左心室收缩功能低下冠心病病人冠状动脉旁路移植术的中远期效果

目的　总结并分析左心室收缩功能低下冠心病病人行冠状动脉旁路移植手术(CABG)的中、远期效果。方法　34例左心室射血分数(LVEF)低于0 30且不伴左心室室壁瘤的冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病病人行CABG ,平均年龄(5 8 0±9 4 )岁。冠状动脉造影显示LVEF为0 15～0 30 ,平均0 2 7±0 0 4 ,其中2支病变3例,3支病变31例(包括左主干病变4例)。超声心动显示左心室舒张末直径(LVDD)平均为(6 1 5±8 9)mm ,LVEF平均0 2 8±0 0 7。心功能分级平均为2 9±0 7。体外循环下手术2 6例,非体外循环常温手术(OPCAB) 8例。每例旁路移植2～6支,平均(3 9±0 9)支。随访率94 1% ,随访时间平均(3 5±1 9)年。结果　无手术死亡。早期主要并发症为心功能不全。所有病人心绞痛症状明显减轻,左心室舒张末直径平均(5 5 2±7 1)mm ,LVEF平均0 4 7±0 11。心功能分级平均1 9±0 3。以上指标与术前进行统计学比较,差异均具统计学意义。随访3年生存率为91 9% ,5年生存率为85 7%。5年免除心绞痛为81 3% ,心功能分级为1～3级,平均1 4±0 6。结论　伴左心室收缩功能低下的CABG病人的中、远期疗效满意,充分的术前准备是手术成功关键。     

1405例冠状动脉旁路移植、激光心肌血运重建术的临床分析

目的总结冠心病患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)和激光心肌血运重建术(TMLR)中的治疗难点、围术期处理要点,以提高冠心病患者的外科治疗效果。方法1997年5月~2006年1月,1405例冠心病患者中在体外循环下行CABG825例,其中单纯CABG666例,CABG+心瓣膜手术98例,CABG+室壁瘤手术55例,CABG+左心房粘液瘤摘除术2例,CABG+室间隔穿孔修补术2例,CABG+升主动脉成形术1例,CABG+纵隔内肿瘤切除术1例;非体外循环下CABG(OPCAB)500例;单纯TMLR30例,CABG+TMLR50例。结果每例移植旁路血管2.9±1.0支。住院死亡42例(3.0%),死亡原因包括出血、心肌梗死、低心排血量综合征、肾功能衰竭、多器官功能衰竭等。术后发生并发症70例,包括出血、低心排血量综合征、心肌梗死、肾功能不全等,均经积极的对症处理后治愈或好转。术前心绞痛(CCS)为~级的1177例患者中,术后1154例(98.0%)改善为0~级。术后随访857例(62.9%),随访时间8.3±2.9个月。随访6个月时788例(91.9%)无心绞痛发作,复查超声心动图提示:左心室射血分数0.66±0.10,较术前提高7.9%,生活质量较术前大为提高。结论CABG已成为治疗冠心病最有效的常规手术,只要能正确掌握适应证,有效地加强围术期管理,便可以扩大手术适应证范围,降低手术死亡率和并发症发生率,提高手术疗效。     

合并慢性肾功能不全患者的冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的总结合并慢性肾功能不全的冠心病患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的临床经验。方法1997年4月至2004年11月,对18例合并慢性肾功能不全[术前血清肌酐(C r)129~497μm o l/L(216.0±98.3μm o l/L)]的冠心病患者行CABG,其中体外循环CABG和非体外循环CABG各9例。结果术后住院死亡3例,其中大面积脑梗死、肾功能衰竭1例;肾脏和呼吸功能衰竭1例;肺部感染、呼吸功能衰竭1例。4例患者采用腹膜或血液透析。随访11例,失访4例,随访时间2~22个月(7.6±7.3个月),随访期间无明显的心绞痛发作5例,心绞痛较术前明显减轻5例,有较剧烈的胸痛发作1例。血清C r较术前变化不明显4例(变化<50μm o l/L),较术前明显增高(C r增高>100μm o l/L)5例。长期腹膜透析1例,脑出血1例,死亡2例(脑梗死、肺部感染);抗凝治疗发生并发症1例。结论对合并肾功能不全的冠心病患者积极改善肾功能,通过适当的围术期处理,行CABG后的近期结果是可以接受的。     

严重左心室功能不全冠心病患者的外科治疗

目的总结有严重左心室功能不全[左心射血分数(LVEF)≤0.35]冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的临床经验。方法18例有严重左心室功能不全的冠心病患者冠状动脉造影均显示为3支血管病变,在体外循环下行CABG,采用左乳内动脉18支与前降支吻合,采用桡动脉11支及大隐静脉26支与其它血管吻合。所有患者术前、术后均行正电子发射断层18F-脱氧葡萄糖显像(18F-FDGPET)检查,以判定心肌的存活状况。结果手术死亡1例,死于心室颤动。12例使用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP),术后二次气管内插管3例。随访17例,随访时间14～26个月,所有患者心功能较术前均有不同程度的改善,LVEF(0.51±0.13)较术前(≤0.35)增大。2例出院后出现心绞痛复发。结论CABG是治疗严重左心室功能不全冠心病患者的有效治疗方法,其效果取决于存活心肌的多少及可再血管化的目标血管的数量。术中良好的心肌保护,积极应用IABP及护心通是手术成功的关键。     

冠心病合并慢性中度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的 探讨冠心病合并中度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全(IMR)的外科治疗及其预后.方法 从1998年1月至2006年5月共收治冠心病合并中度IMR患者28例,均为冠状动脉病变合并单纯二尖瓣关闭不全,手术均在中度低温体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)和同期二尖瓣手术.二尖瓣成形术(MVP)24例,其中Reed法成形9例,Reed法成形同时加成形环8例,脱垂二尖瓣叶切除同时加成形环7例;二尖瓣置换术(MVR)4例,其中置换机械瓣1例,生物瓣3例.结果 术后早期无死亡患者,应用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)1例.术后随访26例,随访3～80个月,平均41个月,远期死亡2例(MVP 1例、MVR 1例).随访MVP患者生存22例,心功能Ⅰ级13 例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级3例,较术前明显改善;多普勒超声心动图检查二尖瓣无反流5例,微量反流7例,轻度反流6例,中度反流3例,重度反流1例,左房容积(LAV)54.1±12.7ml,左心室舒张期末容积(LVEDV)60.9±14.8 ml,左心室射血分数(LVEF)0.59±0.15,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).随访MVR患者生存2例,心功能Ⅰ级1 例,Ⅱ级1例;多普勒超声心动图检查瓣膜功能良好.结论 对冠心病合并中度IMR患者应在行CABG时同期进行处理,IMR处理的方法以MVP同时加用成形环的早期临床效果较好,但是对左室功能差和左室壁运动异常的患者远期效果需要进一步观察.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗缺血性心功能不全患者的远期疗效

目的分析缺血性心功能不全患者接受冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的远期生存率和心力衰竭免除率,以评价单纯CABG治疗缺血性心功能不全患者的远期疗效。方法 1999年1月至2005年12月阜外心血管病医院收治冠心病伴左心功能不全(左心室射血分数40%)患者239例,其中男215例,女24例;年龄32～78岁,平均年龄59.1岁。术前有心肌梗死病史193例,有心绞痛31例;心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅰ级26例,Ⅱ级106例,Ⅲ级73例,Ⅳ级34例。冠状动脉造影显示:单支血管病变10例(4.2%),2支病变35例(14.6%),3支病变194例(81.2%);术前超声心动图提示:左心室射血分数35.7%±4.6%。所有患者均接受CABG,体外循环CABG153例(64.0%),非体外循环CABG86例(35.9%);择期手术237例,急诊手术2例。同期未行心瓣膜成形或置换术、室壁瘤切除和折叠术等其他手术。结果每例移植旁路血管1～6支(3.4±1.1支)。院内死亡5例(2.09%),其中因低心排血量、循环衰竭死亡2例,发生恶性心律失常死亡1例,肾功能衰竭死亡1例,昏迷并发多器官功能衰竭死亡1例。随访216例(92.3%),随访时间5.12±1.79年;失访18例(7.7%)。随访期间死亡29例,其中心源性死亡24例,心源性死亡率1年为2.8%,5年为9.4%;发生心力衰竭40例,1年心力衰竭免除率为93.7%,5年免除率为81.8%;1年生存率为97.2%,5年生存率为89.3%。结论 CABG治疗缺血性心功能不全患者的远期疗效满意。     

心瓣膜置换术同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术患者长期预后的危险因素探讨

目的 探讨影响心瓣膜置换术同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者长期预后的危险因素.方法 57例同期行心脏瓣膜置换术和冠状动脉旁路移植术的患者,同行CABG和主动脉手术13例,同行CABG和双瓣膜手术16例,同行CABG和二尖瓣手术28例;移植血管(1.97±1.36)支.通过随访获取数据,对潜在危险因素先用Cox比例风险模型进行单变量分析,再将有统计学意义(P＜0.05)的危险因素纳入Cox多变量回归.结果 失访2例,随访55例,平均随访时间(57.37±13.98)个月,随访期间共7例死亡;高龄(年龄＞70岁)、术前合并糖尿病、有心肌梗死史、慢性肺疾病和左心室射血分数≤40％为影响心瓣膜置换术和CABG同行患者长期预后的独立危险因素.结论 高龄、术前合并糖尿病、有心肌梗死史、有慢性肺疾病和左心室射血分数过低(≤40％)是影响两类手术同行患者长期预后的危险因素.     

同期心脏瓣膜手术与冠状动脉旁路移植术81例

目的总结同期施行心脏瓣膜手术和冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的效果和临床经验。方法2000年1月至2005年12月我科同期施行心脏瓣膜手术/CABG 81例。风湿性心脏瓣膜疾病合并冠状动脉病变37例,冠心病合并心脏瓣膜功能不全44例。冠状动脉造影显示:单支血管病变18例,双支血管病变9例,多支血管病变54例。同期施行心瓣膜置换术和CABG 55例,瓣膜成形术和CABG 26例,其中同期行室壁瘤手术4例。人均冠状动脉远端吻合3.12±1.51个。术后发生低心排血量4例,需主动脉内球囊反搏支持。结果2例因手术后发生低心排血量和多器官功能衰竭死亡。再次开胸止血3例。79例患者取得了良好的临床效果,心脏功能明显改善。手术后随访64例,失访15例,随访时间1~74个月,平均随访14.2个月,随访期间死亡5例,均为非心源性死亡。其余患者生活质量明显改善。结论同期施行心脏瓣膜手术/CABG是有效可行的,近期效果满意。     

外科治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病合并冠心病的处理策略及早中期结果

目的总结肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)合并冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)的患者行改良扩大Morrow术时同期冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的围术期处理策略及早期结果。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2017年12月阜外医院住院二部实施手术治疗的HOCM合并冠心病32例患者的临床资料,男20例、女12例,年龄37～67(53.7±8.7)岁;术前出现胸闷症状者24例,胸痛症状者14例,晕厥史6例。手术前后及随访期常规行心脏超声心动图、心电图及胸部X线片、核磁共振检查,评价心功能、左室流出道及二尖瓣的结构和功能变化。结果全部患者均接受改良扩大Morrow术联合CABG,术前左室流出道峰值压差(LVOTG)为40～152(79.6±28.7)mm Hg,同期行心肌桥松解术4例,二尖瓣置换术2例,二尖瓣成形术3例,三尖瓣成形术3例,改良迷宫手术2例。全组无术中死亡及术后30 d内死亡。患者合并行CABG的分支包括前降支26例,对角支16例,回旋支8例,右冠状动脉11例。合并行CABG搭桥1支的患者15例,合并行CABG搭桥2支的患者5例,合并行CABG搭桥3支的患者12例,平均CABG支数(1.9±0.6)支。术后住ICU时间1～13(4.1±2.8)d,术后住院时间6～30(12.6±5.5)d,术后未见严重并发症,术后切口愈合不良1例,术后新发左束支传导阻滞6例。术后左室流出道峰值压差[(79.6±28.7) mm Hg vs.(10.8±5.9)mm Hg,P0.001],室间隔厚度[(1.9±0.4)cm vs.(1.3±0.5)cm,P0.001]与术前比较均明显降低。术后二尖瓣反流程度较术前明显减轻(P0.001),二尖瓣前向运动(SAM征)基本消失。本组术后随访6～68 (38.8±20.6)个月,随访患者症状均消失,心功能(NYHA)分级级别较术前降低Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,无远期死亡、并发症或再次手术。结论对于HOCM合并冠心病的患者行改良扩大Morrow术时同时行CABG是安全的。可明显改善患者的生存率及症状,起到协同作用,不增加患者的手术并发症。     

左心室巨大室壁瘤手术治疗的中远期随访研究

目的了解左心室巨大室壁瘤手术治疗的中、远期效果. 方法采用多次信访、电话随访和门诊复查相结合的方法, 对58例左心室巨大室壁瘤行手术治疗后生存的56例患者中的49例进行了随访,随访率87.5% ,随访时间(47.6±22.4)个月,随访时间最长者90.0个月. 结果患者随访期内死亡10例,5年生存率为63.7%.术后患者左心室舒张末径有明显缩小;术后29.0个月左心室射血分数与术前相比,有显著提高.所有患者均无再次心肌梗死发生,心绞痛复发6例,程度较术前减轻.NYHA心功能分级由术前的(2.5±0.7 )级转为(1.3±0.5)级.统计分析显示,左心室舒张末径大于70 mm 及左心室射血分数小于35%,为独立相关危险因素. 结论左心室巨大室壁瘤手术治疗患者,中、远期疗效较好,绝大部分无心绞痛发生,生活质量提高,生存率与国外报道相似.     

冠状动脉瘤样扩张与弥漫性扩张的血管造影特征及心血管危险因素

目的比较冠状动脉瘤样扩张(CAA)与弥漫性扩张(CAE)血管造影特征及心血管危险因素的差异。方法回顾性分析16 778例冠状动脉造影图像。结果 211例存在冠状动脉扩张,包括132例CAA、79例CAE。CAA发病率、合并冠状动脉疾病发生率及其Gensini评分均明显高于CAE(P均0.05);CAA患者冠状动脉血管平均直径小于CAE (P0.05),心肌梗死溶栓(TIMI)血流分级均低于CAE(P均0.05)。血脂异常、吸烟及冠状动脉病家族史为CAA的独立危险因素(P均0.05)。结论 CAA与CAE在血管造影特征及心血管危险因素方面存在显著差异。     

Current status of coronary artery surgery

After a decade of experience with direct coronary artery surgery, certain conclusions have been made regarding its benefits and indications. Conclusion one is that the operation is highly successful in eliminating or alleviating angina; two, it improves exercise tolerance, and three, it prolongs life in patients with significant left main coronary artery disease. The proper selection of patients and the current technique of operation are also presented. Presented at the 79th Annual Congress of the Japan Surgical Society, Sapparo, 1979 May.     

Surgical treatment for coronary artery aneurysm

Two successful cases of the surgical treatment for coronary artery aneurysm (non-Kawasaki disease) were reported. The first case had a saccular aneurysm on the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) #14. Resection of the LCx aneurysm was performed subsequent to single vessel coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to the distal portion of LCx#14 under the cardioplegic cardiac arrest. The second case had aneurysms on both the left anterior descending artery (LAD) #7 (fusiform) and the LCx#11 (saccular). After double vessel CABG to LAD#7 and LCx#11, ligation or resection of two aneurysms was performed successfully. Postoperative courses have been uneventful with good angiographic results achieved. Since these surgical procedures demonstrated safety, the patients are expected to achieve a good long-term prognosis.     

Surgical treatment for coronary artery aneurysm

Two successful cases of the surgical treatment for coronary artery aneurysm (non-Kawasaki disease) were reported. The first case had a saccular aneurysm on the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) #14. Resection of the LCx aneurysm was performed subsequent to single vessel coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to the distal portion of LCx#14 under the cardioplegic cardiac arrest. The second case had aneurysms on both the left anterior descending artery (LAD) #7 (fusiform) and the LCx#11 (saccular). After double vessel CABG to LAD#7 and LCx#11, ligation or resection of two aneurysms was performed successfully. Postoperative courses have been uneventful with good angiographic results achieved. Since these surgical procedures demonstrated safety, the patients are expected to achieve a good long-term prognosis.     

Surgery for coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the commonest diseases in the western world, with over 100,000 deaths a year in the UK. It occurs as a result of mismatch between supply and demand of oxygen, usually due to atherosclerotic narrowing of one of more of the major coronary arteries. CAD can remain asymptomatic initially as the stenosis caused by the plaques may not be flow-limiting. As it progresses with time, patients present with angina, acute coronary syndromes or even sudden death. Treatment can be medical or surgical, including percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). CABG provides a safe and effective treatment for a large number of people with coronary artery disease for whom PCI and medications are unsatisfactory. With overall improvement in technique and perioperative care, patients undergoing these procedures have prognostic and symptomatic benefit.     

Coronary artery and graft spasm after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

We report a case of a 52-year-old man with severe coronary artery and graft spasm after triple-vessel off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Emergent coronary angiography was performed to identify the location and severity of the spasm. Intracoronary injections of several vasodilators failed to relieve the spasm. Observational treatments including intra-aortic balloon pump and inotropic drugs to increase coronary flow were performed until the spasm resolved. The patient recovered and was discharged. A follow-up coronary angiography revealed patent native coronary artery and bypass grafts without evidence of residual spasm.     

Coronary artery spasm after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery spasm (CAS) in the immediate postoperative period has been recognized as a possible cause for perioperative myocardial ischaemia after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). It varies in severity and can be associated with circulatory collapse and death. The purpose of this study was to present our experiences on CAS after off-pump CABG and detail its management. METHODS: The case reports of three patients with similar clinical presentations of ischaemic heart disease who underwent CABG using an off-pump technique are reviewed. Severe manifestations of CAS in the immediate postoperative period with documented angiographic findings are presented. RESULTS: Three patients (two men and one woman) with angina pectoris were diagnosed with coronary artery disease using coronary angiography. The elective off-pump CABG was uneventful; however, severe manifestation of myocardial ischaemia with abrupt onset developed at the intensive care unit. All three patients underwent immediate coronary angiography to verify the diagnosis of CAS. Apart from intracoronary nitroglycerine infusion and medical support with inotropic agents, extracorporeal membranous oxygenation was carried out because of severe haemodynamic deterioration in one case, while support was required with intraaortic balloon pumping in another. All three patients made a full recovery. CONCLUSION: Coronary artery spasm can severely complicate the postoperative course for patients undergoing off-pump CABG, leading to myocardial ischaemia or infarction, life-threatening arrhythmias, persistent hypotension and even cardiac arrest. Early awareness and diagnosis of CAS with the establishment of appropriate management strategies may prevent its potentially lethal consequences.     

Acute coronary angiography after coronary artery bypass grafting

Objectives Coronary angiography is the golden standard when myocardial ischemia after CABG occurs. We summarize our experience of acute coronary angiography after CABG. Design All 4446 patients (mean age 68?±?9 years, 22% women) who underwent CABG 2007 to 2012 were included in this retrospective observational study. Incidence, indications, findings, measures of acute angiography after CABG was assessed. Outcome variables were compared between patients who underwent angiography and those who did not. Results Eighty-seven patients (2%) underwent acute coronary angiography. Patients undergoing angiography had ECG changes (92%), echocardiographic alterations (48%), hemodynamic instability (28%), angina (15%), and/or arrhythmia (13%). Positive findings were detected in 69% of the cases. Only ECG changes as indication for angiography had a moderate association with positive findings, but the precision increased if other sign(s) of ischemia were present. Thirty-day mortality (7% versus 2%, p?=?0.002) was higher and long-term-cumulative survival lower (77% versus 87% at five years, p?=?0.043) in angiography patients. Conclusions Acute angiography is a rare event after CABG. Postoperative myocardial ischemia leading to acute coronary angiography is associated with increased short-term and long-term mortality.     

Grade of left main coronary artery stenosis does not influence long-term mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery

Objective. To assess if grade of left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis influences early or long-term mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Design. Among all 1 384 patients with LMCA stenosis at Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden during 1990–1999, 131 deaths occurred within 5 years of surgery (cases). Matched controls (n=146) were randomly selected from all surviving LMCA patients taking gender, age and year of surgery into account. Angiographies were classified for grade of LMCA stenosis before the operation. Results. High-grade LMCA stenosis was equally common among cases and controls (50 vs. 45%). The odds ratio (OR) of mortality 5 years after the operation in patients with high-grade versus low-grade LMCA stenosis based on the matched pairs was 1.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7–2.0) and after multivariable adjustment using information on all subjects the OR was 1.0 (95% CI 0.6–1.7). For early and one year mortality similar odds ratios were observed but with wide confidence intervals. Conclusions. Grade of LMCA stenosis does not appear to influence early or long-term mortality after CABG performed during 1990–1999.