高效液相色谱法测定康鼻胶囊中绿原酸含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定康鼻胶囊中绿原酸含量的方法。方法:采用Hypersil C18(4.6mm×200mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液(8.5∶91.5,v/v),检测波长327nm,流速1mL.min-1。结果:绿原酸在0.1~4.0mg.L-1范围内峰面积与浓度呈良好线性关系;回归方程:A=14 095.31C 127.77,r=0.999 9(n=6);平均加样回收率99.5%,RSD为1.4%(n=5)。结论:所建方法简便、快速准确,重复性好,可作为康鼻胶囊中绿原酸含量测定方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定丹毒宁胶囊中的绿原酸

目的 建立丹毒宁胶囊中绿原酸的测定方法.方法 采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent TC-C18(250mm× 4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-水-冰醋酸(12:88:1);检测波长324 nm;柱温30℃;体积流量1.0 Ml/min.结果 绿原酸在0.126 7～0.760 3μg线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为98.64%,RSD为0.60%.结论 本法简便、准确、重现性好,适用于丹毒宁胶囊中绿原酸的测定.     

HPLC测定羚羊感冒胶囊中绿原酸的含量

目的 测定羚羊感冒胶囊中绿原酸的含量.方法 采用HPLC法测定测定羚羊感冒胶囊中绿原酸的含量;采用色谱柱为:Inertsil ODS-3 C18(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为:乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液(13:87);流速:1.0 ml/min;检测波长:327 nm.结果 绿原酸在0.1～0.9μg线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.64%(RSD=1.02%).结论 该方法准确、重现性好、简便、可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定双黄连胶囊中金银花的绿原酸含量

目的测定双黄连胶囊中金银花(以绿原酸计)含量。方法高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(25∶75∶1);流速1mL.m in-1;检测波长325nm;柱温30℃。结果绿原酸在22.8μg.mL-1~114.0μg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为101.4%,RSD为1.3%。结论该方法可用于双黄连胶囊中绿原酸的含量测定。     

HPLC测定羚羊感冒胶囊中绿原酸的含量

目的测定羚羊感冒胶囊中绿原酸的含量。方法采用HPLC法测定测定羚羊感冒胶囊中绿原酸的含量;采用色谱柱为:Inertsil ODS-3 C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为:乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液(13:87);流速:1.0 ml/min;检测波长:327 nm。结果绿原酸在0.1～0.9μg线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.64%(RSD=1.02%)。结论该方法准确、重现性好、简便、可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

四妙胶囊中绿原酸的含量测定

目的:建立四妙胶囊中绿原酸的含量测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,以SunFireC18(4.6mm×150mm,5μm)为色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-1.25%醋酸溶液(18∶82);流速为1mL/min;柱温为35℃;检测波长为327nm。结果:绿原酸的质量浓度在8.50～424.80μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999);平均加样回收率为97.51%(RSD0.92%,n=9);四妙胶囊中绿原酸的平均质量分数为3.02mg/g。结论:本方法操作简便,快速,准确,可用于四妙胶囊中绿原酸的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定妇血康胶囊中原儿茶酸的含量

目的:建立妇血康胶囊中原儿茶酸的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法:采用Hypersil C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-水-冰醋酸(10∶90∶0.5,v/v);流速1.0mL.min-1;检测波长256nm。结果:平均回收率为98.96%,RSD为1.18%,方法重现性的RSD为1.36%(n=5)。原儿茶酸线性范围为0.204~6.120μg,r=0.999 9。结论:该方法操作简便,结果准确,可用于妇血康胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定复方石韦胶囊中绿原酸的含量

目的 用HPLC法测复方石韦胶囊中绿原酸的含量。方法以绿原酸对照品作对照,采用HPLC法测定复方石韦胶囊中的绿原酸含量。色谱柱:Hypersil GOLD C18(200×4.6mm,5μm);检测波长:328nm;流动相:乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液(32:68);进样量:10μL,采用外标法。结果在优化色谱条件下,复方石韦胶囊中的绿原酸线性范围在21.6～172.8μg。回归方程为:A=25824C-36946,范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9993。平均回收率为99.75%,RSD=1.2%(n=6)。结论所建立的方法专属性强,操作简便,结果准确,重现性好,适用于对复方石韦胶囊中的绿原酸含量的测定。     

HPLC法测定羚贝止咳糖浆中绿原酸的含量

目的:建立羚贝止咳糖浆中绿原酸的含量HPLC测定法.方法:DiamonsilTM C18色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm, 5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液(8:92);检测波长327nm;流速0.8ml·min-1.结果:绿原酸的线性范围为0.0407～0.3661μg(r=1.0000),平均回收率为99.78%, RSD=1.0% (n=6).结论:方法准确,灵敏,可作为羚贝止咳糖浆中绿原酸的定量分析方法.     

HPLC法测定茵胆平肝胶囊中绿原酸的含量

目的 建立茵胆平肝胶囊中绿原酸的含量测定方法.方法 以甲醇-0.2%磷酸(20:80)为流动相,检测波长327nm,流速0.4mL·min-1.结果 绿原酸在0.0556～1.1120μg范围内线性良好,相关系数为r=0.9999,回收率为98.28%,RSD=0.81%.结论 本法专属性强,操作简便,重复性好,可作为茵胆平肝胶重的质量控制方法.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.