PML-RARα融合基因相关蛋白原核表达载体的构建、表达和纯化

目的 构建PML-RAR o[融合基因相关重组表达质粒,在大肠埃希菌中表达可溶性蛋白并进行纯化.方法 利用聚合酶链反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)以PML-RAR α全长质粒为模板分别扩增出长度均为1 200 bp的PML和RAR o[序列,并将它们分别插入PET32a(+)质粒中,构建重组表达质粒,化学法转化大肠埃希菌DH5α进行克隆,菌落PCR筛选阳性转化子,双酶切和测序鉴定重组质粒的正确性.正确重组的表达质粒分别命名为PML-Flag-PET32a(+)和Flag-RARα-PET32a(+).将正确重组的表达质粒转化感受态大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3),经异丙基β-D-半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达,利用表达蛋白的组氨酸“标签”(His-tag)进行Ni2+-树脂柱亲和层析纯化,SDS-PAGE和Western blotting鉴定纯化蛋白质.结果 PCR扩增获得目的基因,重组表达质粒经EcoRI/HindⅢ双酶切和测序鉴定证明构建正确.转化感受态BL21(DE3)并经诱导后得到高效表达,SDS-PAGE和Western blotting显示纯化蛋白为目的蛋白.结论 成功构建重组表达质粒,并经诱导表达后可纯化出目的蛋白,为进一步的抗体制备等实验奠定了基础.     

原癌基因Pokemon的克隆原核表达及纯化

目的克隆小鼠Pokemon(POKeryhroidmyeloidontogenicfactor)基因并进行原核表达及重组蛋白的纯化。方法应用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增目的基因片段,克隆人pGEM-T-easy载体,经鉴定后,以限制性核酸内切酶分别消化重组质粒及原核表达载体pET-30a(+),体外定向连接,进行PCR、内切酶酶切及DNA序列分析,阳性重组表达质粒进一步转化到大肠杆菌E.coliBL21(DE3)中诱导表达,经Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化融合蛋白,Westernblotting检测其特异性。结果限制性核酸酶切及序列分析表明重组表达质粒包含Pokemon基因编码区,阅读框架无移位;十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)显示有预期相对分子质量为36000的重组蛋白表达,经亲和层析纯化后,融合蛋白的纯度达到90%以上;Westernblotting印迹表明纯化的融合蛋白具有特异的免疫反应特性。结论采用基因克隆技术成功构建了Pokemon原核表达载体,并获得了高纯度的重组蛋白,为后期抗体的制备及进一步研究该基因与肿瘤发生的关系奠定了基础。     

铜绿假单胞菌外排泵MexA蛋白原核表达纯化

目的 构建MexA原核表达载体,并实现MexA原核表达、纯化.方法 从多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌抽提DNA,经PCR扩增出mexA1基因与PUC18克隆载体连接,PCR、酶切及测序鉴定,再经PCR扩增出mexA基因,酶切纯化后克隆到原核表达载体PQE30,构建重组表达载体PQE30/mexA,PCR及酶切鉴定,IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE、Western blot检测有无蛋白的表达.结果 已获得长约1.5kb PCR产物,酶切结果显示所构建的重组质粒已成功地克隆了mexA基因,序列分析结果与PA01mexA序列相同.SDS-PAGE检测表达产物,在相对分子量40kDa处有表达条带,诱导表达之菌体,超声破碎后,目的蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在.结论 获得mexA基因,并在E.coliM15中成功表达.融合蛋白纯化后作免疫原,为制备多克隆抗体打下基础.     

利用RTS500系统进行抗菌肽葛佬素蛋白的体外表达

目的:构建含目的基因葛佬素(gloverin)的重组子并通过体外快速翻译系统RTS500(rapid translation system)对其进行表达.方法:采用PCR方法扩增葛佬素cDNA,将其与表达载体pIVEX2.3连接;采用PCR及双酶切方法鉴定连接产物.将含目的基因片段的阳性重组质粒通过体外表达翻译系统RTS500,使其蛋白能在大肠杆菌(E.coli)裂解产物中进行表达.应用蛋白免疫印迹方法对表达产物进行鉴定.结果:pIVEX2.3-G重组表达质粒通过体外表达翻译系统RTS500可表达出分子量约为14.4的蛋白;蛋白免疫印迹证实该蛋白为带有多聚组氨酸标签的融合蛋白.结论:抗菌肽葛佬素可在体外大肠杆菌裂解产物中进行表达.     

人源性防御素HD-5的原核表达及抗真菌作用的初步研究

【摘要】目的 构建pQE-30Xa/HD-5原核表达载体,纯化重组蛋白并进行抗真菌活性的初步鉴定。方法 以pcDNA3.1(+)/HD-5为模板,聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增编码HD-5成熟肽的基因。构建pQE-30Xa/HD-5重组表达载体,并对重组质粒进行酶切、基因序列分析。将鉴定正确的质粒转化入大肠杆菌M15后进行异丙基-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达,对表达产物进行十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）鉴定。通过镍柱亲和层析纯化蛋白并进行蛋白复性,蛋白免疫印迹（Western blot）鉴定纯化产物。以KB纸片法初步验证纯化获得的重组蛋白对白色假丝酵母菌的抑菌活性。结果 成功克隆了HD-5基因并构建了重组质粒pQE-30Xa/HD-5。重组质粒在大肠杆菌M15中诱导表达出HD-5融合蛋白;Western blot分析结果显示纯化后的融合蛋白与目的蛋白相符;KB纸片法证实纯化后的融合蛋白对白色假丝酵母菌具有一定的抑菌活性。结论 成功构建HD-5原核表达载体,经诱导表达后纯化获得具有良好抑菌活性的HD-5融合蛋白。     

核酸疫苗pVAX1-F的构建及瞬时表达

目的:构建仙台病毒核酸疫苗pVAXl-F,并在COS 7细胞中表达.方法:利用PCR法以仙台病毒cDNA为模板扩增出F基因,与pMD18-T连接,测序正确后用HindⅢ/EcoR Ⅰ双酶切,将F基因引入经同样酶切的pVAX1载体,构建pVAX1-F表达载体,用PCR法和双酶切法鉴定,并将此重组质粒通过脂质体介导转染COS 7细胞,流式细胞术检测抗原蛋白表达、RT-PCR法检测外源基因的表达.结果:经PCR法和酶切鉴定,目的片段大小与预期相符,经测序目的基因序列与GenBank(EF679198)公布结果一致.重组质粒pVAX1-F转染COS 7细胞72 h后,能够表达抗原蛋白,流式细胞术检测达到58.3%,与对照组3.6%比较差异具有显著性(P<0.01),且F基因mRNA明显表达.结论:成功构建pVAX1-F,并能够在COS 7细胞中瞬时表达,为仙台病毒F基因核酸疫苗进行免疫学评价奠定基础.     

pcDNA3.1/hTSHR_(1043～1354 bp)重组体的构建及在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中的表达

目的构建重组体pcDNA3.1/hTSHR1043～1354bp及在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞(CHO)表达hTSHR膜外区氨基酸314～418蛋白分子。方法提取人正常甲状腺组织总RNA,反转录后进行聚合酶链反应(PCR),将纯化的扩增产物hTSHR1043～1354bp与表达载体pcDNA3.1连接后转化TOP10E.coli感受态菌。经PCR、HindⅢ酶切和核苷酸序列测定方法鉴定插入序列和方向正确的重组质粒转染CHO细胞,并用Westernblot方法鉴定表达的蛋白。结果PCR扩增得到hTSHR膜外区C端312bp的基因片段hTSHR1043～1354bp。该片段与表达载体pcDNA3.1的连接后转化TOP10E.coli感受态菌。重组质粒经PCR、HindⅢ酶切和核苷酸序列测定方法鉴定证实hTSHR1043～1354bp片段插入序列和方向正确。重组质粒转染的CHO细胞裂解液经Westernblot可以检测出15900的蛋白条带,与预期的蛋白相对分子质量相符。结论成功构建了重组体pcDNA3.1/hTSHR1043～1354bp,其转染CHO细胞后表达159000的目的蛋白(hTSHR氨基酸314～418蛋白片段)。     

胞苷磷酸激酶基因的克隆与原核表达

目的:克隆胞苷磷酸激酶(CMPK)基因,构建携带CMPK基因的原核表达载体,诱导表达具有活性的重组CMPK融合蛋白,获得转基因工程菌.方法:利用PCR法扩增大肠杆菌基因组DNA,纯化的PCR产物链接至pMD18-T载体上,得到重组质粒pMD18-T-CMPK,转化E-coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,酶切鉴定;分别用BamH I和XhoI限制性内切酶双酶切重组质粒pMD18-TCMPK和pET28a(+)表达载体.连接后,转入E.coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,酶切鉴定.用终浓度1 mmol/L的IPTG诱导一定时间(3、6h)后,取E.coli上清液做电泳分析.结果:所获CMPK基因全长为786 bp,编码含有262个氨基酸的蛋白,当A值为0.6～0.8时重组质粒经IPTG诱导3h后,相对分子质量约30000处出现目的蛋白条带,随着时间的延长,蛋白表达量增加不明显.结论:成功地克隆CMPK基因,表达了大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)重组CMPK融合蛋白,为胞苷磷酸激酶进一步开发和应用奠定基础.     

HPV_(16)E7-HSP_(70)融合表达质粒的构建及鉴定

采用分子克隆技术 ,首先将 HSP70 基因片段克隆到真核表达载体 pc DNA3 .1ˉ上 ,获得 pc DNA-HSP重组质粒 ,然后采用 PCR扩增技术 ,定点突变编码 HPV1 6 E7蛋白 C末端锌指结构的基因序列 ,将该突变的 E7基因插入 pc DNA-HSP重组质粒 ,通过粘端连接的方式构建 pcd-HPV1 6 E7-HSP70 融合表达质粒 ,最后通过限制性内切酶酶切、PCR和 DNA测序等技术鉴定。结果显示 ,重组融合表达质粒经酶切、PCR和 DNA测序证明其突变位点、碱基及阅读框架均准确无误。     

人纤溶酶原K5基因的结构改造及其在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化与鉴定

目的 改造人纤溶酶原Kringle 5(K5)基因,构建RGDRGD-liteK5融合表达质粒,并表达纯化所得RGDRGD-liteK5蛋白.方法 以入纤溶酶原K5 cDNA为模板,通过PCR得到RGDRGD-liteK5基因片段,并克隆到质粒pGEXl-λT中,构建重组原核融合表达载体pGEX-RGDRGD-liteK5;在IPTG诱导下,观察融合蛋白在大肠杆菌Rosetta中的表达情况;利用亲合层析柱纯化表达产物,用Western blot分析鉴定表达产物.结果 PCR扩增得到274 bp的片段,并成功插入pGEX1-λT质粒;含重组质粒的大肠杆菌在IPTG诱导下表达了特异性的融合蛋白,其分子量为36 kD;获得的融合蛋白经凝血酶酶切后,得到了分子量约为10 kD的RGDRGD-liteK5蛋白;Western blot证实了表达产物的正确性.结论 成功地改造了人纤溶酶原K5基因,构建了重组融合表达质粒pGEX-RGDRGD-liteK5,并纯化了其表达产物.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.