食管癌肿瘤组织血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性

目的研究食管癌患者肿瘤组织中血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因多态性,探讨该基因与食管癌之间的关系。方法共检测50例食管癌患者组织标本,利用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测ACE基因,观察插入型(ID型)、缺失型(DD型)和Ⅱ型3种基因型多态性分布,并计算I/D等位基因的比例,以10例癌旁正常组织为对照。结果食管癌患者肿瘤组织中ACE基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性分布特点:ID型、DD型和Ⅱ型基因比例分别为16%,64%,20%,而I/D等位基因分布频率分别为20%和80%,对照组ID型、DD型和Ⅱ型3种基因型的比例分别为40%、30%、30%,其I/D等位基因分布频率分别为30%和70%,两组间DD型基因分布频率有统计学显著性差异(P<0.05)、I/D等位基因分布频率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论食管癌患者肿瘤组织中存在ACE基因I/D多态性,DD型基因分布较癌旁正常组织显著升高,结果表明DD基因型高表达可能与食管癌发病相关。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与急性脑血管病的关系

急性脑血管病是多基因遗传性疾病.血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因是研究的主要侯选基因.在ACE基因的16内含子中存在一种Alu重复序列的插入(I)和缺失(D)的多态性;从而构成2种等位基因I和D,以及3种DNA基因型:DD(缺失纯合子)、ID(缺失插入杂合子)和II(插入纯合子).本文通过对急性脑血管病(脑出血、脑梗塞)患者ACE基因I/D多态性的研究发现,脑梗死组中在50～92岁年龄组DD纯合型频率高于正常对照组(p＜0.05).50岁及其以上的脑出血患者与正常对照组问DD基因型及等位基因频率比较有显著差异(p＜0.01),并显示高血压病和高血压病家族史、脑卒中家族史是脑梗塞主要危险因素,但未发现上述危险因素与ACE基因型有关联(p＜0.05).并且脑梗死患者ACE基因型与HDL、ApoB有关.     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与原发性高血压血栓前状态的关系

目的　探讨血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)基因I/D多态性与原发性高血压 (EH)及高血压血栓前状态 (PTS)的关系。方法　PCR检测 6 1例原发性高血压病人和正常对照组 2 8例的ACE基因I/D多态性 ;发色底物法测t PA、PAI 1活性 ,酶联免疫吸附双抗夹心法 (ELISA)测vWF含量。结果　高血压组DD基因型频率显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但D等位基因频率分布在高血压组和正常组之间差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 )。高血压组t PA活性降低 ,PAI 1活性、vWF含量升高 (P均 <0 0 0 1)。高血压组DD型t P活性明显低于ID、II型 (P <0 0 0 1) ,而ID、II型之间差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ,DD型PAI 1活性明显高于ID、II型(P <0 0 0 1) ,而ID、II型之间差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ,vWF在DD、ID、II型三者之间差异无显著意义 (P>0 0 5 )。结论　DD型是原发性高血压发病的危险因素。原发性高血压存在血栓前状态。t PA、PAI 1的变化与血管紧张素转换酶基因I/D多态性有关 ,DD基因型可引起血栓前状态。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与心肌梗死后心室重构

目的：探讨血管紧张素转换酶ACE基因I／D多态性与心肌梗死（心梗）后心功能不全和心室重构的相关性。方法：选择77名接受冠脉造影的陈旧性心梗患者，二维超声测定其左室射血分数（LVEF）和左室舒张末内径（LVDd)并采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）进行ACE I／D基因分型，分析造影和临床资料，判定心梗后心功能和心室重构与ACE I／D多态性的相关性。结果：不同基因型心梗后LVEF和LVDd均存在显著性差异（P＜0．05），其中ACE II型患者的LVEF显著性差异分别大于ID及DD型，II型患者LVDd与DD型存在显著性差异（P＝0．0505），而II型与ID型无显著性差异，结论：ACE I／D多态性可能是心梗后心功能不全及心室重构的重要先天因素。     

急性心肌梗死患者血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶基因多态性及其活性的相关研究

目的探讨血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶(ACE)插入/缺失(I/D)基因多态性和血清ACE活性与急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的意义。方法用聚合酶链反应(PCR)法扩增ACE基因第16内含子多态性位点的序列,检测38例AMI患者及32名健康体检者ACE基因,χ2检验比较心肌梗死组、对照组间ACE基因型的频率及等位基因频率。用速率法检测血清ACE活性水平。对C反应蛋白(CRP)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)质量、心肌肌钙蛋白(cTNI)含量也进行了检测。结果与对照组比较,AMI患者ACE基因型有明显的分布差异。三种基因型III、D、DD的频率在AMI患者分别为5/38(13%)、14/38(37%)、19/38(50%),在对照组则分别为8/32(25%)、17/32(53%)、7/32(22%)。I、D等位基因频率在AMI组分别为24/76(32%)、52/76(68%);对照组分别为33/64(52%)、31/64(48%)。经χ2检验,差异有统计学意义。ACE基因型与血清ACE浓度相关,DD、ID、II基因型的ACE浓度分别为(61±16)U/L、(49±14)U/L(、38±14)U/L。DD基因型患者的血清cTNI的表达水平明显高于ID型和II型,CRP在各基因型之间差异无统计学意义。结论AMI患者血清ACE活性明显升高。ACE基因型与血清ACE浓度相关,DD型表达最高,II型最低,ID型介于两者之间。DD基因型患者的血清cTNI的表达水平明显高于ID型和II型。     

老年心力衰竭患者心室重构与血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性的相关性及药物干预效果的研究

目的探讨老年充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者心室重构与血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因多态性的相关性,并观察美托洛尔缓释片、依那普利的干预效果。方法选择50例正常对照组和104例老年CHF患者,并将104例老年CHF患者随机分为A组(常规治疗)26例;B组(常规治疗+美托洛尔缓释片)26例;C组(常规治疗+依那普利)26例;D组(常规治疗+美托洛尔缓释片+依那普利)26例,均连续治疗3个月。所有受试着进行ACE基因分型,用放射免疫法测定AngⅡ、ALD;紫外吸收法测定ACE;PCR测定基因多态性;超声心动图测量LVEDD、LVEDV和LVEF。结果老年CHF组DD基因型频率和D等位基因频率较正常对照组明显增高,P<0.01;DD基因型患者血清ACE、AngⅡ、ALD水平明显高于ID型、II型和正常对照组,P<0.01;DD基因型较ID型、II型患者LVEDD、LVEDV明显高,而LVEF明显低,P<0.01;ACEI/D多态性与血清中ACE水平明显相关,DD型水平最高,II型最低;老年CHF伴左心室肥厚组DD基因型频率及D等位基因频率较不伴左室肥厚组明显增高,P<0.01;治疗3个月后,B组及C组中ACEDD基因型患者LVEDD、LVEDV明显低于ID型、II型及A组,而LVEF明显增高;且DD基因型患者的血清ACE、AngⅡ、ALD水平明显低于ID型、II型及A组;联合用药组DD基因型患者的LVEDD、LVEDV明显低于B组及C组,而LVEF明显增高。结论老年CHF患者血清ACE、AngⅡ、ALD水平与ACE基因多态性中DD基因型及D等位基因密切相关;老年CHF患者LVEDD、LVEDV、LVEF与ACE基因多态性中DD型及D等位基因关系密切;ACE基因多态性中DD基因型及D等位基因是老年CHF患者预后的重要预测因素,可作为判定老年CHF患者心室重构、估计病情、判断预后的重要指标之一;美托洛尔缓释片与依那普利均能改善老年CHF的心室重构及预后,但两药联合治疗效果更好,使其病死率进一步降低。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂的降压作用

目的:从基因多态性研究药效的差异。方法:选择健康志愿者99 例,未治疗的原发性高血压病人40 例,用PCR 方法检测血管紧张素转换酶(ACE) 基因的插入与缺失(I/D) 多态性, 用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI) 卡托普利治疗高血压病人。结果:正常人与原发性高血压患者的ACE等位基因频率及基因型频率无显著差异(P>0.05) 。卡托普利降压有效病人与无效病人ACE 基因的I/D等位基因频率及基因型频率,基因缺失型纯合子(DD)或/ 和杂合子(ID) 与非缺失型(II) 也均无显著差异(P>0.05) 。结论: ACE基因的I/ D多态性与原发性高血压的发病无关, ACEI降压作用的个体差异与ACE基因的I/D多态性无关。     

天津市支气管哮喘病人血管紧张素转移酶基因多态性研究

目的　探讨血管紧张素转移酶 (ACE)基因插入 (insertion,I)与缺失 (deletion,D)多态性与支气管哮喘易感性的关系。方法　采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)方法检测 18例哮喘患者 ,15名正常健康对照者的 ACE基因型。结果　哮喘组 ACE基因中 DD基因型频率和 D等位基因频率分别为 6 1%和 72 % ,而正常对照组为 2 0 %和37% ,两组比较差异有统计学意义 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　提示 ACE基因 DD等位基因型与哮喘的遗传易感性相关 ,可能是哮喘的危险因素之一。     

慢性充血性心力衰竭患者的ACE基因多态性及预后的研究

目的观察慢性充血性心力衰竭患者ACE基因多态性的分布及其对预后的影响。方法选择2016年3月~2017年3月在我院就诊的慢性充血性心力衰竭患者50例为CHF组,同期健康对照组50例,对其行ACE基因检验,对CHF患者接受基础治疗(ACEI、β受体阻滞剂、利尿剂、洋地黄),随访3个月后观察不同ACE基因型患者的左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室收缩末期容积(LVDS)、左室舒张末期容积(LVDD)的变化。结果与II、ID组比较,DD组治疗前LVEF较低(P<0.05),而LVDS、LVDD值较大(P<0.05),说明携带DD基因的CHF患者左心室增大、左室射血分数低;经过3个月的治疗后,DD组患者左室射血分数明显上升,较II、ID组明显升高(P<0.05),而左室舒张及收缩末期末径缩小更明显(P<0.05),说明ACEI对携带DD基因的CHF患者疗效更好。结论 ACE基因I/D多态性与CHF关系密切,DD型患者CHF发病率高,在ACEI对CHF患者的治疗中,DD型的效果明显优于II、ID型。     

子痫前期血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与血管紧张素的相关性研究

目的探讨ACE基因I／D多态性与血浆PRA、AngⅡ的相关性。方法应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）和放射免疫法检测子痫前期患者及正常孕妇ACE基因I/D多态性的分布、血浆PRA、AngU水平。结果病理组ACE基因I/D多态性D等位基因分布频率高于对照组（P〈0．05）;血浆AngⅡ水平在病理组和对照组各基因型问无差异（P〉0．05）;病理组携带D等位基因者血浆PRA水平低于对照组愀0．01）;病例组内DD基因型血浆PRA水平低于ID基因型（P〈0．01）;ID基因型血浆PRA水平低于II基因型（P〈0．051;DD基因型血浆PRA水平低于Ⅱ基因型（P〈0．01）。结论（1）ACE基因I／D多态性与子痫前期的发病相关。（2）ACE基因I／D多态性与子痫前期患者血浆AngⅡ水平无关。（3）ACE基因的D等位基因与子痫前期患者血浆PRA水平相关．ACE基因I／D多态性可能通过改变血浆PRA水平参与子痫前期的病理过程。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.