儿童局灶节段性肾小球硬化

局灶节段性肾小球硬化（FSGS）近年来有增多趋势,FSGS不仅是一种形态学描述,而被视为一种临床病理综合征,表现为蛋白尿,常为肾病水平蛋白尿,并有局灶节段分布的肾小球硬化和足突融合。FSGS可为原发性（特发性）、继发性和遗传家族性。最近FSGS被区分为5种变异型,提示其不同的发病机制和预后,这5型包括特异FSGS、门周型、细胞型、顶端病变和塌陷型。该文还就FSCS的治疗和预后进行了讨论。     

环孢霉素A治疗以肾病综合征为表现的局灶节段性肾小球硬化的疗效观察

为了观察环孢霉素A(CyA)对以肾病综合征为表现的局灶节段性肾小球硬化 (FSGS)的疗效。对11例病儿进行治疗 ,年龄2岁～11岁。CyA开始治疗剂量3mg/ (kg·d) ,1周后加至5mg/ (kg·d) ,以后根据CyA血浓度调整剂量 ,维持CyA血浓度在100μg/L～200μg/L。用药6个月～9个月后逐渐减量 ,总疗程12个月。结果显示完全缓解7例 (63.6% ) ,部分缓解3例 (27.3 % ) ,无效1例 (9.1% ) ,CyA治疗激素耐药FSGS ,总有效率高达91 % ;5例治疗后尿视黄醇结合蛋白 (RBP)升高。提示CyA治疗以肾病综合征为表现的FSGS在临床上具有良好疗效 ,RBP则可作为CyA副作用的监测指标     

局灶节段性肾小球硬化的研究进展

局灶节段性肾小球硬化的研究进展张敬京杨霁云局灶节段性肾小球硬化（ｆｏｃａｌｓｅｇｍｅｎｔａｌｇｌｏｍｅｒｕｌｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ，ＦＳＧＳ）是儿童及成人多种肾脏疾病持续进展至终末期肾病最多见的病理改变，也是肾移植后复发最常见的原因。本病虽早在１９２...     

局灶节段性肾小球硬化诊治的进展

局灶节段性肾小球硬化 (ＦＳＧＳ)国外报道近年有增多趋势 ,国内因肾穿刺近年有较广泛的开展 ,使本症得以诊断 ,再兼治疗困难、预后较严重 (10年时30 %～ 4 0 %进入肾功能衰竭 )故引起儿科同道重视。今摘临床诊治中的某些进展述之如下。一、病因本症是一病理形态学诊断 ,指累及部分肾小球(<5 0 % )、部分毛细血管袢的硬化性改变 (肾小球毛细血管袢塌陷、基质增加 )。其始发因素尚不详 ,从临床角度除原发者外 ,尚可继发或伴发于多种情况(表 1)。表 1　ＦＳＧＳ的多种病因[1 3]原发性ＦＳＧＳ继发性ＦＳＧＳ1.继发于肾单位数量减少 :如一侧肾…     

局灶节段性肾小球硬化诊治现状

局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)临床主要表现为蛋白尿和肾病综合征,病理以局灶节段分布的肾小球硬化及足细胞的足突融合为特征,是导致终末期肾脏病的主要原因之一。由于FSGS病因复杂,发病机制也尚未明确,其诊断及治疗还面临很多困难。文章综述近年来FSGS的诊治现状。     

小儿局灶节段性肾小球硬化38例临床表现与病理特点

目的　了解小儿局灶节段性肾小球硬化 (FSGS)的临床与病理特点。方法　 38例临床诊断为原发性肾病综合征 (NS)或蛋白尿 ,病理确诊为原发性FSGS的患儿 ,进行回顾性分析、总结。结果　FSGS年龄 ( 8.9± 3.7)岁 ,男∶女比为 1 92 ,临床诊断为孤立蛋白尿 3例 ,蛋白尿伴血尿 1例 ,NS34例 (单纯型 16例 ,肾炎型 18例 )。临床伴血尿 2 4例 ( 6 3% ) ,高血压 11例 ( 2 9% ) ,肌酐清除率降低7例 ( 18% )。病理分型为门型 17例 ,周围型 14例 ,Tip型 7例。 38例FSGS中 ,2 1例伴有系膜细胞增生。临床疗效 :34例NS中 ,激素初治敏感 12例 ,观察期末对激素治疗敏感者 6例。 4例非NS中 ,3例激素治疗无效 ,1例不详。应用CTX共 18例次 ,4 4 %缓解或部分缓解 ;应用甲泼尼龙加环磷酰胺冲击或口服环孢霉素A治疗 12例 ,83%缓解或部分缓解。结论　小儿FSGS学龄儿童多见 ,临床多表现为NS ,血尿常见 ,高血压及肾功能不全相对少见 ,病理可表现为多种病变 ,甲泼尼龙加环磷酰胺冲击或口服环孢霉素A治疗方案相对好     

儿童局灶节段性肾小球硬化TGF-β1的检测

转化生长因子β(TGF-β)是一类在结构和功能上具有某些特点的多肽因子家族，TGF-β1是其家族中最具特征的细胞因子之一，它在肾脏病中主要作用为促进系膜细胞(MC)的增殖及细胞外基质(ECM)的聚积，导致肾小球硬化。因此，TGF-β1的检测有助于肾脏疾病的诊断。     

儿童原发性局灶节段性肾小球硬化症治疗进展

局灶节段性肾小球硬化症(FSGS)是儿童常见肾小球疾病,临床多表现为肾病综合征.糖皮质激素是FSGS的一线治疗药物,但相当一部分患儿对激素治疗反应不佳,最终进展至终末期肾病,因此各种新型FSGS治疗药物不断开发,并取得一定疗效.文章综述儿童原发性FSGS的治疗进展.     

家族性局灶节段性肾小球硬化

局灶节段性肾小球硬化(focal segmental glomerulosclerosis,FSGS)是一种肾脏病理改变,以蛋白尿、肾病综合征和进行性肾功能损害为特征,是终末期肾病的常见原因.近年来,常染色体显性遗传和隐性遗传家族性局灶节段性肾小球硬化(familial FSGS)陆续报道,家族性FSGS基因的发现将有助于了解原发性FSGS的发病机制、分子基础和病理生理.文章总结了近年来有关疾病的临床特征、诊断、发病机制、治疗及预后的研究进展.     

原发性局灶节段性肾小球硬化的诊断与治疗策略

儿童局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)近年来有增多趋势,FSGS不仅是一种形态学描述,而且被视为一种临床病理综合征,多表现为肾病综合征,同时伴血尿和高血压,病变呈进行性,可继续发展为弥漫性硬化性肾小球肾炎,25%～30%的FSGS患儿5 a后进展至慢性肾衰竭,对激素治疗效果不理想。因此,早期诊断与及时治疗特别重要。现就原发性FSGS的诊断与治疗策略进行阐述。     

Outcome of renal transplantation in adolescents with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Using the NAPRTCS database from January 1987 to January 2001, we examined 2687 adolescent (age 13-17 yr) index renal transplants to analyze differences in demographic treatment, and outcomes in adolescents with FSGS compared to other renal disease. 338 (12.6%) of adolescents had a primary diagnosis of FSGS. Adolescents with FSGS were more likely to be black and less likely to receive pre-emptive transplants (p < 0.001). No differences existed in HLA matching or immunosuppression regimens. Acute tubular necrosis occurred in more FSGS adolescents compared to non-FSGS adolescents following LD (11% vs. 4.7%) or CD (25.1% vs. 17.8%) transplants (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in acute rejection rates between adolescents with FSGS and other adolescents. Graft survival was worse for LD FSGS adolescents (6 yr, 56%) compared to non-FSGS adolescents (77%) (p < 0.001) and was not significantly different from CD graft survival in FSGS (51%) or non-FSGS groups (61%). The relative risk (RR) of graft failure was greatest in LD transplant with FSGS (RR = 1.75; p < 0.001), compared to LD transplants without FSGS (RR = 1.0). Recurrent primary disease accounted for 15.2% of all graft failures in adolescents transplanted for FSGS with no difference between LD (17%) or CD (13.8%) grafts. Recurrent disease accounted for 3.2% of graft failures in adolescents without FSGS. Recurrent disease was the only cause of graft failure that differed between groups (p < 0.001). When compared to patients up to age 12 yr with FSGS, graft survival in both LD and CD transplants was worse in adolescents with FSGS (LD p = 0.035, CD p < 0.001). In conclusion, FSGS has a negative impact on graft survival in adolescents. Recurrence of FSGS results in a loss of the expected LD graft survival advantage in adolescents. Furthermore, adolescents with FSGS have decreased graft survival compared to younger children with FSGS. These data suggest that the rationale for LD transplantation in adolescents with FSGS should be based on factors other than the increased graft survival typically seen with LD transplantation.     

Outcome of living donor renal allograft survival in children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Abstract:  FSGS is the most frequent GN that may recur in a renal allograft. Compared with adults, the impact of FSGS on graft survival appears to be more significant in children. Thus we decided to assess graft survival and complications after renal transplantation in children with FSGS. Outcome of renal transplantation in 25 children with FSGS who received a renal transplant at Labafi Nejad Hospital was studied and compared with 75 patients as a control group. The mean follow-up duration was 68.16 (s.d. = 41.93) months. Other than demographics, variables such as DGF, acute rejection, number of acute rejection episodes, and graft failure in both groups were evaluated. Acute rejection was seen in 22/25 (88%) of FSGS group, compared to 40/75 (53.3%) in the control group. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001). DGF was seen in 4/25 (16%) and 13/75 (17.3%) in the FSGS and control groups, respectively (p = N.S.). The mean graft survival time was 115.61 (s.e.m. = 12.56) and 155.56 (s.e.m. = 7.16) month in FSGS and control group, respectively (p = N.S.). We demonstrated that graft function and survival were not significantly different in the FSGS and control patients. However, acute rejection episodes were more common in FSGS patients but without a significant impact on graft survival.     

常染色体显性局灶节段肾小球硬化一家系INF2基因及临床特征

目的 分析1个常染色体显性局灶节段肾小球硬化（AD-FSGS）家系的临床特征及可能的致病基因。方法 调查1个中国AD-FSGS家系,收集临床资料,绘制家系图谱,并对家系中所有成员进行尿液筛查,并留取其外周血,对其中尿液筛查异常的2个家庭7名成员进行ACTN4、TRPC6和INF2基因所有外显子,以及WT1基因外显子8和9直接测序。生物信息学初步分析突变位点对蛋白结构和功能的影响。结果该家系共有4代,27名成员,现有成员23名。发病者5例,女性3例,男性2例,平均发病年龄26.9岁。临床资料分析显示,该家系临床特点符合AD-FSGS诊断。7名成员中未发现ACTN4、TRPC6基因所有外显子和WT1基因外显子8、9有致病性突变,其中5例发病者INF2基因外显子8均有纯合缺失突变,缺失的碱基为CCCCACCCCCAC（c.1249delCCCCACCCCCAC,p.T420_P423del）,缺失在外显子8第274～285位点,该位点突变既往未见报道。c.1249delCCCCACCCCCAC位于INF2表达分子inverted formin 重要的Diaphanous抑制结构域（DID）编码区。结论 INF2基因外显子8上的杂合缺失突变可能是该家系AD-FSGS患者的致病原因,c.1249delCCCCACCCCCAC是引起AD-FSGS的一种新型突变。     

家族性局灶节段性肾小球硬化3家系临床表型与相关基因连锁分析

目的 分析3个家族性局灶节段性肾小球硬化（FFSGS）家系的临床表型,并通过连锁分析方法进行已知基因的排除性定位研究。 方法 对3个家系中的所有患者进行临床检查。应用等位基因共享分析和两点连锁分析的方法，在已知的FFSGS 相关基因NPHS1、NPHS2、ACTN4、TRPC6、CD2AP和WT1基因的所在染色体区域，选取14个微卫星标记进行连锁分析研究。结果 3个FFSGS家系的遗传方式均为常染色体显性遗传，54名家系成员中有16例患者，其临床表型不同，2个家系的起病年龄相对较大，在青少年期发病，而家系A中有2个患者发病年龄偏小，最小者1岁发病，而家系中其他患者都是在25岁以后发病。3个家系中有4例因尿毒症病故，另2例尿毒症行肾移植治疗，还有2例出现肾功能不全。其中家系A的先证者14岁即出现了肌酐增高。应用D19S191、D19S220、D19S224、D1S215、D1S416、D1S466、D11S1391、D11S1986、D11S2000等微卫星标记（STR）对家系A进行NPHS1、NPHS2、ACTN4和TRPC6基因的两点连锁分析，测得各个标记位点在重组率θ= 0 时，最大的LOD 值为0.18（D11S1391）；在θ= 0.1 时，最大的LOD 值也为0.18（D11S1986）；在θ= 0.2 时，得到本组最大的LOD 值也只为0.47（D19S220），均不支持连锁。提示家系A与所检测的9个微卫星DNA 标记位点无共分离。用上述微卫星标记以及ACTN4基因内的微卫星标记D19S422、CD2AP基因所在位点的微卫星标记D6S936和D6S1566、WT1基因所在位点的微卫星标记D11S2370对家系A进行等位基因共享分析，结果该家系致病基因与ACTN4、NPHS1、NPHS2、TRPC6、CD2AP和 WT1等基因所在位点不连锁。应用D19S191、D19S220、D19S224、D19S422、D1S215、D1S416、D1S466、D11S1391、D11S1986、D11S2000、D6S936和D6S1566等微卫星标记（STR）对家系B和C进行等位基因共享分析，结果这2个家系的致病基因与ACTN4、NPHS1、NPHS2、 TRPC6和CD2AP等基因所在位点均不连锁。结论 3个中国人常染色体显性FFSGS家系，具有明显的临床异质性。已知基因NPHS1、NPHS2、ACTN4、TRPC6、CD2AP和WT1不是家系A的致病基因；NPHS1、NPHS2、ACTN4、TRPC6和CD2AP不是家系B和C的致病基因。     

Long-term low-dose cyclosporin A in steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome of childhood

Therapy of steroid-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is often unsatisfactory. Since 1986 we have treated nine children (six male and three female), aged 3–16 years, with cyclosporin A (CsA) during 2.0–5.2 (median 3.1) years. All had minimal change disease on renal biopsy and had previously received cyclophosphamide. Mean daily dosage of CsA was 4.1 mg/kg (range 2.7–5.8) and mean whole blood trough level was 220ng/ml (range 141–271). The relapse rate decreased from 3.4/patient year before CsA to 0.55 on CsA. Discontinuation of CsA or reduction below 2 mg/kg daily was always followed by a relapse. The overall relapse rate, including the period with very low-dose CsA, was 0.95/patient year. Four patients required additional low-dose alternate-day prednisone. Repeat renal biopsy showed minimal change disease in eight patients and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in one; CsA-toxicity was mild in two and moderate in one. The latter was the only patient with slightly reduced glomerular filtration rate. Two boys with delayed puberty spontaneously matured and reached expected final height. We conclude that long-term low-dose CsA is very effective and steroid-sparing. Its use is justified in selected patients, particularly in those with numerous relapses and in male patients before and during puberty, as long as renal function and CsA-toxicity are carefully monitored.