LLE-GC-MS法同时测定甘磷酸胆碱中的缩水甘油和3-氯-1,2-丙二醇

目的 建立液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(LLE-GC-MS)同时测定甘磷酸胆碱原料药中的基因毒性杂质缩水甘油和3-氯-1,2-丙二醇。方法 采用酸性氯化钠溶液和酸性无水硫酸钠溶液分别处理甘磷酸胆碱原料药，经硅藻土柱净化、富集后用七氟丁酰基咪唑衍生，采用气相色谱-质谱法(SIM模式)进行检测，以D₅-3-氯-1,2丙二醇作为内标，通过双样本差减法计算样品中缩水甘油和3-氯-1,2-丙二醇的含量。结果 2种基因毒性杂质与内标物的峰面积比值在0.1～2 mg·L^-1浓度范围内呈线性相关，相关系数(r)均不小于0.999 2,样品的加样回收率为86.4%～103.3%(RSD<6.0%,n=9)。结论 该方法灵敏度高、专属性强，适用于甘磷酸胆碱原料药中缩水甘油和3-氯-1,2-丙二醇的测定。     

气相色谱-质谱联用测定莪术油中β-榄香烯的含量

目的:建立莪术油中β-榄香烯含量的气相色谱-质谱测定方法。方法:色谱条件为 HP-5MS 色谱柱(30 m×0.25mm×0.25μm),初始温度100℃,10℃·min~(-1)升温至220℃,载气流速1 mL·min~(-1)。溶剂延迟5 min,质谱扫描45～600amu,进样量1μL。结果:β-榄香烯浓度在0.98～9.84μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈线性关系(r=0.9990),加样回收率为98.9%(RSD=3.5%)。结论:建立的方法简单、快速,可用于β-榄香烯及其制剂的含量测定。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定福多司坦原料药中的四种遗传毒性杂质

目的 建立气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法同时测定福多司坦原料药中四种遗传毒性杂质3-氯-1-丙醇、1,3-二氯丙烷、3-氯丙酸乙酯和氯丙基羟丙基醚。方法 以氯苯为内标物，采用Agilent J&W VF-WAXms色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.5μm),程序升温；离子源温度230℃,四极杆温度150℃,进样口温度220℃,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,分流比2∶1;在离子选择(SIM)模式下，监控m/z 58.1、76.0、91.0、58.1和107.9离子进行检测。结果 3-氯-1-丙醇、1,3-二氯丙烷、3-氯丙酸乙酯和氯丙基羟丙基醚四种杂质分别在0.000 9～0.882 0μg·mL^-1、0.002 2～0.874 0μg·mL^-1、0.009 0～0.892 0μg·mL^-1和0.016 6～0.830 0μg·mL^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(R²≥0.999 9,n=5),检测限为0.264 0～4.980 ng·mL     

液相色谱-质谱／质谱联用法测定健康志愿者血清中阿德福韦

目的:建立测定人血清中阿德福韦的液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用(LC～MS/MS)方法。方法:血清样品经甲醇沉淀蛋白,上清液吹干,200μL流动相复溶,离心,取40μL进样。色谱柱为 Diamonsil C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-甲酸(20:80:0.1,v/v/v),流速0.6 mL·min~(-1),采用电喷雾离子化四极杆串联质谱,多反应监测方式测定样品浓度。监测离子对分别为 m/z274→m/z162(阿德福韦)和 m/z226→m/z135(内标阿昔洛韦)。结果:阿德福韦在1.25～160μg·L~(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9992,n=5),最低定量限为1.25μg·L~(-1)。低、中、高3种浓度质控样品的日内、日间精密度小于8.64%,方法回收率99.20%～101.98%,阿德福韦提取回收率56.50%～59.26%。结论:该方法灵敏度高,定量准确,适用于阿德福韦酯人体药代动力学研究。     

碘海醇中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇测定方法的改进

目的：建立毛细管柱GC法测定碘海醇中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇残留量的方法。方法：采用OV-1701石英毛细管柱（30m×0．32mm×1．0μm）,氢火焰离子化检测器,程序升温,进样口温度230℃,检测器温度250℃。结果：3-氯-1,2-丙二醇在4．982～398．6μg·mL^-1浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9997,n=7）,加样回收率为80．0％（RSD=6．6％,n=15）;系统适用性溶液回收率应在60％-90％之间,分析了3批样品,第一批样品中未检出,第二批样品中含量为0．0030％,第三批样品中含量为0．0104％。结论：本法专属性强,灵敏度高,结果准确,可很好地控制碘海醇中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇的残留量。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂中2组分的含量

目的 :建立气相色谱 -质谱联用同时测定炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂中苯酚及薄荷脑含量的方法。方法 :以DM -5弹性石英毛细管为色谱柱 ,正辛醇为内标 ,在70℃～150℃程序升温条件下 ,选择质荷比 (m/z)为56、94、71的离子碎片峰分别对苯酚和薄荷脑进行检测。结果 :苯酚、薄荷脑的检测浓度线性范围分别为1 092～21 840μg/ml(r=0 9998)、1 194～9 552μg/ml(r=0 9999) ;平均回收率分别为100 2 % (RSD=1 34 % )、100 4 % (RSD=0 74 % )。结论 :本法可用于炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂的含量测定和质量控制 ,且快速、准确、特异性高、重现性好。     

凝胶渗透色谱-固相萃取净化气相色谱-质谱法检测甘草、黄芪、人参和银杏叶中24种农药残留

目的:建立一种同时测定甘草、黄芪、人参和银杏叶中24种农药残留的分析方法。方法:样品以丙酮超声提取,并采用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和氨基-石墨炭固相萃取柱(NH2-CARB)结合的方法进行净化,选用气相色谱与质谱串联技术(GC-MS)在DB-5MS毛细管柱上用程序升温技术分离,采用选择离子检测方式,以保留时间和特征离子进行目标成分的定性鉴别,以外标法对样品进行测定。结果:24种农药可在34 min内完全分离,除甲胺磷、敌敌畏外,3个水平添加回收率在70%～120%之间,RSD小于11%。(n=9)。该方法对多种农药的检测限为0.5～7.2μg·kg-1,定量限为1.2～24.0μg·kg-1,进样精密度在1.65%～3.00%之间。结论:本方法的灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合农药多残留检测的技术要求,适用于甘草、黄芪、人参和银杏叶中多种农药残留的检测。     

HPLC测定硫唑嘌呤中有关物质

目的建立用HPLC测定硫唑嘌呤中有关物质的测定方法。方法采用Phenomenex C18(4.6mm×200mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.05%醋酸钠水溶液(18∶82),流速:1.2mL·min-1,检测波长240nm。结果在选定的色谱条件下,硫唑嘌呤与起始物料、中间体等有关物质完全分离;巯嘌呤在0.45～1.125μg·mL-1(r=0.9999),1-甲基-4-硝基-5-氯咪唑(硝化物)在0.3～0.75μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)内呈良好的线性关系;巯嘌呤和1-甲基-4-硝基-5-氯咪唑平均回收率(n=9)分别为100.1%和99.7%;检测限分别为3ng.mL-1和2ng·mL-1。结论本测定方法简便、准确、专属性好,可用于硫唑嘌呤的有关物质的测定。     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定人血浆中非那雄胺的浓度

目的:建立一种用高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化质谱(HPLC-MS)联用技术测定非那雄胺血药浓度的方法.方法:以0.01 mol·L-1醋酸铵水溶液-甲醇(25:75)为流动相,烯酮二醇为内标.血浆样品经用醋酸乙酯萃取后上样,经C18柱分离后,以质谱为检测器,采用选择性离子检测(SIM)测定人体血浆中非那雄胺的浓度.结果:非那雄胺的线性范围0.491～98.2μg·L-1(r=0.9999),平均相对回收率在90%～110%之间,日内和日间RSD均＜5%,非那雄胺的最低定量限为0.49μg·L-1,提取回收率＞90%.结论:该方法快速、准确、灵敏,可用于非那雄胺的药动学研究.     

液相色谱-质谱联用法测定人血浆中卢比替康的浓度

目的建立液相-质谱(LC-MS)联用方法,用于抗肿瘤药卢比替康在肿瘤患者血浆中的定量分析。方法血浆样品用0.2 mL盐酸(0.5 mol·L~(-1))酸化后,乙酸乙酯提取,上清液在40℃水浴条件下氮气流吹干,萃取物用流动相复溶后进LC-MS联用仪分析测定。采用反相C_(18)柱进行色谱分离,流动相为:乙腈:10 mmol·L~(-1)醋酸铵水溶液(90:10,V/V)。结果本方法在5～500μg·L~(-1)内线性良好,r=0.999 4(n=4),低、中、高3种浓度质控样品的批内及批间RSD均<5%,提取回收率分别为80.66%、88.47%、85.05%,最低定量限5μg·L~(-1)。结论本方法灵敏度高,操作简便易行,能够满足该药进行临床药动学研究的要求。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.