法 回顾性分析2014年9月—2016年9月安徽省肿瘤医院骨科收治的145例骨与软组织肿瘤患者的临床资料。患者均在C形臂X线机或CT引导下经皮穿刺活检;并以手术后病理诊断为金标准,判断穿刺活检的准确性。结果 本组145例均完成穿刺过程,穿刺取材成功率100%,无严重并发症发生。其中76例患者接受手术治疗并获得明确的病理诊断;穿刺活检的正确率为 64.5%(49/76),支持率为 23.7%(18/76),阴性率为 11.8%(9/76),总的有效率为88.2%(67/76)。结论 骨与软组织肿瘤穿刺活检是一种安全有效的技术。     

43例腮腺Warthin 瘤的细针穿刺细胞学分析

目的：探讨腮腺腺淋巴瘤的细针穿刺细胞学特点。方法：收集并复习43例腮腺腺淋巴瘤，每例均备有巴氏染色、HE染色涂片及细胞块。结果：43例均发现嗜酸性细胞及淋巴细胞，40例发现细胞碎屑，9例发现带有淋巴间质的嗜酸性细胞乳状结构，35例发现巨噬细胞，5例出现鳞状上皮化生，3例发现肥大细胞。结论：腺淋巴瘤是腮腺的常见肿瘤，细针穿刺一般可以作出准确诊断，但应注意与多形性腺瘤、腺样囊腺癌、腺泡细胞癌、慢性腮腺炎、淋巴上皮囊肿、鳞癌鉴别。     

Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the prostate gland

With the worldwide acceptance of mechanically assisted, ultrasound guided thin needle biopsy of the prostate gland, prostate fine needle aspiration (FNA) has fallen out of favor with both urologists and cytopathologists. Nonetheless, given today's trend to submit from 12 to 18 core biopsies per patient, prostate FNA remains less expensive, more expedient and more economical than any other sampling method so far developed. This short overview presents prostate FNA as a sensitive, specific and reliable diagnostic modality that should not be dismissed, as an anachronism, from the diagnostic armamentarium of either the urologist or the pathologist.     

Core needle biopsy versus fine needle aspiration biopsy in breast--a historical perspective and opportunities in the modern era

Breast fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) by palpation is on the decline, due to its limitations in diagnostic accuracy, decreased sensitivity, and its replacement with core needle biopsy (CNB). Despite its decreasing utility, superficial fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in breast is still the main modality for evaluating metastatic lesions, recurrence, and axillary lymph node metastasis. New modalities including proteomic pattern expression and methylation profiling of breast lesions are other promising techniques that can be used as ancillary tests for refining the diagnosis of breast lesions using FNAB. Image-guided breast FNA proves to be a successful alternative with high sensitivity and specificity. In this review, the advantages, disadvantages, and inherent limitations of breast FNA and CNB, and new advanced techniques are discussed.     

Trends in prostate needle biopsy diagnosis. A ten year experience of a medical center in Taiwan

Prostate cancer has seen a rapid rise in Taiwanese men. The current study was undertaken to evaluate trends of the disease diagnosed on prostate needle biopsy during a ten-year period at the Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital. The study included 8236 men who underwent a total of 9995 prostate needle biopsies at this institute from 1994 to 2003. Pathologic features pertinent to diagnosis of cancer were reviewed and compared for cases diagnosed before and after 1999. There were statistically significant increases of the overall cancer detection rate (from 17.6% to 19.9%), proportion of cases with a Gleason score ≤ 6 (from 16.6% to 40.9%) and focal adenocarcinoma (from 3.0% to 12.8%) in the latter 5 years. The incidence of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) increased from 0.1% to 1.5%. Patients with HGPIN had a significantly higher risk for subsequent cancer discovered on repeat biopsy than did those with a primary benign diagnosis (29.9% versus 13.7%). Despite a relatively lower incidence of cancer and HGPIN in Taiwanese men compared with that reported in Western studies, in recent years we have found an increase of relevant diagnoses, especially cancer of limited extent and lower grade, which may represent the progress in prostate cancer diagnosis.     

Discrepancies between Gleason scores of needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of Gleason scores in prostate needle biopsy diagnosis and to investigate factors affecting the accuracy of the tumor grade. A single pathologist reviewed 116 sets of prostate cancer biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens. The following factors were examined to determine their effect on the accuracy of the biopsy Gleason scores: (i) relative tumor differentiation; (ii) pathological stage; (iii) amount of tissue in the biopsy specimen; (iv) amount of cancer tissue in the biopsy specimen; (v) tumor heterogeneity; (vi) clinical findings (prostate specific antigen value and digital rectal examination); and (vii) interobserver variability. In 53 cases the Gleason score of biopsy specimens was identical to the score of prostatectomy specimens (45.7%). Fifty-four cases (46.6%) of biopsy specimens were undergraded. The most common discrepancy was diagnosis of well-differentiated carcinoma in the biopsy but diagnosis of moderately differentiated tumor in the corresponding prostatectomy specimen. This discrepancy occurred when the amount of tumor in the biopsy was 3 mm or less. Biopsy and prostatectomy results showed less agreement when the original biopsy tumor grade rendered by nine different pathologists was used, suggesting that interobserver variability can adversely affect the accuracy of tumor grade. Clarifying the histologic criteria for distinguishing each grade, especially between Gleason grades 2 and 3, is important for accurate grading.     

MRI-targeted prostate biopsy: key considerations for pathologists

We discuss the role of the pathologist for MRI-targeted prostate biopsy with a focus on specimen processing, reporting of pathological findings and quality assurance in establishing a successful MRI-targeted biopsy programme. The authors discuss the current issues relevant to pathologists regarding MRI-targeted prostate biopsy. In addition, a brief review of the recently published literature was performed using an English literature search on PubMed with a focus on original investigations related to MRI-targeted prostate biopsy. Our search terms included the following: ‘prostate cancer’, ‘pathology’, ‘histology’, ‘reporting’, ‘cores’, ‘imaging’, ‘MRI’ and ‘mpMRI’. Prostate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) and MRI-targeted biopsy has been shown to improve the diagnosis of clinically significant prostatic adenocarcinoma and can affect the management of patients with prostate cancer. The current active surveillance guidelines were based on data from TRUS biopsies and not MRI-targeted biopsies. MRI-targeted biopsy acquires multiple cores of tissue from one or more suspicious lesions found on mp-MRI. The way in which multiple targeted core biopsies obtained from a single image-directed region of interest are analysed and reported can potentially alter the Gleason score and tumour burden as reported on biopsy, which could undoubtedly alter patient management. Pathologists play an important role in the reporting of MRI-targeted prostate biopsies. How we report prostate cancer grade and extent on these biopsies can influence patient management. In addition, the pathologist should be involved in the quality assurance for patients undergoing MRI-targeted prostate biopsy.     

Prospective evaluation of AMACR (P504S) and basal cell markers in the assessment of routine prostate needle biopsy specimens

Distinguishing benign prostate glands from malignant ones, based purely on morphology, on prostatic core needle biopsy specimens (PNBs) may prove difficult, particularly if the suspicious focus is small. In recent years, several immunohistochemical markers, including the basal cell cocktail (BCC), 34betaE12 and p63, and the prostate cancer (PCa) biomarker alpha-methylacyl-CoA-racemase (AMACR), have been used as adjuvants to morphology, in these diagnostically challenging cases. We prospectively address the diagnostic utility of using the BCC, in combination with the commercially available AMACR monoclonal antibody, P504S, on PNBs that required immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies to make a diagnosis. The goals of this prospective study were to assess the day-to-day practice in an academic setting, to determine how often these IHC tests were used on routine PNBs, and to establish how often a combination of the BCC and P504S were helpful in diagnosing prostate cancer. A total of 772 prospectively collected PNB cases were examined over a 7-month period. IHC staining was performed in 171 cases (22%); 123 cases were stained with the BCC in addition to the commercially available monoclonal AMACR antibody. In 86 of these 123 cases (70%), both stains contributed to the final diagnosis: PCa in 44 cases, benign in 33 cases and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in 9 cases. Of the remaining 37 cases (30%), 18 were called benign or PCa, based solely on appropriate staining with the BCC, with AMACR being noncontributory because the focus of interest had been cut through (12 cases), there was negative staining with AMACR (in 4 PCa cases), or there was positive staining with AMACR (in 2 benign cases showing atrophy). Nineteen of 37 cases were diagnosed as atypical small acinar proliferation. In these 19 cases either the focus had been cut through on one or both of the stains (11 cases), both AMACR and BCC failed to work (2 cases), AMACR was positive in the presence of patchy BCC staining (1 cases), AMACR was negative in the absence of BCC staining (3 cases), or despite appropriate staining the focus consisted of 1 gland and was considered too small to call carcinoma (2 cases). Additional IHC stains were performed in 171 of 772 cases; of these, 123 had sufficient material to perform both the BCC and P504S. The BCC when used in combination with AMACR rendered a diagnosis in almost 70% of cases. Using these stains in combination may be a better approach in diagnostically difficult cases as it increases the likelihood that a definitive diagnosis can be rendered while decreasing the likelihood of an equivocal diagnosis. However, a limitation of this approach is the loss of tissue in these small lesions, suggesting that combining AMACR and the BCC on a single slide would be superior to using either marker separately.     

Improved needle for muscle biopsy

Summary The authors describe a muscle biopsy needle which has some technical advantages, as compared with existing types, i.e. the possibility to select the collecting tip according to individual conditions, prompt cutting by means of a spring mechanism. A total of 97 muscle biopsies were performed from the m. quadriceps pars lateralis without complications. It proved also useful in obtaining specimens of subcutaneous adipose tissue.     

2467例穿刺标本病理诊断影响因素的评价与分析

目的对多种引导方式下、多部位穿刺标本的病理诊断影响因素进行评价与分析。方法收集2467例在多种引导方式下多部位穿刺并进行组织学检查的病例，对其病理诊断结果的确切程度进行分级，并对某些影响诊断确切程度的因素(年龄、性别、穿刺部位、引导设备、标本性状、结果性质)进行了多元逐步Logistic回归分析。结果获取目视下穿刺病例110例，超声引导下1845例、X线引导下138例．CT引导下208例，超声定位后胸膜针穿刺166例，并对各例病理诊断的确切程度进行了分级。剔除骨、颅内、前列腺、胸膜等部位后．Logistic回归分析显示年龄(回归系数为-0．0216，Wald x^2=33．9741，P=0．0001)、引导方式(回归系数为0．1538．Wald x^2=9．5970，P=0．0019)、穿刺部位(回归系数为0．0587，Wald x^2=11．1917．P=0．0008)、病灶大小(回归系数为-0．0647，Wald x^2=10．8009，P=0．001)、标本性状(回归系数为-0．028．Wald x^2=1．1101，P=0．2921)均影响穿刺组织病理诊断的确切程度．被列入回归方程。结论影像引导的穿刺活检对全身各器官都可进行，患者的年龄、引导方式、穿刺部位、病灶大小、标本的性状是影响病理诊断确切程度的主要因素。     

Negative 34betaE12 staining in a small focus of atypical glands on prostate needle biopsy: a follow-up study of 332 cases

Atypical glands on prostate needle biopsy with a negative 34betaE12 (cytokeratin 903; CK903) immunostain, indicating a lack of a basal cell layer, are typically diagnostic of prostate cancer. However, in certain cases a negative 34betaE12 immunostain in a small focus of atypical glands is still not convincing enough to make the diagnosis of cancer. This study is the first report to evaluate the incidence of prostate cancer on follow-up biopsy in individuals with this diagnosis. A total of 543 men who had prostate core biopsy specimens diagnosed as a small focus of atypical-appearing glands with a negative 34betaE12 immunostain between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2000 were selected for study. Some 61% of these 543 individuals (n = 332) had undergone at least one follow-up biopsy procedure. Of these, 43% of repeat biopsy cases (n = 142) were diagnostic of prostate cancer. A total of 46 individuals had at least 2 follow-up biopsy procedures, with 48% of these (n = 22) being diagnosed as cancer. The Gleason grades of the detected carcinomas were broken down as follows: Gleason grade 3 + 2 = 5, 6%; grade 3 + 3 = 6, 86%; grade 3 + 4 = 7, 1%; grade 4 + 3 = 7, 4%; and grade 4 + 4 = 8, 3%. The median amount of time to the first follow-up biopsy was 79 days, with 52% of follow-up biopsies performed within 90 days. A negative 34betaE12 immunohistochemical stain in a small focus of atypical glands is not associated with an increased prediction of prostate cancer on follow-up biopsy (43%), compared with previously published data for "small focus of atypical glands" alone (approximately 45%). Because 48% of men with an initial negative biopsy and multiple follow-up biopsy procedures were found to have cancer, more than one repeat biopsy session or more extensive sampling on the first repeat biopsy procedure may be necessary to maximize the identification of cancer. This finding is similar to that found in men with atypical diagnoses in general, without a negative 34betaE12 immunohistochemical stain. Only half of all individuals with a diagnosis of 34betaE12-negative focus of atypical glands underwent repeat biopsy within 3 months. Urologists need to be educated as to the significance of an atypical diagnosis and the need for repeat biopsy. In a small focus of atypical glands on prostate biopsy, negative staining for 34betaE12 should not necessarily lead to a definitive malignant diagnosis in all cases, because almost half of these biopsies on follow-up sampling are benign.     

Fine needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma to inguinal lymph node

Carcinoma of the prostate is predominantly a disease of older men. Men younger than 50 years of age account for approximately 1% of all patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. Patients generally present with urinary symptoms and rarely with metastatic disease. Lymphatic spread typically occurs to the obturator and internal iliac nodes. We report a case of an aggressive prostate adenocarcinoma in a 47-year-old white male who presented with nausea, vomiting, and enlarged inguinal lymph nodes for 1 month. A fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and immunohistochemical stains performed on the FNAB revealed metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. The initial clinical presentation of inguinal lymphadenopathy, the age of the patient and the cytologic features made this an unusual case.