高效液相色谱法测定重酒石酸卡巴拉汀胶囊含量

目的:建立测定重酒石酸卡巴拉汀胶囊含量的高效液相色谱法。方法:选用5C18-MS-Ⅱ色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-水(90∶10);检测波长:217 nm;流速:1.0 mL.min-1;进样量:20μL;柱温:室温。结果:方法的线性范围为:10.9~163.5μg.mL-1,回归方程为:A=2.829×104C-4.103×104(r=0.9997,n=6);日内精密度RSD为1.6%(n=5),日间精密度为1.2%;回收率在97.2%~98.2%之间,RSD在0.72%~1.2%(n=9)。结论:方法简便灵敏,结果准确可靠,可用于重酒石酸卡巴拉汀胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定重酒石酸卡巴拉汀片含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定重酒石酸卡巴拉汀片中含量.方法:用C18色谱柱,以磷酸盐缓冲溶液(取磷酸二氢钠1.56 g和辛烷磺酸钠2.16 g,加水1000 mL溶解,用磷酸调pH值至4.0)-乙腈(70:30)为流动相,检测波长220 nm;流速为1 mL·min-1,柱温25℃.结果:卡巴拉汀在6.77～27.07μg·mL-1浓度范围内与其相应的峰面积呈良好的线性关系.回归方程为:Y=1 564.79X-2.862 54(r=0.999 8,n=13).精密度试验RSD为0.22%(n=6),平均回收率分别为100.0%,RSD为0.45%(n=9).结论:所建立的HPLC方法灵敏、准确、重现性好,操作简便,可有效测定重酒石酸卡巴拉汀片的含量.     

HPLC-ECD测定重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素的有关物质

目的:建立重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素有关物质的高效液相色谱-电化学检测方法(HPLC-ECD)。方法:采用TSK C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以0.05%庚烷磺酸钠溶液(用磷酸调节pH至2.2)-乙腈(925∶75)为流动相,玻碳圆盘电极为工作电极,银-氯化银电极为参比电极,工作电位为+0.6 V。结果:去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺酮、多巴胺和2-氯-1-(3,4-二羟基苯基)乙酮均在0.05～5μg·mL-1浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.9998,0.9999,1.0000,0.9999,0.9994(n=7);检测限分别为0.07,0.07,0.08,0.1和0.2 ng(S/N≥3)。4种有关物质的平均加样回收率为97.2%,100.4%,98.2%,103.1%;RSD为1.6%,1.5%,1.3%,2.8%(n=6)。结论:采用高效液相色谱-电化学检测法测定重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素有关物质,方法灵敏度高,选择性强,重现性好,能够用于重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素的质量控制。     

人血浆中卡巴拉汀及其代谢物NAP226-90的LC-MS/MS测定研究

目的：建立LC-MS/MS法同时检测卡巴拉汀及其代谢物NAP226-90血药浓度。方法：血浆经甲基叔丁基醚-二氯甲烷提取预处理,用Phenomenex-curocil PFP（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）色谱柱,0.1%甲酸0.05%甲酸铵溶液-0.1%甲酸0.05%甲酸铵甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱分离,ESI正离子化三重四极杆质谱MRM测定,检测反应离子对：卡巴拉汀m/z 251.0→206.0、NAP226-90 m/z 166.0→121.0、内标（美托洛尔）m/z 268.4→74.3。结果：卡巴拉汀及NAP226-90血药浓度在0.2～30 ng·mL-1范围内均线性关系良好,定量下限均为0.2 ng·mL-1,经方法学验证符合生物样品测定要求。结论：建立的LC-MS/MS方法可用于重酒石酸卡巴拉汀胶囊人体药动学研究。     

HPLC法测定酒石酸长春瑞滨脂质体注射液的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定酒石酸长春瑞滨脂质体注射液中酒石酸长春瑞滨的含量。方法:采用Supecosil ABZ+Plus色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),以0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(用磷酸调节pH至4.2)-0.2%癸烷磺酸钠的甲醇溶液(40∶60)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长267 nm,柱温:35℃,进样量50μL。结果:在所选色谱条件下,主药与有关物质能较好分离,酒石酸长春瑞滨在0.02～0.06 mg·mL-1范围内,线性关系良好(r=0.9993);回收率范围为99.3%～100.1%(RSD=0.5%);检测限为1.7 ng;样品中含量测定符合质量要求。结论:该方法操作简便、灵敏、专属性强,准确度好,可用于酒石酸长春瑞滨脂质体注射液的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定苯甲酸阿格列汀的有关物质含量

目的建立高效液相色潽法测定苯甲酸阿格列汀有关物质含量的方法。方法采用Diamonsil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);乙腈为流动相A,体积分数为0.05%的三氟乙酸为流动相B,流速为1.0 m L·min-1,梯度洗脱;检测波长为278 nm;进样量为20μL;柱温为30℃。结果苯甲酸阿格列汀与有关物质A~G及未知杂质均能良好分离;各有关物质的质量浓度在0.1~2.0 mg·L-1内线性关系良好,r≥0.994(n=8);回收率为96.4%~104.3%(RSD≤1.7,n=9)。经对三批样品测定,有关物质的含量质量分数均低于限度(0.1%)。结论作者建立的方法简便准确、专属性强且灵敏度高,可作为苯甲酸阿格列汀有关物质的测定方法。     

HPLC法测定维格列汀原料药中的有关物质北大核心CSCD

目的:建立维格列汀原料药有关物质的HPLC测定方法。方法:采用Agilent Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)对降解杂质和工艺杂质进行定量分析,以10 mmol·L^(-1)辛烷磺酸钠(加入0.1%磷酸调pH至2.1)-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 m L·min^(-1),检测波长为210 nm。结果:主峰与各杂质峰间能达到基线分离,维格列汀质量浓度在1.521 0~20.280μg·m L^(-1)范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 8),最低检测限为0.5μg·m L^(-1);3批样品有关物质测定结果显示,已知杂质含量均低于0.1%。结论:方法学验证结果表明,本法可作为维格列汀质量控制的方法。     

苯甲酸阿格列汀原料药的有关物质及含量测定

目的建立RP-HPLC法测定苯甲酸阿格列汀原料药的含量及有关物质。方法采用Thermo ODS-2 HYPERSIL色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-体积分数为0.1%甲酸水溶液(用三乙胺调p H值为3.0)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L·min-1,检测波长为278 nm,柱温为30℃。结果在含量测定色谱条件下,阿格列汀在质量浓度8~80 mg·L-1内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 8,n=5),平均回收率为99.9%(n=9);在有关物质测定色谱条件下,有关物质A、B、C、D和E在质量浓度0.1~2.0 mg·L-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r在0.999 6~0.999 8内,n=6);有关物质A、B、D和E含量均小于0.25‰,有关物质C含量小于0.4‰。结论该方法准确、专属性强,为苯甲酸阿格列汀原料药的质量控制提供了依据。     

高效液相色谱法测定洛莫司汀及胶囊的含量和有关物质

目的:建立测定洛莫司汀及胶囊含量测定和有关物质检查的HPLC方法。方法:采用AgilentC18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(70∶30);流速1.0mL.min-1;检测波长230nm;柱温35℃。结果:各降解产物均可与洛莫司汀进行良好分离,方法的精密度和重复性良好(RSD<0.2%)。结论:该方法准确、简便、快速,适用于洛莫司汀及胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氟西汀胶囊含量

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氟西汀胶囊的含量.方法:采用kromasil C18色谱柱(5μm,4.5mm×15mm)为分离柱;流动相为甲醇:0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(55:45);流速:1mL/min;检测波长:230nm;柱温:室温.结果:盐酸氟西汀在52.5mg/L～315mg/L浓度范围内线性良好(r=0.9994);方法平均回收率为99.66%(RSD=0.98%,n=5);5次测定的精密度0.16%～0.35%.结论:本方法操作简便、快速、准确、灵敏,适用于盐酸氟西汀胶囊的含量测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.