中心静脉导管置管闭式引流治疗胸腔积液患者的护理

目的：探讨中心静脉导管置管闭式引流治疗胸腔积液患者护理的效果。方法：回顾分析2011年6月～2013年6月58例中心静脉导管置管闭式引流治疗胸腔积液患者的临床资料。结果：58例胸腔积液患者中除1例因发生胸膜反应,其余患者均一次穿刺成功,均无皮下气肿、感染发生。1例脓胸患者因引流不完全,转往胸外科手术治疗。结论：对胸腔积液患者行中心静脉导管置管闭式引流术,护士要密切观察生命体征的变化,精心护理,确保引流通畅,使患者早日康复。     

中心静脉导管引流用于胸腔积液的护理

目的探讨采用中心静脉导管进行胸腔引流治疗胸腔积液的临床疗效。方法将2010年8月至2012年8月收治的72例中等量或大量胸腔积液患者随机分为传统胸腔穿刺抽液组(23例)和中心静脉导管组(49例),分别采用传统胸腔穿刺抽液和中心静脉导管置入引流胸腔积液,观察两组患者治疗效果。结果中心静脉导管组引流胸腔积液基本干净时间、并发症发生率、住院时间均低于传统胸腔穿刺抽液组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用中心静脉导管置管治疗胸腔积液较传统胸腔穿刺抽液,可以缩短住院时间、减少并发症,值得临床推广应用。     

36例中心静脉导管胸腔留置引流治疗胸腔积液的临床应用

目的观察中心静脉导管胸腔留置引流治疗胸腔积液的临床效果。方法对36例采用中心静脉导管胸腔留置引流治疗胸腔积液患者的资料进行叫顾性总结。结果所有病例均引流满意,置管期间未出现出血、穿刺点及胸腔内感染及医源性气胸等并发症。结论中心静脉导管胸腔留置引流治疗胸腔积液是一种简便有效、创伤小、医疗费用较低的方法,值得临床推广。     

改良中心静脉导管置管引流治疗恶性胸腔积液

目的观察改良中心静脉导管置管引流治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效。方法将85例经病理或细胞学证实为恶性胸腔积液患者随机分为两组：治疗组（55例）行改良中心静脉导管置管引流,对照组（30例）行常规胸腔穿刺引流。观察两组治疗前后胸水吸收情况。结果治疗组胸水吸收有效率为78．1％,较对照组有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论改良中心静脉导管置管引流治疗恶性胸腔积液具有创伤小,易于操作,胸水吸收率高的特点。     

中心静脉导管胸腔闭式引流治疗结核性胸腔积液临床分析

目的探讨中心静脉导管胸腔闭式引流与常规胸穿抽液在胸腔积液治疗中的应用对比。方法以112例结核性胸腔积液患者为研究对象,各56例患者为观察组和对照组。结果观察组患者均一次性置管成功,所有患者经4～14d置管胸液引流彻底。结论中心静脉导管闭式引流治疗结核性胸膜炎胸腔积液的疗效及安全性均优于胸腔穿刺抽液术。     

采用改良Seldinger导管法治疗胸腔积液55例

<正>对中至大量胸腔积液患者临床常规的胸腔穿刺常需反复多次穿刺抽液,近年来选用中心静脉置管引流治疗胸腔积液,逐渐应用于临床[1,2],但穿刺过程也有不少并发症的报道[3],为了探索简便有效安全的胸腔穿刺抽液引流办法,我院采用改良Seldinger导管法利用中心静脉导管对中、大量胸腔积液患者进行置管积液引流,临床效果良好,现报道如下。     

中心静脉导管胸腔置管在治疗恶性胸腔积液的体会

目的：观察中心静脉导管胸腔置管在治疗恶性胸腔积液中的临床疗效。方法：62例恶性胸腔积液患者在B超定位下行中心静脉导管胸腔置管持续引流,并进行药物灌注。结果：中心静脉导管胸腔置管治疗恶性胸腔积液62例,有效率为91．94％,KPS评分20～30分。结论：中心静脉导管置管结合药物灌注治疗恶性胸腔积液控制效果好,且微创安全、易于护理,值得临床推广使用。     

中心静脉导管置管引流恶性胸腔积液并胸腔注入高聚金葡素36例疗效观察

目的观察中心静脉导管胸腔置管引流的可行性及胸腔内注射高聚金葡素治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效与不良反应的发生情况。方法采用中心静脉导管胸腔置管分次引流胸水至尽,1周内先后胸腔注射高聚金葡素3000U2次。结果36例恶性胸腔积液通过一次性穿刺置管引流,3d内有35例胸水排尽,成功率达97.2%。先后2次腔内注射高聚金葡素后,治疗恶性胸腔积液的有效率达77.8%（29/36）。腔内注药后有36%患者出现低热,无其他特别不良反应。结论①一次性中心静脉导管胸腔置管引流,操作简便、安全、痛苦小,且可留管胸腔反复引流;②高聚金葡素胸腔内注射治疗恶性胸腔积液疗效肯定,不良反应轻微。     

应用中心静脉导管引流胸腔积液的观察及护理

目的 观察中心静脉导管引流治疗胸腔积液的效果.方法 对118例胸腔积液患者采用中心静脉导管穿刺引流.观察引流效果.结果 118例患者均1次置管成功,无胸膜反应等并发症.但引流过程中有5例导管脱落,予以重新置管;10例导管堵塞,3例穿刺处渗液,5例穿刺处发红,2例引流时出现头晕、心悸等,平均引流时间(11±2)d.结论 加强导管的护理、保证导管的通畅、预防感染、全面评估并满足患者的合理要求,是提高留置导管成功率、维持引流有效性的保障.     

临床分析中心静脉导管置管引流治疗危重胸腔积液对应激及并发症的影响

目的分析中心静脉导管置管引流治疗危重胸腔积液对应激及并发症的影响。方法采用回顾性方法分析,选取我院自2011年12月至2013年12月我院收治的63例危重胸腔积液患者的临床资料,随机将其分为对照组(31例)和观察组(32例),对照组给予普通硅胶管穿刺治疗,观察组给予中心静脉导管置管引流治疗,比较两组治疗效果。结果两组患者在CRP水平上有差异(P<0.05);观察组并发症发生率(11.76%)明显低于对照组(29.03%),具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论危重胸腔积液患者采用中心静脉导管置管引流治疗具有较轻的应激反应和较少的并发症,值得推广推广应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.