胃癌淋巴转移规律与淋巴结清扫范围的分析(附326例报告)

目的 探讨胃癌淋巴结转称规律和胃癌根治术的淋巴清扫范围。方法 １９９０年～１９９９年行Ｄ２、Ｄ３、Ｄ３淋巴结廓清术加腹主动脉旁淋巴结廓汪术（Ｄ３加ＰＡＬ）的胃癌患者３２６例,对期临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 本组总的淋巴结转移率６９．９％,早期与进展期胃癌淋巴结转移率分别为１５．４％和７７．４％。肿瘤浸润深度达Ｔ１的患者,淋巴结转移主要局限于Ｎ１;达Ｔ２的患者淋巴结转移至Ｎ３、Ｔ４的ＫＫＨＮＦＴＪ     

胃癌D_1和D_2术式的疗效比较

目的评价进展期胃癌 Ｄ１和Ｄ２术式的疗效。方法前瞻性收集 １９９６年 ６月至 ２０００年 ５月 ６０例可切除性远侧胃癌,将患者随机分为Ｄ１组３０例和Ｄ２组３０例,分别由两组年资相当的医生进行手术操作。结果两组患者无手术死亡。经统计,术后转移复发率１年Ｄ１组４０．０％、Ｄ２组３．３％; ２年Ｄ１组５３．３％、Ｄ２组１０．０％; ３年Ｄ１组５６．６％、Ｄ２组１３．３％; ４年Ｄ１组６０．０％、Ｄ２组１６．７％。提示Ｄ２与Ｄ１比较差异有极显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）;术后生存率１年Ｄ１组７３．３％、Ｄ２组９６．７％;２年Ｄ１组５９．３％、Ｄ２组９６．５％;３年Ｄ１组５３．６％、Ｄ２组８３．３％;４年Ｄ１组４４．５％、Ｄ２组８０．０％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论Ｄ２术式在减少胃癌术后转移复发率及提高生存率方面．效果明显优于Ｄ１术式,可作为进展期胃癌的首选术式。     

胃癌患者骨髓转移癌细胞的检测和临床观察

作者自１９９２年１１月至１９９４年６月应用膜上皮抗原（ｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅａｎｔｉｇｅｎ，ＥＭＡ）单克隆抗体为探针，连续对８８例胃癌患者进行了１１３次骨髓中转移癌细胞的检测。８８例中查出阳性癌细胞者５８例，阳性率为６５．９％。癌细胞阳性率与胃癌分化程度有关，以低分化腺癌和粘液腺癌阳性率较高，分别为６０．９％和９３．９％。胃癌ＴＮＭ分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ期阳性率分别为４２．９％、５７．１％、７３．７％和６９．０％。骨髓转移癌细胞与淋巴结转移无明显关系。单纯手术、手术＋化疗以及手术＋化疗＋免疫治疗三组癌细胞转阴率分别为２５．０％、４２．８％和６２．５％。     

肢体骨肉瘤引流区淋巴结转移

目的 了解肢体骨肉瘤患者的引流区淋巴结转移情况，分析其出现的原因及应采取的对策。方法 通过复习病历、手术记录和病理，回顾我院自１９８０年２月～１９９７年１０月肢体骨肉瘤患者的引流我淋巴结转移病程、化疗情况及当时所采取的措施。结果 ７２例患者中有７例出现引流区淋巴结转移，占９．７％，保肢手术引流区淋巴结转移５例，占９．４％（４／５３）。７例患者均未接受正规方案化疗，可能是导致淋巴结转移的重要原因。６     

圣和散联合化疗对胃癌术后复发,转移率的影响

为了观察中药圣和散对胃癌手术后复发、转移率的影响，１３６例胃癌根治术后患者随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组７５例采用圣和散联合化疗治疗，对照组６１例采用单纯化疗。随访２～４年。结果：治疗组复发率１２．０％，转移率１７．３％，对照组复发率２３．０％，转移率３６．１％，两组比较有显著差异（Ｐ＜０·０５）１、２、３年生存率治疗组依次为９３．３％、８５．３％和８１．３％，明显优于对照组的７３．８％、６３．６％和５５．７％（Ｐ＜０．０１～０．００５）。同时发现，治疗组中气阴两虚型的复发、转移率明显高于其它证型。作者认为，圣和散联合化疗能明显降低胃癌术后复发与转移，提高远期疗效，是胃癌术后综合治疗值得探索的途径。     

主动脉瓣替换术后近期及晚期左心室功能随访

目的：评价主动脉瓣替换（ＡＶＲ）术后左心功能的近期及其远期效果。方法：对１９７８年１２月至１９９６年１２月期间连续１２９例单纯行ＡＶＲ的病人进行分析。结果：术前Ｂ超示左心室舒张末期内径（ＬＶＥＤＤ）、收缩末期内径（ＬＶＥＳＤ）分别为（６４．５±９．３）ｍｍ、（４４．７±９．９）ｍｍ,术后１４天至３个月分别为（５１．９±７．２）ｍｍ、（３１．５±４．５）ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．０１）;术后１～２年分别为（４７．６±６．１）ｍｍ、（２９．５±５．４）ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。手术死亡率３．９％。术后随访６个月至１６年,平均４．４年,累计随访５０１病人·年。晚期死亡６例（１．２％病人·年）,５年及１０年生存率分别为８９．３％、７７．３％。血栓栓塞及与抗凝有关的出血率分别为０．８％病人·年、１．０％病人·年。结论：ＡＶＲ术后９５％病人的心功能恢复至Ｉ或Ｉ级,长期效果满意。故主动脉瓣病变、ＬＶＥＤＤ扩大并出现症状的病人,应行主动脉瓣替换术。     

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目的 探讨胃癌病人淋巴结转移个数与胃癌人预后以及病理参数之间的关系。方法 对１７４例有淋巴结转移的胃癌病人行胃癌根治术加Ｄ２或Ｄ３淋巴结清扫,分析淋巴结转移阳性个数、部位与预后及病理参数之间的关系。结果 胃癌要治术后（Ｄ２、Ｄ３）５年生存率为２９．５９％（５０例）。阳性淋巴结个数为１～５个时５年生存率为４６．６７％（３３例）,大于５个的为１７．３５％（１７例）（Ｐ〈０．００５）。５年生存率随着阳性     

胃癌侵犯邻近脏器手术切除的疗效评价

１９７２年６月～１９９３年１２月，共手术治疗２８０例胃癌侵犯邻近脏器的患者。第一组为胃癌和受侵犯脏器完全切除者９３例，第二组为胃癌和受侵犯脏器不完全切除者５５例，第三组为仅切除胃癌原发灶者１３２例。三组术后５年生存率分别为３２．７％、７．７％和８．２％。第一组５年生存显著高于第二组和第三组（Ｐ＜０．０５），第二组和第三组５年生存率相似（Ｐ＞０．０５）。作者认为对胃癌侵犯邻近脏器的患者，只要没有肝脏血行转移、腹膜种植和淋巴结广泛转移等不能治愈的因素，都应积极将胃癌和受侵犯脏器一并切除，以达根治目的；对有不能治愈因素存在者，则应争取切除胃癌原发灶，以提高生存质量和延长生存期。     

胃癌第16组淋巴结转移与D_4式根治术的临床病理研究

目的：为试行提高胃癌根治术手术的疗效,阐明胃癌生物学特性与第１６组淋巴结转移的关系,从而提出合适的Ｄ４式根治术指征,探讨此术式的可行性和意义。方法：对我院自１９９５年９月至１９９８年１１月所行的５６例无远处转移的Ｄ４式根治术病例,就反映肿瘤生物学特性的各临床、病理参数进行分析,祈能对Ｄ４式根治术提出合适的手术指征。结果：在５６例Ｄ４式根治术中,发现有第１６组淋巴结转移者１０例,转移率为１７．９％;而于浸润型胃癌、肿瘤直径大于５ｃｍ、肿瘤侵及浆膜以及第２、３站淋巴结受累时,第１６组ＬＮ转移率明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）;在第１６组的各分区ＬＮ中又以１６Ａ２和Ｂ１区的转移率更高。全组无手术死亡率,手术并发症也未见明显增加。结论：进展期胃癌中有相当一部分发生第１６组ＬＮ转移,且与胃癌各生物学特性参数相关。在正确掌握手术适应证的基础上,Ｄ４式胃癌根治术是相对安全可行的,其对胃癌手术的彻底性和远期疗效的意义,有待进一步积累经验。     

早期胃癌临床病理特征及手术范围的探讨

作者回顾性地分析了１２６例早期胃癌（ＥＧＣ）患者的临床病理特征。结果：癌肿浸润至胃粘膜内或粘膜下层者的淋巴结率分别为３．１％（２／６５）和１６．４％（１０／６１）（Ｐ＜０．０５）；２６例微小胃癌或小胃癌无一例发生淋巴系转移，余１００例的ＥＧＣ的淋巴系转移率高达１９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。无淋巴系转移者５年自下而上率为９７．２％，明显高于有淋巴系转移者７９％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。作者认为Ｄ２术应为根治ＥＧＣ     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.