Laparoscopic liver resection: results for 70 patients

Background Laparoscopy is slowly becoming an established technique for liver resection. This procedure still is limited to centers with experience in both hepatic and laparoscopic surgery. Preliminary reports include mainly minor resections for benign liver conditions and show some advantage in terms of postoperative recovery. The authors report their experience with laparoscopic liver resection, the evolution of the technique, and the results. Methods From 1999 to 2006, 70 laparoscopic liver resections were performed using a procedure similar to resection by laparotomy. Results There were 38 malignant tumors (54%) and 32 benign lesions (46%). The malignant tumors were mainly hepatocellular carcinomas (19 of 24 patients had cirrhosis). The tumor mean size was 3.8 ± 1.9 cm (range, 2.2–8 cm). There were 19 major hepatectomies, 34 uni- or bisegmentomies, and 17 atypical resections. The operative time was 227 ± 109 min. Conversion to laparotomy was required for seven patients (10%), mainly for continuous bleeding during transection. Nine patients (13%) required blood transfusion. One patient had both brisk bleeding and gas embolism from a tear in the section line of the right hepatic vein requiring laparoscopic suture. Blood loss and transfusion requirements were significantly lower in recent than in early cases and in resections with prior vascular control than in those without such control. Postoperative complications were experienced by 11 patients (16%), including one bleed from the hepatic stump requiring hemostasis and two subphrenic collections requiring percutaneous drainage. One cirrhotic patient died of liver failure after resection of a partially ruptured tumor. No ascites was observed in other cirrhotic patients. The mean hospital stay was 5.9 days. Conclusion The study results confirm that laparoscopic liver resection, including major hepatectomies, can be safely performed by laparoscopy. Presented at the 2006 Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) Meeting, Dallas, Texas, 26–29 April 2006     

Perioperative analysis of laparoscopic versus open liver resection

Background   Over the past decade there has been an increasing trend toward minimally invasive liver surgery. Initially limited by technical challenges, advances in laparoscopic techniques have rendered this approach safe and feasible. However, as health care costs approach 50% of some provincial budgets, surgical innovation must be justifiable in costs and patient outcomes. With introduction of standardized postoperative liver resection guidelines to optimize patient hospital length of stay, the advantages of laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) compared with open liver resection (OLR) measured by perioperative outcomes and resource utilization are not well defined. It remains to be established whether LLR is superior to OLR by these measurements. Methods  Eighteen LLRs performed at the Vancouver General Hospital from 2005 to 2007 were prospectively analyzed. These data were compared with an equivalent group of 12 consecutive OLRs undertaken immediately prior to the introduction of LLR. Outcomes were evaluated for differences in perioperative morbidity, hospital length of stay, and operative costs. Results  There were no differences between LLRs and OLRs in demographics, pathology, cirrhosis, tumour location or extent of resection. There were no deaths. LLRs had significantly decreased intraoperative blood loss (287 ml versus 473 ml, p = 0.03), postoperative complications (6% versus 42%, p = 0.03), and length of stay (4.3 versus 5.8 days, p = 0.01) compared with OLRs. There were no differences in operating time for LLRs compared to OLRs (135 min versus 138 min, respectively), total time in the operating theatre (214 min versus 224 min), or costs related to stapler/trocar devices (CA $1267 versus CA $1007). Conclusions  LLR is associated with decreased morbidity and decreased resource utilization compared with OLR. Perioperative patient outcomes and cost-effectiveness justify LLR despite introduction of standardized postoperative liver resection guidelines and decreased length of stay for OLR.     

腹腔镜解剖性肝切除术的临床体会

目的:探讨完全腹腔镜解剖性肝切除术的应用价值。方法:回顾分析为38例肝疾病患者施行腹腔镜下解剖性肝切除术的临床资料。结果:38例手术均获成功,其中左肝内胆管结石21例,肝癌15例,肝血管瘤1例,肝局灶性结节性增生1例。20例单纯行腹腔镜肝切除术(laparoscopic hepatectomy,LH),6例联合行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC),9例联合行胆总管切开探查术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE),3例联合行LC+LCBDE。解剖性肝切除术包括左外叶切除(Ⅱ+Ⅲ段)23例,左内叶切除(Ⅳ段)2例(左外叶已切除),左半肝切除(Ⅱ+Ⅲ+Ⅳ段)9例,Ⅴ段切除3例,Ⅵ段切除1例。单纯解剖性肝切除术手术时间平均(170±20)min,联合LC时平均(190±27)min,联合LCBDE平均(220±45)min,联合LC+LCBDE平均(240±23)min。术中出血量平均(350±86)ml。术后无胆漏、出血等并发症发生。术后1～3 d肛门排气,5～11 d痊愈出院。随访36例6～24个月,除1例于术后1年因肿瘤复发转移死亡外,余者健在,无复发、转移,结石患者无再发。结论:腹腔镜解剖性肝切除术较好地解决了腹腔镜下肝段以上肝切除术的出血、气栓等问题,可安全用于肝段及半肝切除术,可在很大程度上取代开腹手术。     

机器人肝切除术与腹腔镜肝切除术的疗效比较

目的 配对比较机器人与传统腹腔镜肝切除的术中及术后结果,评价机器人肝切除术的安全性和优势。方法 对我院2010年3月至2017年8月实施的88例微创肝切除术病人的资料进行回顾性分析,按手术方式的不同分为机器人组(n=44)和腹腔镜组(n=44)。采用倾向匹配分析方法,按照1:1的比例,根据病人的性别、年龄、有无肝炎和肝硬化、体质量指数、美国麻醉师协会分级、肝脏切除范围在机器人组病人中进行配对。结果 两组病人的术中出血量、术中输血率、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率和R0切除率无统计学差异。机器人组手术时间较腹腔镜组长[（183.36±64.40） min比（156.25±71.53） min, P=0.013]。但与腹腔镜组相比,机器人组中转开腹率较低（4.5%比22.7%,P=0.013）。结论 虽然机器人肝切除手术时间较长,但中转开腹率较低,与传统腹腔镜肝切除术具有相似的安全性。     

免装置手助腹腔镜肝切除8例报告

目的探讨免装置手助腹腔镜肝切除的可行性. 方法选择位于肝第Ⅴ、Ⅳ、左外叶的原发性肝癌5例,肝海绵状血管瘤2例,肝局灶性增生结节1例,建立操作装置后取上腹部肋缘下斜切口,切口长度与术者腕部相同,从切口处直接将术者的左手伸入腹腔(无hand-port或蓝碟等装置),利用术者左手协同右手器械游离肝周韧带,切断肝脏,处理肝断面,实施腹腔镜肝切除. 结果 8例均成功地实施腹腔镜肝切除.手术时间90～180 min,平均118 min.术中出血量50～300 ml,平均160 ml,无一例发生不能控制的出血,无一例发生并发症. 结论免装置手助的方法实施腹腔镜肝切除同样达到手辅助的目的,安全、可行.     

腹腔镜切除78例肝肿瘤的临床研究

目的探讨腹腔镜肝切除（LH）的安全性、可行性和微创性。方法在2003年11月至2009年3月期间,选择78例患者行腹腔镜肝脏切除术。其中原发性肝癌39例、继发性肝癌10例、肝脏良性肿瘤29例。对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果78例肝切除手术在腔镜下全部顺利完成,无中转开腹手术。病灶分别位于Ⅱ（16例）、Ⅲ（24例）、Ⅳ（11例）、Ⅴ（11例）、Ⅵ（9例）、Ⅷ（4例）、Ⅰ（3例）等肝;病灶大小范围0.8～15cm;3个病灶4例、2个病灶8例、其余66例均为单病灶。术前肝功能Child‘A级者52例、Child’B级22例、Child’C级4例。术式包括：左半肝切除7例、左外叶切除14例、肝段切除11例、局部切除39例、腹腔镜直肠癌切除同时行肝转移灶切除7例。断肝方式为超声刀＋LigaSure联合分离法,结合内镜下切割缝合器,不阻断第1肝门。仅4例患者需要输血（400～800ml）。术后无创面出血及胆漏等并发症。术后肝功能多在1周左右恢复至手术前水平,无肝功能衰竭发生。结论（1）由于腹腔镜肝切除技术难度大,手术适应证应严格选择,病灶大小和位置是主要的参考指标;（2）腹腔镜肝切除手术对结直肠癌合并局部肝转移和肝功能Child’C级的病例具有较好的微创优势;（3）超声刀＋Ligasure联合断肝方法具有止血效果好、解剖结构清晰、术后创面渗出少、肝功能损害轻的优点;（4）手术者应具有丰富的开腹肝切除的经验和娴熟的腹腔镜操作技巧,同时应具备处理肝切除后各种并发症的能力。     

Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency-assisted segmental arterioportal vascular occlusion in laparoscopic segmental liver resection

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown laparoscopic liver resection to be feasible and safe. Segmental hepatectomy is appealing because it allows a reduction of intraoperative blood loss and blood replacement by dividing tissues along the anatomic planes. However, an effective technique that allows the closure of segmental vessels during systematic segmentectomies before resection still is lacking in laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: A simple technique guided by intraoperative ultrasound to facilitate laparoscopic liver segmentectomies is described. Coagulative desiccation of the vessels feeding the segment to be resected was induced by introduction of a "cooled-tip" radiofrequency electrode percutaneously under intraoperative ultrasound guidance at the level of the vessels. The intrahepatic parenchymal change induced by the radiofrequency was monitored using intraoperative ultrasound. After the application of energy to destroy the vessels feeding that segment, an area of marked discoloration on the surface of the liver became obvious. Liver parenchymal transection followed without any form of hepatic inflow occlusion. RESULTS: For this study, 10 patients underwent a segmental resection using the described technique. The resection time ranged from 40 to 60 min including the time required to destroy the feeding vessels with radiofrequency. The intraoperative blood loss was less than 50 ml and did not necessitate intra- or postoperative blood transfusion. The surgical margins of the specimen were free of disease. There was no morbidity or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary experience shows that the reported technique is safe and effective, with the potential to make even difficult laparoscopic liver segmentectomies for segments such as VII and VIII, easier to manage.     

九例腹腔镜解剖性肝Ⅷ段切除的可行性与策略分析

目的:探讨完全腹腔镜解剖性肝Ⅷ段切除的策略、安全性及近期疗效。方法:回顾分析湖南省人民医院2015年1月至2019年12月行腹腔镜解剖性肝Ⅷ段切除9例患者资料,其中男性6例,女性3例,年龄范围29～67岁,平均年龄53.6岁。观察手术时间、术中失血量、术后住院时间、术后并发症等指标。出院后随访生存和复发情况。结果:9例...     

腹腔镜肝切除应用体会

目的探讨腹腔镜在肝脏手术中应用的可行性。方法8例原发性肝癌，9例肝海绵状血管瘤，3例肝局限性增生结节，4例肝内胆管结石，1例肝脂肪瘤，1例肝脏多发性肉芽肿。在全气腹状态下行肝叶、段切除术。结果所有病例均获得成功，无中转开放手术。手术时间60-240min，平均120min。术中出血50-800ml，平均490ml。术后恢复顺利，无胆漏、出血等并发症，住院时间为3～15d，平均9d。随访3～24个月，平均18个月，肝内胆管结石病人手术后1个月胆道镜检查，无结石残留，肝癌病人1例手术后6个月复发，手术后10个月死亡。结论应用腹腔镜进行肝脏手术是安全、有效、不需输血或少输血，且创伤小、恢复快、住院时间短，可有效减少并发症。     

Long-term surgical outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing laparoscopic vs. open liver resection: A retrospective and propensity score-matched study

Background/objectivesThere is limited availability of well-designed comparative studies using propensity score matching with a sufficient sample size to compare laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) vs. open liver resection (OLR) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to compare the feasibility and safety of LLR and OLR in patients with HCC.MethodsWe enrolled 168 patients who underwent elective LLR (n = 58) or OLR (n = 110) for HCC in two tertiary medical centers between November 2009 and December 2018. Patients who underwent LLR were propensity score-matched to patients who underwent OLR in a 1:1 ratio. Perioperative and postoperative outcomes and disease-free and overall survival rates were prospectively evaluated.ResultsAmong the 116 patients analyzed, 58 each belonged to the LLR and OLR groups. We performed 85 segmentectomies or sectionectomies, 19 left-lateral-sectionectomies, 9 left-hemihepatectomies, and 3 right-hemihepatectomies. There was no significant difference in age, sex, Child-Pugh class, original liver disease, preoperative alpha-fetoprotein, tumor size, tumor location, overall morbidity, and operative time. There was a significant difference in the length of postoperative hospital stay between the two groups (LLR vs OLR; 8 vs 10 days, p = 0.003). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates in the LLR and OLR groups were 96.6%, 92.8%, and 73.3% and 93.1%, 88.8%, and 76.1%, respectively (p = 0.642). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year disease-free survival rates in the LLR and OLR groups were 84.4%, 64.0%, and 60.2% and 93.1%, 67.4%, and 63.9%, respectively (p = 0.391).ConclusionLLR for HCC can be performed safely with acceptable short-term and long-term outcomes compared with OLR.     

28例转移性肝癌腹腔镜肝切除术

目的 总结转移性肝癌的腹腔镜肝切除术经验.方法 对1999-2006年度布里斯班医院所实施的转移性肝癌腹腔镜肝切除术病人进行回顾性研究.结果 经病理证实的28例转移性肝癌病人进行了腹腔镜肝切除,13例进行左肝外侧叶切除,9例进行了右半肝切除,其余6例行肝段或不规则切除.追踪随访12例由直结肠转移的转移性肝癌病人2年存活率和无瘤生存率分别为75%和67%.结论 在严格选择过的恶性肿瘤病人中行腹腔镜肝切除术是安全可行的.对病人要有适当的分期,术者需具丰富的开腹肝切除术经验和腹腔镜操作技能.     

Laparoscopic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma

Background Single, small hepatocarcinomas (HCC) are still an indication for partial liver resection in patients ineligible for transplantation. Anatomical resections are recommended for oncological reasons. The mini-invasive approach of laparoscopy should minimize hepatic and parietal injury, thereby decreasing the risk of liver failure and ascites. However, the oncological results of this approach and its presumed benefits remain undemonstrated. We evaluated the short- and midterm results of laparoscopic liver resections for HCC. Methods Between 1999 and 2006, we performed 32 laparoscopic liver resections for HCC. Mean tumor size was 3.8 ± 2 cm and the mean age of the patients was 65 ± 11 years. Twenty-two patients had cirrhosis (21 Child A and one Child C). Operative and postoperative results were analyzed, together with recurrence and survival rates. Results We carried out 13 unisegmentectomies, nine bisegmentectomies, one trisegmentectomy, two right hepatectomies, one left hepatectomy, and six atypical resections. The duration of the operation was 231 ± 101 minutes. Conversion to laparotomy was required in three patients (9%), none in emergency situations. Mean blood loss was 461 ml, with five patients (15.6%) requiring blood transfusion. The mean surgical margin was 10.4 mm. One cirrhotic patient (Child C) underwent surgery for a partially ruptured tumor and died of liver failure. Two patients had ascites and no transient liver failure occurred in the other 19 cirrhotic patients. Mean hospital stay was 7.1 days. During a mean follow-up of 26 months, 10 patients (31%) presented recurrence within the liver. None of the patients had peritoneal carcinomatosis or trocar site recurrence. Three-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 71.9% and 54.5%, respectively. Conclusions Laparoscopic liver resection for HCC is feasible and well tolerated. Midterm survival and recurrence rates are similar to those after laparotomy.     

经脐单孔与多孔法腹腔镜肝切除术的对比研究

目的:回顾性分析经脐单孔法与多孔法腹腔镜肝切除患者的临床资料,探讨两种方法的疗效、安全性、可行性以及患者满意度。方法:收集2009年3月—2012年8月中国医科大学附属盛京医院胆道血管外科腹腔镜肝脏手术27例,其中单孔组13例,多孔组14例。对两组围手术期资料进行比较分析。结果:全部患者均顺利完成腹腔镜肝切除术。两组患者在平均手术时间(P=0.358)和术中出血量(P=0.595)方面的比较差异无统计学意义。单孔组患者术后肠道功能恢复早于多孔组(1.2±0.4dvs 1.5±0.5d,P=0.029)。所有患者均于术后8 d内出院。术后随访3个月~2年,两组患者并发症的发生率无统计学差异,术后患者满意度评分单孔组明显高于多孔组。结论:经脐单孔腹腔镜肝切除术可以达到与多孔腹腔镜手术相同的疗效,且美容效果好,具有可行性,其应用价值需进一步临床验证。     

腹腔镜肝叶切除的纷争

腹腔镜肝切除术(LLR)用于良性肝脏肿瘤及肝癌肝切除术中,手术微创、术后较轻疼痛、消化道功能快速恢复,较传统开腹肝切除术(OLR)具有无法比拟的优势。远期疗效上LLR能够得到与OLR相当的预后和长期生存。同时腹腔镜各种器械的发展可减少LLR手术时间,减少术中出血及术后胆漏等并发症。术者专业知识储备及实践操作技能训练积累可明显减少术中及术后并发症的发生。LLR的纷争极大地促进了微创外科技术的迅速发展。     

Laparoscopic liver resection: a systematic review

Background  Outcomes of laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) are not clarified. The objective of this article is to depict the state of the art of LLR by means of a systematic review of the literature. Methods  Studies about LLR published before September 2008 were identified and their results summarized. Results  Indications for laparoscopic hepatectomy do not differ from those for open surgery. Technical feasibility is the only limiting factor. Bleeding is the major intraoperative concern, but, if managed by an expert surgeon, do not worsen outcomes. Hand assistance can be useful in selected cases to avoid conversion. Patient selection must take both tumor location and size into consideration. Potentially good candidates are patients with peripheral lesions requiring limited hepatectomy or left lateral sectionectomy; their outcomes, including reduced blood loss, morbidity, and hospital stay, are better than those of their laparotomic counterparts. The same advantages have been observed in cirrhotics. Laparoscopic major hepatectomies and resections of postero-superior segments need further evaluation. The results of LLR in cancer patients seem to be similar to those obtained with the laparotomic approach, especially in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, but further analysis is required. Conclusions  Laparoscopic liver resection is safe and feasible. The laparoscopic approach can be recommended for peripheral lesions requiring limited hepatectomy or left lateral sectionectomy. Preliminary oncological results suggest non-inferiority of laparoscopic to laparotomic procedures.     

Laparoscopic liver resection: experience of 53 procedures at a single center

Background/Purpose The short-term outcome following laparoscopic liver resection at a single center is presented.Methods Fifty-three procedures were carried out in 47 patients, between August 1998 and April 2004 (6 patients were resected on two occasions). A previous laparotomy and/or hepatectomy had been done in 83% and 26% of the procedures, respectively. Colorectal metastasis was the main indication for treatment (42/53). A total laparoscopic approach was applied.Results Three of the 53 (6%) procedures were converted to laparotomy. In one additional procedure, radiofrequency ablation was done instead of resection. Sixty liver resections were done during the 49 procedures completed laparoscopically as planned (9 patients had concomitant resections performed). Nonanatomic (45/60) and anatomic (15/60; left lobectomies) resections were done. Tumor tissue was found in the resection margins of 6% of the specimens. The free margin was very short in 8% of the specimens. The morbidity was 16%. There was no mortality. Blood transfusions were given following 26% of the procedures. The median hospital stay was 3.5 days (range, 1–14 days) and the median number of days on which there was a need for opioids was 1 (range, 0–11 days).Conclusions Laparoscopic liver resection can be performed safely and seems to offer short-term benefits to the patients. Randomized studies are required to further evaluate the potential benefits of this treatment.     

腹腔镜与开腹肝叶(段)切除治疗肝癌的近期效果对比研究

目的探讨腹腔镜肝叶切除治疗肝癌的近期效果. 方法将2001年1月～2004年6月17例肝癌行腹腔镜肝叶(段)切除者与同期22例肝癌开腹肝切除者进行对比,比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、输血量、手术前后肝功能和血象、并发症等. 结果腹腔镜组手术时间长于开腹组(中位数300 min vs 145 min,u=107.05,P=0.023).两组术中出血量、输血量相近.腹腔镜组胆红素、丙氨酸转氨酶改变比开腹组小.两组手术前后血象改变无显著差异.腹腔镜组术后无并发症,开腹组有伤口感染、膈下积液、胸腔积液及术后出血各1例. 结论电视腹腔镜肝叶(段)切除治疗肝癌有明显微创效果,安全、有效.     

经脐单孔腹腔镜技术治疗肝血管瘤五例

目的探讨应用传统腹腔镜器械行经脐单孔腹腔镜下肝血管瘤切除术的可行性及治疗效果。方法于2009年3月至2010年10月,对5例肝血管瘤患者(分别位于S2,S3,S7段)应用传统腹腔镜手术器械行单孔腹腔镜肝血管瘤切除术。患者取仰卧"大"字位,采用全身麻醉方式,经脐行2～3cm切口入路,置入3枚戳卡成倒三角形排列,分别应用超声刀、Ligasure以及腹腔镜切割闭合器行肝部分切除术,其中4例肝S2、S3段血管瘤患者行肝左外叶切除术,1例肝S7段血管瘤患者行肝血管瘤剔除术。结果 5例患者中除1例中转开腹外,手术均获成功。手术时间75～185min,平均(110.0±35.9)min,术中出血量200～1200ml,平均(680.0±303.5)ml,术后住院时间3～10d,平均(6.6±3.0)d,术后病理均证实为肝海绵状血管瘤。结论单孔腹腔镜下肝海绵状血管瘤手术是安全可行的,平均住院时间较开腹手术住院时间10～16d(13.0±3)d明显缩短,术中出血量及手术时间较开腹及多孔腹腔镜手术差异无统计学意义。因其更具微创美容效果,而被患者广泛接受。