茅莓根挥发性成分的气相色谱-质谱联用分析

目的建立顶空静态进样快速分析茅莓根挥发性成分的方法。方法采用顶空静态进样,提取茅莓根挥发性成分,对其进行气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析。结果经GC-MS分析结合NIST数据库检索,鉴定出茅莓根中17个挥发性化学成分。结论茅莓根低温易挥发性成分中,戊醛、乙酸、3-苯基-2-丙烯酸甲酯3种成分约占茅莓根挥发性化学成分的50%以上。     

不同提取方法GC-MS分析结合保留指数定性木香挥发性成分

目的分析比较不同采集方法制备的木香挥发性成分。方法分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法和顶空加热提取挥发性成分的方法,对其进行气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）结合保留指数双重定性。结果可鉴定出顶空进样的木香中42个挥发性化学成分;可鉴定出水蒸气蒸馏法提取的32个挥发性化学成分;两种采样方法进行的GC-MS分析,有14种相同化合物,但相对含量有一定差异。结论两种采样方法,分别提供了木香中不同沸点的挥发性成分的化学信息;运用这两种方法可以建立更全面的木香挥发性成分GC-MS表征体系。     

GC-MS结合保留指数分析侧柏叶挥发成分

目的分析比较不同采集方法制备的侧柏叶中的挥发性成分。方法分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法和顶空加热提取挥发性成分的方法,对其进行气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析,并结合Kovats保留指数对其主要成分进行定性分析。结果采用顶空进样技术,可鉴定出侧柏叶中29个挥发性化学成分;采用水蒸气蒸馏法可鉴定出34个挥发性化学成分;两种采样方法进行的GC-MS分析,有23种相同化合物,但相对含量有一定差异。结论对于侧柏叶,水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发性成分较完全,顶空直接进样对于易挥发性成分分析则更简便、高效。     

GC-MS结合保留指数分析不同方法提取的白术挥发性成分

目的:分析比较不同提取方法提取的白术挥发性成分。方法:分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法和顶空进样法对白术中挥发性成分进行提取,气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)结合Kovats保留指数(Retention index,RI)对挥发性成分进行分析。结果:两种提取方法共鉴定了26个化合物,其中水蒸气蒸馏法鉴定了17个化合物,主要为烯类、酮类、醇类和醛类;顶空进样法鉴定了16个化合物,主要为烯类、酮类和酚类。结论:水蒸气蒸馏法和顶空进样法分别侧重不同沸点挥发性成分的提取,两者结合可得到较全面的白术挥发性成分信息,为白术挥发油的质量控制提供一定科学依据。     

运用GC-MS对三种不同方法提取的艾叶挥发油成分的比较分析

目的运用GC-MS对不同提取方法所得的艾叶挥发油成分进行比较分析。方法分别采用水蒸气蒸馏,正己烷回流,静态顶空提取艾叶挥发油,运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,结合NIST05数据库对分离的化合物进行鉴定,并应用峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对含量。结果 3种方法共鉴别出艾叶中80个挥发油成分,其中静态顶空进样59个,水蒸气蒸馏37个,正己烷回流31个。结论结合水蒸气蒸馏和静态顶空进样两种方法可以建立更全面的艾叶挥发性成分GC-MS表征体系;静态顶空进样在挥发油成分鉴别上存在一定优势。     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用分析海桐中挥发性成分

目的:分析海桐果实中挥发性化学成分的组成。方法:采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)技术对海桐果实进行萃取,用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法进行分离分析。结果:共分离并鉴定出22种化学成分。萃取物中含量最高的成分是α-蒎烯(72.38%),其次为γ-杜松烯(5.66%)、1-异丙烯基-3-异丙酯苯(5.21%)。结论:首次采用HS-SPME-GC-MS联用技术分析海桐果实中的挥发性成分,为海桐挥发性成分的研究及开发利用提供了科学依据。     

水蒸气蒸馏与顶空进样GC-MS法分析荜茇挥发性成分

分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法和顶空进样法提取荜芨挥发性成分,经GC-MS分析,结果显示,采用水蒸气蒸馏法和顶空进样技术均可鉴定出荜茇中28个挥发性化学成分,其中有17种共有化合物,但相对含量有差异.本研究采用两种样品采集方法,并提供了荜茇中不同沸点的挥发物的化学信息,从而建立更全面的荜茇挥发性成分GC-MS表征体系.     

水蒸气蒸馏提取与顶空进样气相色谱-质谱分析吴茱萸挥发性成分

目的分析比较不同采集方法制备的吴茱萸中挥发性成分。方法分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法和顶空加热提取挥发性成分的方法,对其进行气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析。结果两种提取方法无论在成分还是其相对含量方面均存在一定的差异,采用水蒸气蒸馏法可鉴定出16种挥发性化学成分,采用顶空进样技术可鉴定出18种挥发性化学成分,共有成分为8种。结论两种样品采集方法,分别提供了不同沸点吴茱萸挥发物的化学信息;运用这两种方法可建立更全面的吴茱萸挥发性成分GC-MS表征体系。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS分析不同产地丁香挥发性成分

目的:分析丁香挥发性成分的化学组成,并比较不同产地丁香中挥发性成分组成的差异。方法:采用顶空固相微萃取 (HS-SPME)技术萃取丁香中挥发性成分,结合气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用技术对丁香的挥发性成分进行定性、定量分析。结果:5个不同产地的丁香药材挥发性成分中含量最高的成分为丁香酚,其次为石竹烯、α-葎草烯;不同产地丁香挥发性成分中共有成分为α-蒎烯、丁香酚、石竹烯、α-葎草烯和δ-杜松烯。结论:运用HS-SPME-GC-MS能够快速获取丁香的挥发性成分的化学组成信息,不同产地丁香中挥发性成分中丁香酚和石竹烯两者的含量之和存在较大差异,研究结果可为丁香的质量评价提供参考依据。     

顶空固相微萃取法与水蒸气蒸馏法提取姜黄挥发性成分的比较

目的:采用顶空固相微萃取和水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取姜黄挥发性成分并进行GC-MS比较分析,并结合PCA技术对分析结果进行验证。方法:采用顶空固相微萃取法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取姜黄挥发性成分,运用GC-MS技术,结合计算机检索对其挥发性成分进行分离鉴定,并通过PCA技术对结果进行验证。结果:2种方法共鉴定出48个挥发性成分,其中顶空固相微萃取法鉴定出41种挥发性化学成分,水蒸气蒸馏法鉴定出33种挥发性化学成分,共有成分为26种。结论:2种方法鉴定出的挥发性成分及其相对含量上存在一定差异,PCA分析亦进一步验证了其异同。与水蒸气蒸馏法比较,顶空固相微萃取法所得挥发性成分数目和种类较多,顶空固相微萃取法比水蒸气蒸馏法具有明显的优越性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.