两种黏膜切开刀在食管病变内镜黏膜下剥离术中的有效性及安全性比较

目的比较单极内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)电刀（简称T刀）与Dual刀在ESD治疗食管病变中的有效性及安全性。方法纳入2018年6月—2019年1月期间就诊于苏州大学附属第一医院、诊断为食管病变且行ESD治疗的59例患者,采用随机数字表法分为Dual刀组（30例）及T刀组（29例）。比较两组操作时间、切除速度、完全切除率以及并发症发生率等情况。结果T刀组与Dual刀组患者在性别、年龄、合并症等方面差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。T刀组、Dual刀组的手术时间分别为（57.86±24.62）min和（66.28±29.48）min,差异有统计学意义（t=1.189,P=0.024）;切除速度分别为（22.80±7.31）mm2/min和（16.20±7.24）mm2/min,差异有统计学意义（t=3.484,P=0.001）;病灶完全切除率分别为86.2%（25/29）和86.7%（26/30）,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.108,P=0.742）。T刀组出现并发症2例（6.9%）,Dual刀组并发症共5例（16.7%）,两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.574,P=0.449）。两组均未见术后穿孔、出血情况。结论在食管病变ESD中,T刀相较于Dual刀能缩短手术时间,提高切除速度,安全性、有效性具有一定优势。     

利用射频消融法拔出起搏电极导线的实验研究

探索利用起搏电极导线直接释放射频能量到心肌组织是否可拔出起搏电极 ,多少能量合适。取新鲜猪心脏 ,切成条状心肌组织块 ,放置于盛有 37～ 38℃生理盐水的不锈钢碗中 ,碗底接射频背部电极 ,将单极导线(MedtronicCapsureSP 4 0 2 3)顶端压在心肌组织上 ,释放射频能量 ,方案为 1,2 ,3,4 ,5W ,时间为 3,6 ,9…… 2 1s,双极导线的顶端电极消融方案同单极电极。双极导线 (MedtronicCapsureSP 4 0 92 ,4 5 92 )的环圈电极放电为 8,10 ,12W ,时间为 5 ,10 ,15 ,2 0s消融后测损伤范围。结果 :单极导线放电 1W、12s,损伤范围是 2 .0± 0 .5mm× 1.7± 0 .6mm ,2W、6s,3W、3s其损伤范围分别是 2 .6± 0 .4mm× 2 .2± 0 .3mm ,2 .3± 0 .3mm× 2 .2± 0 .6mm ,4W、5W ,3s可引起明显心肌损伤。双极导线的顶端电极消融损伤范围与单极导线相比无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。心室双极导线的环圈电极放电 8W、2 0s ,10W、10s ,其损伤范围分别是 6 .3± 0 .6mm× 5 .0± 0 .0mm ,5 .5± 1.3mm× 4 .3± 0 .6mm。心房双极导线的环圈电极消融损伤范围与心室双极导线相比有统计学差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :利用起搏电极导线直接释放射频能量到心肌组织体外实验是可行的 ,这有可能成为拔除永久起搏导线的一种简单实用方法。     

内镜黏膜下隧道法剥离术治疗胃角巨大黏膜病变的多中心回顾性研究

目的 评估内镜黏膜下隧道法剥离术（ESTD）在治疗胃角巨大黏膜病变中的应用价值。 方法 回顾性分析2014年7月至2016年7月在6家中心接受ESTD或内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗的87例胃角大面积黏膜病变患者资料,其中ESTD组32例,ESD组55例。比较2组剥离时间、剥离速度、整块切除率、治愈性切除率、并发症及复发情况。 结果 ESTD组剥离时间较ESD组短［（87.3±32.6）min比（136.7±64.5）min,P＜0.01］,剥离速度明显快于ESD组［（0.18±0.07）cm2／min比（0.08±0.05）cm2／min,P＜0.01］,ESTD组较ESD组整块切除率［100％（32／32）比87.3％（48／55）,P=0.035］及治愈性切除率［100％（32／32）比85.5％（47／55）,P=0.024］高。ESD组术中均有出血发生,有8例出现肌层损伤;而ESTD组术中出血率仅59.4％（19／32）,且无肌层损伤发生（P均＜0.05）。2组复发率比较差异无统计学意义［0（0／32）比1.9％（1／54）,P=0.443］。 结论 ESTD在治疗胃角巨大黏膜病变时具有更高的剥除效率,同时可有效降低手术风险,减少并发症的出现,值得临床推广。     

环周状预切开结合圈套法在切除大肠病变中的临床应用价值

目的探讨环周状预切开结合圈套法（EMR—P）在大肠病变治疗中的价值。方法经术前检查符合内镜下治疗指征的病变。沿病变外侧用APC环周状标记,再结合反复黏膜下注射使其隆起,用Hook刀沿标记外环周状切开表层黏膜,改用圈套器完整套住病变后进行电凝电切,用金属钛夹封闭创面,切除组织送病检。结果13例病例均完整切除,无一例出血及穿孔,但整块切除率85％。结论环周状预切开结合圈套法在小于3cm大肠病变中应用安全、整块切除率高,适合基层医院开展。     

内镜黏膜下隧道法剥离术治疗早期食管癌伴黏膜下层纤维化的临床观察

目的评价内镜黏膜下隧道法剥离术（endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection,ESTD）治疗早期食管癌伴黏膜下层纤维化的效果和安全性。方法2015年6月—2018年2月间,在江苏省苏北人民医院消化内科采用ESTD或内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）治疗,术后病理证实病灶＜1/3食管管周,且伴有黏膜下层纤维化的早期食管癌病例87例纳入回顾性分析,按纤维化程度分成轻度纤维化60例（ESTD 31例、ESD 29例）和重度纤维化27例（ESTD 16例、ESD 11例）,比较同一纤维化程度时两种手术方式的剥离速度、整块切除率、完全切除率,以及出血、肌层损伤、穿孔、颈部皮下气肿和术后狭窄的发生率。结果对于伴有轻度黏膜下层纤维化的早期食管癌患者,ESTD的整块切除率[96.8%（30/31）比82.8%（24/29）,P＜0.05]和完全切除率[96.8%（30/31）比75.9%（22/29）,P＜0.05]明显高于ESD,固有肌层损伤发生率明显低于ESD[6.5%（2/31）比17.2%（5/29）,P＜0.05],剥离速度、术中出血发生率、穿孔发生率、术后狭窄发生率与ESD比较差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）,两种手术方式均无术后迟发性出血和颈部皮下气肿发生。对于伴有重度黏膜下层纤维化的早期食管癌患者,ESTD的剥离速度快于ESD[（12.3±2.8）mm2/min比（7.1±3.2）mm2/min],整块切除率、完全切除率、术后狭窄发生率与ESD相近,术中出血发生率[12.5%（2/16）比54.5%（6/11）]、固有肌层损伤发生率[18.8%（3/16）比54.5%（6/11）]、穿孔发生率[6.3%（1/16）比27.3%（3/11）]、颈部皮下气肿发生率[6.3%（1/16）比27.3%（3/11）]低于ESD,两种手术方式均无术后迟发性出血发生。术后12个月2例行ESD和1例行ESTD患者局部复发,术后24个月1例行ESTD患者发生异时癌。结论ESTD能安全、有效切除伴有黏膜下层纤维化的早期食管癌。对于伴有轻度黏膜下层纤维化者,ESTD的优势主要体现在治疗效果方面;对于伴有重度黏膜下层纤维化者,ESTD的优势主要体现在治疗安全性方面。     

牙线牵引辅助内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗胃角黏膜病变的疗效（含视频）

目的 探讨牙线牵引辅助内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection, ESD）治疗胃角黏膜病变的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月—2018年12月厦门大学附属第一医院内镜中心收治的127例胃角黏膜病变患者病例资料。根据术中手术方法,将患者分为牙线牵引辅助ESD组（牵引组,n=51）和传统ESD组（传统组,n=76）,同时把41例胃角纤维化病例也分为牵引组(n=23)和传统组(n=18)。对比分析手术时间、整块切除率、治愈性切除率及出血、肌层损伤、穿孔等不良事件发生率等指标。结果 牵引组与传统组病例年龄、性别、病变大小及病变形态差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。牵引组手术时间较传统组明显缩短[（65.4±36.5） min比(103.5±43.2) min,P=0.012],病变整块切除率[100.00%(51/51)比90.79%(69/76),P=0.026]及治愈性切除率均更高[94.12%(48/51)比81.58%(62/76),P=0.042],且剥离过程中肌层损伤[5.88%(3/51)比25.00%（19/76）,P=0.010]及术中出血更少[47.06%（24/51）比82.89%（63/76）,P=0.010]。传统组2例(2.63%)纤维化病例穿孔,牵引组无穿孔病例,穿孔发生率差异无统计学意义（P=0.243）。在胃角纤维化病例中,牵引组手术时间较传统组明显缩短[（81.4±29.3） min比(119.3±37.6） min,P=0.010],病变整块切除率[100.00%（23/23）比72.22%(13/18）,P=0.007]及治愈性切除率均更高[95.65%(22/23)比72.22%(13/18),P=0.035],且剥离过程中肌层损伤[8.70%(2/23)比72.22%(13/18）,P=0.001]及术中出血更少[78.26%(18/23)比100.00%(18/18),P=0.035]。结论 牙线牵引辅助ESD治疗胃角黏膜病变及有纤维化的胃角病变安全有效,与传统ESD相比,手术时间更短,治愈率更高,不良事件发生率更低。     

新型磁力锚导引系统在内镜黏膜下剥离术中的应用:动物预实验

目的 评估新型磁力锚导引系统在猪模型内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）中的应用价值及安全性。方法 2名熟练ESD操作者在2只实验猪直肠进行磁力锚牵引辅助下ESD,记录分析操作时间、切除效率、完整切除率、并发症等。结果 共完成ESD操作5例,病灶开始标记至完整剥离平均时间为26.6 min,单位时间切除率（0.38±0.1）cm2/min。病灶均完整切除且无穿孔和迟发性出血发生。结论 磁力锚牵引辅助ESD能有效暴露黏膜下层,提供直视下切除,是一项安全有效的辅助技术。     

不同直径结直肠早癌及癌前病变行内镜黏膜下剥离术的对比分析

目的 探讨分析内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗不同直径结直肠肿瘤的差异性。 方法 收集2012年10月至2015年12月中国人民解放军总医院第七医学中心消化内镜中心210处结直肠ESD治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析,将病灶按直径分为两组(直径≥4.0cm组和直径<4.0cm组),进行相关因素的对比分析。结果 210处结直肠ESD平均手术时间为（50.3±42.7）分钟,病灶平均大小为（7.98 ±10.84cm₂）;整块切除率91.4%,完整切除率90.5%,治愈性切除率88.6%。穿孔发生率5.2%,迟发性出血率0.5%。与直径< 4.0 cm 的肿瘤相比,切除直径≥ 4.0 cm 的肿瘤所需时间更长(79.63±53.91 min比35.28±24.99 min;P<0.001);病变主要位于直肠(61.97%);LST息肉以结节混合型为主(54.93%);整块切除率、完整切除率和治愈性切除率均低于切除直径< 4.0 cm 的肿瘤,其中完整切除率差异有统计学意义(85.92% vs. 94.24%; P=0.041)。直径≥4.0cm组穿孔率增高(7.04%),但两组穿孔率的差异没有统计学意义。结论 ESD切除直径≥ 4.0 cm的结直肠肿瘤,所需时间明显增加,手术风险更高。对于非直肠的病变要更加小心处理。     

新型便携式内镜系统用于动物腹部战创伤救治的可行性与安全性研究

目的　比较新型便携式内镜系统和常规电子内镜系统用于动物腹部战创伤探查与紧急治疗的可行性与安全性。方法　将3头健康巴马猪分别编为1号、2号、3号，术前禁食水8 h。实验前进行诱导麻醉，从巴马猪的中腹壁逐层切开进入腹腔，利用腹腔镜气腹机建立人工气腹，置入子弹模型1枚，建立子弹创伤模型；取出子弹模型后置入弹片模型1枚，建立弹片创伤模型。分别应用新型便携式内镜系统和常规电子内镜系统对1号巴马猪进行子弹模型和弹片模型的探查及取出操作。上述操作结束后，两种内镜系统分别对2号、3号巴马猪进行同样操作过程。两种内镜操作的先后顺序根据随机数表法进行分配。分别记录两种内镜系统的手术成功情况、手术时间、内镜管道通畅性、内镜操作满意情况、不良事件和器械缺陷发生情况。结果　使用新型便携式内镜系统和常规电子内镜系统进行手术各3次，手术均成功。新型便携式内镜系统发现及取出子弹模型、发现及取出弹片模型的时间分别为（232.33±11.68）s、（300.33±57.70）s、（170.00±44.44）s、（52.67±2.52）s；常规电子内镜系统相应时间分别为［（232.67±21.20）s，t=-0.054，P=0.962］、［（256.67±67.00）s，t=0.880，P=0.472］、［（176.00±52.42）s，t=-0.111，P=0.922］、［（58.67±14.84）s，t=-0.832，P=0.493］，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。实验过程中，两种内镜系统管道均通畅，操作者对两种内镜系统的内镜操作过程均满意。两组均无不良事件和器械缺陷发生。结论　新型便携式内镜系统用于动物腹部战创伤的救治操作成功情况与常规电子内镜系统相当，初步证实该系统用于动物腹部战创伤救治安全可行。     

改良多隧道法内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗长度大于8 cm食管全周浅表癌的临床研究

目的　探讨改良多隧道法内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal multi?tunnel dissection,ESMTD）治疗轴向长度>8 cm食管全周浅表癌的有效性和安全性。方法　回顾性分析南京医科大学第一附属医院2018年1月—2021年12月治疗的79例病变长度>8 cm的食管全周浅表癌患者资料。根据治疗方法将患者分为改良ESMTD组（32例）和外科手术组（47例）,对比分析两组的整块切除率、完全切除率、手术时间、住院时间、医疗费用及手术相关并发症等指标。结果　改良ESMTD组和外科手术组的整块切除率均为100.0%（χ2=0.000,P=1.000）,完全切除率分别为96.9%（31/32）和97.9%（46/47）（χ2=0.000,P=1.000）;改良ESMTD组手术时间短于外科手术组［（150.5±17.2）min比（185.8±15.2）min,t=9.527,P<0.001］,术后发生迟发性出血［3.1%（1/32）比10.6%（5/47）,χ2=0.648,P=0.421］、迟发性穿孔［3.1%（1/32）比4.3%（2/47）,χ2=0.000,P=1.000］发生率与外科手术组差异无统计学意义,术后C反应蛋白［（64.3±6.9）mg/L比（89.2±7.4）mg/L,t=15.634,P<0.001］、中性粒细胞水平［（10.1±1.4）×109/L比（13.1±1.2）×109/L,t=15.083,P<0.001］低于外科手术组。改良ESMTD组住院时间短于外科手术组［（9.2±1.2）d比（11.5±1.2）d,t=8.363,P<0.001］,医疗费用少于外科手术组［（3.2±0.3）万元比（5.9±0.6）万元,t=26.384,P<0.001］。结论　与传统外科手术相比,改良ESMTD治疗轴向长度>8 cm的全周食管浅表癌疗效确切,安全性好,且住院时间短,医疗费用少,保留了食管的完整性,提高了患者术后生活质量,具有较良好的临床应用价值。     

USE OF SHORT NEEDLE KNIFE FOR ESOPHAGEAL ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION

Background: The emergence of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has enabled en bloc resection of lesions, which were conventionally difficult. However, ESD has problems of technical difficulty and high incidence of complications. In order to improve the procedure of marking and submucosal dissection in the esophagus, we modified and adjusted the standard needle knife to a short needle knife having a tip portion with a projection length of 1.5 mm. Methods: We treated 20 esophageal lesions with ESD using the short needle knife. We marked around the lesion with the short needle knife and performed mucosal incision of the entire circumference with a needle knife and an IT knife, then dissected the submucosal layer with the short needle knife. A Hook knife was also used in situations where muscular layers were located in the front‐view Results: Complete en bloc resection was performed in all 20 cases. The diameter of lesions ranged from 3 to 65 mm (median, 20 mm), and that of resected specimens ranged from 28 to 90 mm (median, 47 mm). Submucosal dissection was completed with the short needle knife alone in 13 cases in 20 (65%), and in seven cases (35%), in combination with so‐called Hook knife. The procedure was complicated in one patient with mediastinal emphysema. Conclusions: The short needle knife proved to be useful and safe in clear marking and submucosal dissection of esophageal lesions. It allows greater flexibility in the angle of insertion, and enables more effective and safer procedures because its full length can be inserted into the submucosa and fixed.     

选择性胆管插管困难患者弓形刀胰管预切开和针状刀切开的联合应用

目的 探讨弓形刀胰管预切开联合针状刀补切开在经内镜逆行选择性胆管插管困难患者应用的价值及安全性.方法 对38例选择性胆管插管困难患者,创新性运用双刀联合进行插管,即先行弓形刀胰管预切开再行针状刀联合补切开.结果 双刀联合切开后38例患者插管成功33例,成功率86.8％;术后并发症9例,其中高淀粉酶血症4例,胰腺炎4例,胆管炎1例,保守治疗2～5d后痊愈,未发生出血和穿孔并发症.结论 应用弓形刀胰管括约肌预切开联合针状刀乳头切开,能够提高胆管插管困难者操作的成功率,也较安全,是一种行之有效的操作技法.     

Comparison of conventional versus Hybrid knife peroral endoscopic myotomy methods for esophageal achalasia: a case–control study

Objective. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been developed to treat achalasia as a novel less invasive modality. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of conventional knife versus Hybrid knife (HK) during POEM procedure. Materials and methods. Between June 2012 and July 2014, 31 patients underwent POEM using HK in our department (HK group), and 36 patients underwent POEM using conventional method (injection needle and triangular tip [TT] knife, TT group). Procedure-related parameters, symptom relief, adverse events were compared between two groups. Results. There were no significant differences in the age, sex and other baseline characteristics between the two groups. The mean procedural time was significantly shorter in HK group than TT group (53.0 ± 17.2 vs. 67.6 ± 28.4 min, p = 0.015). The mean frequency of devices exchange was 4.7 ± 1.7 in HK group and 10.9 ± 1.8 in TT group (p = 0.000). No serious adverse events occurred postoperatively in both groups. At one-year follow-up, a total of 94% treatment success was achieved in all patients (93.5% in HK group and 94.4% in TT group, p = 0.877). Conclusion. HK in POEM can shorten the procedural time, and achieve similar treatment success compared to conventional TT knife.     

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in the Management of Patients with Acromegaly: A Review

Although acromegaly is a rare disease, the need for an effective treatment that is able to induce biochemical cure is an extremely important issue. Unsuccessfully treated acromegaly is associated with increased morbidity and an age-corrected mortality so that early and aggressive therapy to normalize hormonal levels should be instituted at diagnosis. Ideally, the growth hormone-secreting adenoma should be completely resected, with preservation or subsequent restoration of pituitary function. Patients with recurrence or failure after surgery are treated with a second surgery, medical, radiation treatment, or combined modality treatment. Steotactic radiosurgery with gamma knife allows the delivery of focused radiation in a single session to the pituitary tumor that delivers a more biologically effective dose to the tumor than fractionated radiotherapy. Its use as a primary or adjuvant treatment for acromegalics may be more cost effective than medical treatment in these patients. Although it seems to be very effective in controlling growth and secretion of the growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas, there is a chance that some major risks from gamma knife radiosurgery might occur. This article will review the role that gamma knife radiosurgery might have in patients with acromegaly.     

TECHNIQUES AND PITFALLS OF ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION FOR COLORECTAL TUMORS

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for colorectal tumors is steadily being developed. Safety and standardization of ESD for colorectal tumors have not been yet established because of the technical difficulties and the unsuitable anatomical characteristics of the colon and rectum. The authors mainly use a Flex knife for mucosal incision and a Hook knife for submucosal dissection to perform ESD safely. Skillful colonoscopic control, selection of scope, distal attachment tip hood, adequate high‐frequency generator and correct approach strategy should all be considered for safe performance of ESD. However, the incidence of indicative lesions is rare because the majority of colorectal tumors are adenomatous large laterally spreading tumors, which can be cured by intentional endoscopic piecemeal resection. At present, ESD for colorectal tumors should be performed only at central facilities that have expert colonoscopists. With the development of new devices and associated techniques, technical standardization of ESD for colorectal tumors is expected in the near future.     

Gamma knife radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas

Although surgical extirpation by transsphenoidal microsurgery is a major remedy for pituitary adenomas, adjuvant therapy also plays an important role in achieving tumor growth control and endocrine normalization in hormone-secreting tumors. Historically, the treatment options for pituitary adenomas included microsurgery, medical management, and fractionated radiotherapy, but radiosurgery has recently emerged as a practical treatment option. In this paper, we will describe the indications, radiosurgical procedure, results, histological change, and complications of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) for pituitary adenomas based on our experience since 1991 and a review of the literature.