超高效液相色谱法同时测定丹蛭降糖胶囊中丹皮酚和芍药苷含量

目的:建立一种超高效液相色谱法同时测定丹蛭降糖胶囊中丹皮酚、芍药苷的含量。方法:色谱柱为Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)柱,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.25 mL.min-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为230 nm。结果:丹皮酚和芍药苷的线性范围分别为0.653～1.959μg(r=0.999 7)和0.108～0.324μg(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率分别为99.46%,RSD=0.46%(n=6)和99.19%,RSD=0.49%(n=6)。结论:新建方法简便、快速、准确、易行,可用于控制制剂质量。     

SPE-UPLC法测定养血清脑颗粒中的芍药苷含量

目的:采用SPE-UPLC法分析养血清脑颗粒中芍药苷的含量。方法:采用C18固相萃取柱去除养血清脑颗粒中的基质,超高效液相色谱法测定芍药苷含量。采用Acquity BEHC18(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,乙腈-水(25∶75)为流动相,检测波长为230 nm,流速为0.2 mL.min-1,柱温40℃。结果:SPE-UPLC法测得芍药苷浓度在5.0～80.0μg.mL-1范围内与其峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率(n=6)为99.4%(RSD=2.83%)。结论:该方法准确、简便并能有效去除药物基质保护色谱柱,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

UPLC法测定郁舒片中5种药效成分含量

目的:建立UPLC法同时测定郁舒片中芍药内酯苷、芍药苷、芦丁、金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷的含量。方法:采用Waters Acquity UPLCTMBEH-C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,以0.1%磷酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.4m L·min-1,检测波长203 nm,柱温30℃。结果:芍药内酯苷、芍药苷、芦丁、金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷5种成分在相应的范围内,呈良好的线性关系(r≥0.999 0);方法的平均加样回收率(n=6)分别为101.4%(RSD=0.82%)、101.9%(RSD=1.0%)、99.0%(RSD=2.6%)、98.9%(RSD=2.0%)、100.0%(RSD=2.4%)。3批样品的测定结果分别是芍药内酯苷3.53~3.80 mg·片-1,芍药苷9.33~10.01 mg·片-1,芦丁0.89~0.98 mg·片-1,金丝桃苷0.72~0.76 mg·片-1,异槲皮苷0.82~0.86 mg·片-1。结论:该方法分析时间短,操作简单,可以作为郁舒片的质量控制方法。     

高效液相法测定调经活血片中芍药苷的含量

目的建立测定调经活血片中有效成分芍药苷含量的方法。方法用HPLC法测定芍药苷的含量,色谱柱为Kromasil ODS柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为异丙醇-甲醇-水(1:23:76)(流速1.0ml/min),检测波长230nm。结果芍药苷在0.221～1.326μg范围内线性关系良好(r=1.0000),平均回收率(n=6)为100.42%(RSD为0.55%)。结论本法简便,分离度好,可靠准确,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

UPLC法同时测定黔产隔山消药材中3个C21甾体酯苷的含量

目的:建立同时测定民族药材隔山消中3个C21甾体酯苷(白首乌新苷F、G和H)的UPLC分析法。方法:样品经甲醇超声提取后,用UPLC-PDA进行分析检测;采用Waters Acquity UPLC系统,ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水,梯度洗脱,流速为0.4 mL.min-1,检测波长220 nm,柱温30℃,进样量2μL。结果:白首乌新苷F、G和H 3个C21甾体酯苷在检测范围内均呈良好线性(r≥0.9995);平均加样回收率(n=3)在98.2%～104.1%之间,RSD均不大于1.1%。结论:UPLC分离效果及重复性好,且快速、简便,可作为隔山消药材质量控制的参考方法。     

红花痛经颗粒质量标准研究

目的建立红花痛经颗粒中芍药苷的HPLC测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Kromasil菲罗门C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(15∶85);流速:1.0mL/min,检测波长230nm;柱温:室温。结果芍药苷色谱峰分离良好,芍药苷进样量在0.1616～0.8080μg范围内线性关系良好,回归方程:Y=1717121.1X+20541.6,r=0.9990;平均回收率为99.4%,RSD=0.83%(n=6)。结论该测定方法简便可行、重复性好,可用于该制剂中芍药苷成分的含量测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定四物颗粒中9种活性成分的含量

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法同时测定四物颗粒中地黄苷D、5-羟甲基糠醛、芍药苷、氧化芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、没食子酸、阿魏酸、川芎嗪、苯甲酰芍药苷9种活性成分含量的方法。方法 色谱柱采用Acquity UPLC BEH C18柱(2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7μm),流速为0.4 mL/min,流动相为0.1%甲酸水(A)-0.1%甲酸乙腈(B),梯度洗脱；质谱采用电喷雾离子源，扫描方式为多反应监测。结果 9种活性成分在其各自线性范围内线性关系良好，相关系数均≥0.995 3,加样回收率为81.0%～101.4%,RSD为0.3%～2.0%。通过方法学验证，9种活性成分的专属性试验、线性关系考察、重复性试验、稳定性试验、精密度试验、加样回收率方面均良好。结论 本法专属性强、灵敏度高、分离能力好，可为四物颗粒的质量控制及评价提供参考。     

高效液相色谱法测定妇炎康丸中芍药苷的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定妇炎康丸中芍药苷的含量。方法:色谱柱为Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm;以甲醇-异丙醇-冰醋酸-水(24∶3∶3∶70)为流动相;检测波长为230 nm;流速1.0 mL.min-1;进样量10μL。结果:芍药苷在21～103μg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.5%(RSD=0.54%)。结论:该法简便、准确,可用于妇炎康丸中芍药苷的含量测定。     

UPLC法测定山茱萸中的莫诺苷和马钱子苷

目的建立一种同时测定山茱萸中莫诺苷和马钱子苷的UPLC法。方法采用超高效液相色谱仪。色谱柱为Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18(50mm×2.5mm,1.7μm);检测波长:240nm;流动相:乙腈(A)-1mL·L-1甲酸水溶液(B);采用梯度洗脱;流速:0.3mL·min-1;柱温:30℃。结果该色谱条件下,山茱萸中各组分的分离满足分析要求,莫诺苷和马钱子苷的线性回归方程分别为y=241.65x+27.59,r=0.999 66和y=192.39x-31.96,r=0.999 89;莫诺苷和马钱子苷在0.112 5~1.80和0.087 5~1.40μg范围内峰面积与进样量线性关系良好;测得陕西佛坪山茱萸中莫诺苷和马钱子苷的含量分别为16.53±0.89和6.81±0.32mg·g-1。结论该方法高效、快速,适合山茱萸中莫诺苷和马钱子苷的含量分析;陕西山茱萸中有效成分的含量远高于《中国药典》规定,品质优异。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定胃灵颗粒中芍药苷含量

目的建立测定胃灵颗粒中芍药苷含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为GOLD柱C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(15∶85),流速1.0 m L/min,检测波长230 nm。结果芍药苷进样量在0.164 4~0.986 6μg范围内与峰面积具有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.08%,RSD=0.97%(n=6)。结论该法简便、准确、分离度好、重复性高,可作胃灵颗粒中芍药苷的含量测定方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.