反相高效液相色潽法测定WF-208的含量和有关物质

目的:建立RP-HPLC法测定WF-208的含量并进行有关物质检查。方法:采用Diamonsil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-甲醇-水(62∶20∶18);流速:1.0 mL.min-1;检测波长:238 nm;柱温:30℃。结果:WF-208在5.00～50.0 mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为99.8%(RSD=0.3%),WF-208与有关物质得到良好的分离,检测限为20μg.L-1。结论:该方法操作简单,重复性好,专属性强,可用于WF-208原料药的含量测定和有关物质的检查。     

HPLC-RID法测定托吡酯含量及主要有关物质

目的:建立托吡酯含量测定及有关物质检查的方法。方法:采用Phenomenex Luna C8柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温35℃,光学元件温度:35℃;流动相为乙腈-0.01 mol.L-1醋酸铵溶液(用醋酸调节pH为4.2)(1:2),流速为1.0 mL.min-1,示差折光检测器。结果:高效液相色谱法测定的线性范围为:托吡酯5～15 mg.mL-1,相关系数r=0.9999;杂质10～90μg.mL-1,相关系数r=0.9999;日内精密度:托吡酯RSD为0.3%(n=6),杂质RSD为1.0%(n=6);日间精密度:托吡酯RSD为1.0%(n=5),杂质RSD为1.0%(n=5)。结论:方法简单,灵敏度较好,可用于托吡酯的含量检测和主要杂质的研究。     

HPLC法测定水杨酸原料药的有关物质

目的:建立RP-HPLC法测定水杨酸原料药的有关物质。方法:采用Phenomenex Luna C18柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(60∶40∶1),流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长270 nm。结果:水杨酸与4-羟基苯甲酸、4-羟基间苯二甲酸和苯酚分离度良好,3种杂质在0.958～19.16μg.mL-1、0.4912～9.824μg.mL-1、0.214～4.28μg.mL-1之间线性关系良好,检测限分别为0.025μg.mL-1、0.025μg.mL-1、0.04μg.mL-1。结论:本方法简便、准确,专属性好,灵敏度高,可作为水杨酸原料药有关物质的检查方法。     

HPLC法同时测定氨麻苯美片中4种主要成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定氨麻苯美片中盐酸伪麻黄碱、对乙酰氨基酚、氢溴酸右美沙芬和盐酸苯海拉明等成分含量的HPLC方法。方法:色谱柱为Kromasil 60-5CN(25 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)柱;以乙腈-pH3.0的40 mmol.L-1三乙胺水溶液(20∶80)为流动相;检测波长为215 nm;流速为1.0 mL.min-1。结果:盐酸伪麻黄碱、对乙酰氨基酚、氢溴酸右美沙芬和盐酸苯海拉明的线性范围分别为6.036~150.9μg.mL-1(r=1.0000),65.42~1636μg.mL-1(r=0.9989),3.010~75.25μg.mL-1(r=1.0000),50.90~127.2μg.mL-1(r=1.0000);加样回收率(n=9)分别为98.5%,100.9%,99.1%和99.6%。结论:本法简单、快速、准确,可用于氨麻苯美片中4种主要成分的同时测定。     

米非司酮阴道环的含量及有关物质测定方法的研究

目的:建立米非司酮(RU486)阴道环的含量及其有关物质的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法:色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(0.05%三乙胺)(75∶25),流速为1.0mL.min-1,检测波长为304 nm。结果:米非司酮与相关杂质及降解产物均分离良好,空白辅料对测定无干扰。米非司酮在0.5～12.0μg.mL-1范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),最低检测限为10 ng.mL-1,平均回收率为100.5%。结论:本方法用于米非司酮阴道环的质量评价,操作简便,定量准确,专属性强,灵敏度高,重复性好。     

RP-HPLC测定辅酶Q10含量及有关物质的方法学研究

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定辅酶Q10含量和有关物质.方法 采用C18色谱柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-无水乙醇(25∶75),流速:1.0mL·min-1;检测波长:275nm;柱温:35℃;进样量:20μL.结果 辅酶Q10与有关物质完全分离,其浓度在48.8～780.8μg·mL-1内与峰面积线性关系良好 (r=0.9999);最低检测限为0.4ng;平均回收率为99.6%(n=9).HPLC方法 的系统适用性良好,回收率及精密度结果 满足分析要求,有关物质检查符合规定.结论 方法 简便、准确、重现性好,可用于辅酶Q10的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定复方奥美拉唑干混悬剂中的有关物质及奥美拉唑磺酰化物的含量

目的建立复方奥美拉唑干混悬剂中有关物质及奥美拉唑磺酰化物的测定方法。方法色谱柱:Agilent-C8(4.6 mm×200 mm,5μm);流动相:0.01 mol.L-1磷酸氢二钠(用磷酸调节pH值至7.6)-乙腈(75∶25);检测波长:280 nm;流速:1.0 mL.min-1;柱温:40℃;进样量:20μL。结果奥美拉唑磺酰化物在0.2~1.0μg.mL-1与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=1.0,n=5)。平均回收率99.6%,RSD=0.2%(n=6)。结论本方法简便、迅速、准确。     

HPLC法测定奥沙利铂中有关物质的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定奥沙利铂中有关物质含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为C18,流动相为甲醇-水(5∶95),流速为1.0mL.min-1,柱温为25℃,检测波长为250nm,进样量为20μL。结果:奥沙利铂检测浓度的线性范围为5～17.5μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),检测限为3ng(S/N=3),3批原料药及其制剂中有关物质的平均含量分别为0.081%、0.15%。结论:本方法准确、可靠、操作性强,可用于奥沙利铂中有关物质的含量测定。     

LC-MS/MS方法同时检测人血浆中异烟肼、乙胺丁醇和吡嗪酰胺的浓度

目的:建立同时检测人血浆中3种抗结核药物异烟肼、乙胺丁醇和吡嗪酰胺浓度的LC-MS/MS方法,用于肺结核患者及临床试验中三药血药浓度的测定。方法:以对乙酰氨基酚为内标,血浆样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白等处理后检测。采用AgilentZORBAX SB-Aq色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,3.5μm)为分析柱,ZORBAX SB-Aq柱(2.1 mm×12.5 mm,5μm)为保护柱,以乙腈-5 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液(含0.1%甲酸)(8:92,v/v)为流动相,使用电喷雾离子源(ESI),以正离子多反应监测(MRM)方式进行检测,异烟肼m/z 138.2→121.0,乙胺丁醇m/z 205.2→116.1,吡嗪酰胺m/z 124.1→81.1,对乙酰氨基酚m/z152.0→110.0。分析时间为5 min。结果:血浆中内源性物质对测定无干扰,异烟肼线性范围为0.1～6.0μg.mL-1,定量下限(LLOQ)为0.1μg.mL-1,乙胺丁醇线性范围为0.1～5.0μg.mL-1,定量下限(LLOQ)为0.1μg.mL-1,吡嗪酰胺线性范围为1.0～50.0μg.mL-1,定量下限(LLOQ)为1.0μg.mL-1。日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于10%,准确率为90.4%～108.7%。结论:本方法特异性强,灵敏度高,测定结果可靠,适用于临床血浆样品的高通量分析。     

高效液相色谱法测定龙胆泻肝丸中泽泻的含量

目的 建立测定龙胆泻肝丸中23-乙酰泽泻醇B含量的高效液相色谱方法 .方法采用Kromasil C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以乙腈-水(75:25)为流动相,检测波长208nm,柱温为30℃,流速:1.0mL·min-1.结果 23-乙酰泽泻醇B回归方程为A=7735.38C+1879.22,r=0.9997,线性范围2.022~30.33μg·mL-1.平均回收率为94.36%,RSD为1.91%.结论 该法操作简单,精密度高,重复性好,检测快速,定量准确,可用于龙胆泻肝丸的质量控制.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.