精神分裂症前瞻记忆缺陷机制的研究进展

对精神分裂症患者前瞻记忆缺陷的特点及相关机制进行综述.     

精神分裂症患者认知功能的功能磁共振成像研究进展

本文就精神分裂症在认知功能方面的血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像研究进行了综述。     

认知矫正治疗前后慢性精神分裂症患者功能磁共振成像的对照研究

目的 探讨认知矫正治疗对精神分裂症患者工作记忆相关脑区活动的影响.方法 对10例病情稳定的慢性精神分裂症患者进行为期6个月的认知矫正治疗,分别于治疗前后进行韦克斯勒记忆量表(WMS)测查及功能磁共振成像(fMRI)测量.结果 (1)WMS测查:治疗后再认[(8.11±4.34)分]和再生[(10.22±3.35)分]以及Benton错误[(3.75±2.92)分]均较治疗前[分别为(5.78±2.95)分、(8.56±3.21)分和(8.00±6.28)分]改善,均P＜0.05.(2)fMRI:治疗前后的反应时和正确率比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗后在高负荷条件下,背侧前额叶皮质(DLPFC)区域(Brodmann46区)的激活范围(x,y,z=-51,36,15;k=40,t=7.21)小于治疗前的激活范围(x,y,z=-48,24,24,k=154,t=12.72),治疗前后DLPFC区域激活(x,y,z=-24,36,18,k=12,t=3.75)的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.005);在低负荷条件下,治疗前后DLPFC区域激活的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 认知矫正治疗能改善精神分裂症患者工作记忆相关脑区的活动.     

精神分裂症功能磁共振成像研究近况

本文介绍功能磁共振成像在精神分裂症的脑功能定位和功能连接的研究近况。     

精神分裂症认知功能障碍功能磁共振成像研究的进展

精神分裂症是一种使人类严重丧失社会生活功能的疾病,影响了1%的世界人口,发病率和死亡率较高[1-2].精神分裂症通常发生在青春期或成年早期,约70%转为慢性精神分裂症[3].精神分裂症患者存在严重的认知功能障碍,疾病改变了患者的大脑结构和功能,对人的思维、注意力和协调性方面有很大影响[4],主要表现在注意、记忆和执行功能等方面[5].随着神经功能影像学的发展,很多功能影像相关的技术成为研究精神分裂症的重要方法.最初,科学家们利用功能影像学研究精神分裂症认知功能障碍与大脑各个脑功能区域的联系,试图通过建立多个脑区之间广泛地功能连接来更好地解释精神分裂症患者混乱的认知功能.功能磁共振成像(Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,fMRI)作为一种比较成熟的功能影像技术,广泛地被科研人员应用于精神分裂症患者认知功能损害的研究中,并取得了一定成果.这些成果为我们提供了对精神分裂患者的大脑进行更细微研究的一些理解,现将研究进展综述如下.     

精神分裂症的前瞻记忆缺陷研究进展

自H．Ebbinghaus首次把实验法引入记忆研究以来,记忆就一直是心理学研究最多的领域之一,传统记忆研究主要关注既往发生事件或行为的记忆,即回溯记忆（retrospectivememory,RM）。然而在现实生活中,我们常常需要记住在将来适当时机完成某项活动,这类记忆即前瞻记忆（prospeetivememory,PM）,PM更具有生态效度,对个体日常生活的影响更大,目前PM已独立出来成为RM互补的一个新的记忆研究领域。     

首发与慢性精神分裂症患者基于时间前瞻记忆的比较研究

目的:探讨首发与慢性精神分裂症患者基于时间前瞻记忆(PM)特征。方法:入组21例首发精神分裂症患者和28例慢性精神分裂症患者,分别应用基于时间PM测评被试的前瞻记忆,项目再认法测评被试的回溯记忆,空间广度测验测评被试的工作记忆;应用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定患者的精神症状。结果:控制年龄后,首发患者和慢性患者基于时间PM(F=0.40,P=0.529)、回溯记忆(F=0.70,P=0.407)和工作记忆(F=1.77,P=0.190)组间差异均无统计学意义。控制回溯记忆和工作记忆后,基于时间PM的组间差异也无统计学意义(F=2.59,P=0.115)。基于时间PM与人口学资料、临床变量及其他认知功能之间均无相关性(P均0.05)。结论:精神分裂症患者基于时间PM缺陷主要发生于疾病早期,在疾病进程中具有稳定性特征。     

首发精神分裂症患者治疗前后脑功能磁共振成像的研究

目的 利用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)探讨首发精神分裂症患者利培酮治疗前后认知功能激发图像的特点。方法 18例首发精神分裂症患者治疗前进行倒背数字作业的fMRI检查,经利培酮[(3.8±0.9)mg/d]治疗(57±9)d后复查fMRI(16例)。用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)及治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表评价精神症状的严重程度及不良反应。结果 (1)利培酮治疗后的PANSS减分率为(50±22)％,有效率为72％。(2)治疗前倒背数字作业激活范围较广泛,包括额叶、顶叶及颞叶等脑区。(3)左侧额上回治疗前激活脑区计数为4,治疗后计数为12,治疗前后激活脑区计数的差异有非常显著性(P=0.009);左侧额叶腹外侧面治疗前激活平均体积为(15±38)个体素,治疗后激活平均体积为(67±76)个体素,治疗前后的差异有显著性(P=0.046)。结论 首发精神分裂症患者在发病初期就存在工作记忆缺陷,这种缺陷可能与左侧额上回及额下回激活低下有关,利培酮治疗可改善患者的工作记忆缺陷。     

精神分裂症首次发病患者词语流畅性作业的功能磁共振成像研究

目的应用功能磁共振成像探讨精神分裂症首次发病(以下简称首发)患者词语流畅性作业激发图像的特点。方法以词语流畅性作业作为刺激模式,采用组块设计的功能磁共振成像技术,采集36例符合国际疾病分类第10版诊断标准的精神分裂症首发患者(精神分裂症组)及18名健康志愿者(正常对照组)的功能图像,并进行比较。精神分裂症组中有6例因不合作而被剔除。结果(1)两组激活脑区的范围均较广泛;(2)激活脑区数(个):精神分裂症组双侧额中回(均为16/30)、右额下回(14/30)、右中央前回(11/30)和右扣带回(15/30)等脑区的激活率均小于正常对照组(分别为16/18、16/18、15/18、13/18、15/18),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(3)激活脑区体积(体素):精神分裂症组左侧额叶背外侧(118±272)、左侧额叶腹外侧(176±293)、左侧扣带回前上部(142±169)均小于正常对照组(分别为545±809、514±427、279±192),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论早期精神分裂症患者可能存在长时记忆提取缺陷;搜寻特异目标的缺陷可能与双侧额下回的功能低下有关,对提取内容的核查及管理缺陷可能与双侧额中回的功能低下有关。     

项目记忆和源记忆的功能磁共振成像研究

目的探讨项目记忆和源记忆的神经基础及其是否存在性别差异。方法健康男女各8名，实验材料为504个高频双汉字词，项目记忆和源记忆实验任务，Block设计，GE1．5T采集功能磁共振成像（mRI）数据，用SPM99分析，得到男女脑功能激活图（P〈0．002，体素块〉20）。结果在P〈0．002，体素块〉20时，女性项目记忆激活双前额叶背外侧BA6（激活数目左右侧分别为62和11个），源记忆较多激活左前额叶背外侧BA6／46（激活数目为59个）；男性项目记忆激活右前额叶背外侧BA6／46（激活数目为64个），源记忆激活双前额叶背外侧BA6（左右侧分别为9和40个）。结论项目记忆更多激活右侧前额叶背外侧，而源记忆更多激活左侧前额叶背外侧。女性较多地引起左前额叶背外侧激活；而男性较多地引起右前额叶背外侧激活。     

Cerebral changes and cognitive dysfunctions in medication-free schizophrenia - an fMRI study

Proposing cognitive impairment in working memory (wm) functions as a cognitive core deficit in schizophrenia, 23 first episode, medication-free schizophrenic patients in a comparison of healthy adults have been investigated by fMRI. Additionally, the effects of different attentional demands in wm tasks were analysed. A wm paradigm was applied, in which stimuli were presented in a 2-back and a 0-back condition in a non-degraded and degraded version. As hypothesized in healthy controls increased activity during both 2-back tasks was found in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), parietal regions, the thalamus and the cerebellum. Different activation patterns were found for the cingulate cortex in the 2-back degraded conditions. The comparison between healthy controls and schizophrenic patients revealed decreased activity in the right VLPFC in patients as well as increased activity in temporal regions. Furthermore patients' task performance quality was significantly lower for 2-back conditions. Schizophrenic patients use different cognitive strategies to solve working memory tasks, reflected in significantly altered cerebral activity. However, the different fMRI working memory correlates found in schizophrenic patients seem to be insufficient in terms of overall task performance.     

Relationship of auditory verbal hallucinations with cerebral asymmetry in patients with schizophrenia: an event-related fMRI study

The purpose of this study was to explore whether there are differences in cerebral asymmetry between subgroups of schizophrenic patients with or without auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) and normal controls by using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (efMRI). A total of 26 Chinese Han male patients with paranoid schizophrenia (diagnosed by DSM IV, including 13 patients with AVHs and 13 patients without) and 13 matched normal controls were recruited for the present study. The participants had been instructed to listen to short sentences from left or right side and to indicate laterality during efMRI scanning. Functional data were acquired using a 1.5T MR, and were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping. A random-effect model was employed to asses the difference in blood oxygen level dependent response between "left-sided" and "right-sided" conditions. The results from the present study have shown (1) within group comparisons: right precuneus and right superior parietal lobule were significantly activated showed significantly greater activation by left-sided voices than right-sided ones in controls. However, no significant difference in activation was found in any brain region between left and right-sided voices in either of the two patient subgroups, (2) between group comparisons: in comparison with AVHs patients, right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) was markedly activated when control subjects were differentiating right-sided voices. In comparison with patients without AVHs, right-side stimuli significantly activated bilateral MFG and left postcentral gyrus in control group. Furthermore, compared to the non-hallucination group, left Wernicke's area, including supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus and superior temporal gyrus, was significantly activated by both left and right-sided voices in the hallucination group. In summary, auditory-related asymmetry in control subjects is attenuated in schizophrenic patients. The symptoms of AVHs in schizophrenia are possibly correlated with left hemispheric, particularly auditory and language-related areas dysfunction.     

不同亚型轻度认知障碍患者静息态脑功能局部一致性研究

目的探讨遗忘型和非遗忘型轻度认知障碍(mild cognition impairment,MCI)患者局部自发脑活动特点。方法纳入遗忘型MCI(amnesicMCI,aMCI)患者25例,非遗忘型MCI(non-amnesticMCI,naMCI)患者21例和正常对照(normal control,NC)15名进行静息态功能磁共振扫描,通过计算每个给定体素与其最邻近26个体素时间序列的相似性获得全脑局部一致性(regional homogeneity,ReHo)图,比较三组被试全脑ReHo差异。结果 aMCI组右侧额叶ReHo值低于NC组,左侧颞中回和左侧小脑ReHo值高于NC组(P0.05,Alphasim校正);naMCI组前扣带回和右侧额中回ReHo值低于NC组,右侧海马旁回、右侧颞中回和右侧楔前叶ReHo值高于NC组(P0.05,Alphasim校正);aMCI左侧前额叶和左侧颞中回ReHo值高于naMCI组,右侧小脑ReHo值低于naMCI组(P0.05,Alphasim校正)。结论 aMCI和naMCI患者左侧前额叶、左侧颞中回及右侧小脑自发脑功能活动存在差异,这为区别aMCI和naMCI两者脑功能活动特点提供了初步影像学依据。     

慢性失眠患者数字工作记忆的功能磁共振研究

目的 探讨慢性失眠患者数字工作记忆神经网络连接的改变.方法 采用组块设计方法,分别对40例慢性失眠患者(失眠组)及50例正常睡眠者(对照组)进行数字工作记忆状态下功能磁共振扫描,比较两组受试者在数字工作记忆中反应时间及正确率以及编码、维持、提取阶段脑区激活强度的改变.结果 失眠组与对照组数字工作记忆正确率的比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),失眠组反应时间明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).慢性失眠患者在数字工作记忆编码期激活强度增强的脑区为左侧壳核、豆状核、顶下小叶及右侧尾状核、右枕叶;维持期激活强度增强的脑区为右侧额叶,左侧额叶及额叶内侧面,而左侧额上回激活强度有所下降;提取期激活强度增强的脑区为右额下回及右顶下缘角回,而激活轻度下降的脑区则有左内侧额上回、左岛叶、左后扣带回、左颞上回、左额上回及右颞叶、右后扣带回.结论 慢性失眠患者在数字工作记忆的各阶段,脑区激活强度较健康人有所改变:大脑皮质和皮质下结构广泛受损,即其神经网络连接发生明显改变.     

Objective measures of prospective memory do not correlate with subjective complaints in schizophrenia

While a number of studies have shown that individuals with schizophrenia are impaired on various types of prospective memory, few studies have examined the relationship between subjective and objective measures of this construct in this clinical group. The purpose of the current study was to explore the relationship between computer-based prospective memory tasks and the corresponding subjective complaints in patients with schizophrenia, individuals with schizotypal personality features, and healthy volunteers. The findings showed that patients with schizophrenia demonstrated significantly poorer performance in all domains of memory function except visual memory than individuals with schizotypal personality disorder and healthy controls. More importantly, there was a significant interaction effect of prospective memory type and group. Although patients with schizophrenia were found to show significantly poorer performance on computer-based measures of prospective memory than controls, their level of subjective complaint was not found to be significantly higher. While subjective complaints of prospective memory were found to associate significantly with self-reported executive dysfunctions, significant relationships were not found between these complaints and performance on a computer-based task of prospective memory and other objective measures of memory. Taken together, these findings suggest that subjective and objective measures of prospective memory are two distinct domains that might need to be assessed and addressed separately.     

Language lateralization in left-handed patients with schizophrenia

We evaluated hemispheric lateralization of language production in non-right-handed (NRH) patients with schizophrenia compared with matched right-handed (RH) patients, NRH control, and RH control subjects. First, the ability to generate verbs during overt training trials was checked in 78 subjects. They were then evaluated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a covert verb generation task. No significant interactions between illness and handedness and no illness effect were observed in functional asymmetry. There was significantly less leftward asymmetry of the inferior frontal, precentral, and supramarginal gyri as well as the intra-parietal sulcus in non-right-handers compared to right-handers taking into account the task performances. Our findings suggested that decreased lateralization for language production was more closely related to handedness than to schizophrenia.     

男性精神分裂症患者基于事件的前瞻记忆研究

目的：研究男性精神分裂症患者基于事件的前瞻记忆受损程度以及与临床症状的关系。方法：运用神经心理学方法,测定19例精神分裂症患者和20名健康志愿者为对照组的前瞻记忆成绩、持续注意力及执行功能。结果：精神分裂症患者前瞻记忆中的错误显著高于对照组。该损害与注意力、执行功能障碍呈正相关,与年龄和阴性症状无关。结论：精神分裂症患者能够形成完整的意图,但其监视、识别线索、提取或执行意图的功能受损。该损害可能起因于患者的注意和执行功能障碍,而与其特定症状无关。     

Modulation of a fronto-parietal network in event-based prospective memory: an rTMS study

Event-based prospective memory (PM) is a multi-component process that requires remembering the delayed execution of an intended action in response to a pre-specified PM cue, while being actively engaged in an ongoing task. Some neuroimaging studies have suggested that both prefrontal and parietal areas are involved in the maintenance and realization of delayed intentions. In the present study, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to investigate the causal involvement of frontal and parietal areas in different stages of the PM process (in particular, target checking and intention retrieval), and to determine the specific contribution of these regions to PM performance.Our results demonstrate that repetitive TMS (rTMS) interferes with prospective memory performance when applied at 150-350 ms to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and at 400-600 ms when applied to the left posterior parietal cortex (PPC).The present study provides clear evidence that the right DLPFC plays a crucial role in early components of the PM process (target checking), while the left PPC seems to be mainly involved in later processes, such as the retrieval of the intended action.     

Visual hallucinations in schizophrenia investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging

We investigated a 27-year old patient with paranoid schizophrenia. Brain activity related to visual hallucinations was found in higher visual areas corresponding to the content of the hallucinations (faces, bodies, scenes) and the hippocampus. We assume that the hippocampal activity is related to the retrieval of visual images from memory and that sensory cortex activity is related to the vividness of the perceptual experience.