早期干预对早产儿早期神经发育的影响

目的 分析早产儿和足月儿神经发育结局,探讨高危儿门诊对早产儿早期神经发育干预的作用,为临床早期干预提供一定依据.方法 选择2008-2011年在我院高危儿门诊规律随访的早产儿为观察组,随机抽取同期在本院儿童保健门诊保健的健康足月儿为对照组,在早产儿校正年龄/足月儿生后年龄3个月、6个月时分别进行Gesell测试和DDST筛查,评估并比较两组婴儿的神经发育.结果 校正年龄3个月时,早产儿大运动、语言、适应性与个人社交落后于足月儿[（62.2＆#177;22.7）分比（82.6＆#177;20.0）分,（91.8＆#177;49.3）分比（117.0 ＆#177;22.5）分,（63.1 ＆#177;29.5）分比（88.7＆#177;19.4）分,（66.5＆#177;35.7）分比（92.2＆#177;17.5）分,P均＜0.05],两组精细运动差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;校正年龄6个月时,早产儿大运动、精细运动、语言、适应性、个人社交等发育商与足月儿差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.早产儿校正年龄6个月时大运动、适应性和个人社交发育商与校正年龄3个月时相比均提高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 早产儿早期发育商水平低于足月儿,尤其是大运动、语言、适应性和个人社交落后于足月儿.通过早期干预,早产儿发育商后期能追赶上足月儿.应重视早产儿出院后干预,促进早产儿潜在能力得到最大程度的发挥.     

早产儿大脑发育成熟度早期磁共振成像评估

目的分析传统磁共振成像(MRI)图像评估早产儿早期大脑发育成熟度的形态学要点及宏观形态学发育落后的危险因素。方法选择2013年1月1日至2015年1月1日两家医院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)收治早产儿的传统MRI图像,根据MRI扫描时间对应的校正胎龄进行分组。利用传统MRI图像的大脑成熟度评分系统(TMS),比较校正胎龄34~41周内大脑发育成熟情况,以及TMS评分与头围评估间的差异;并且通过定量评估脑白质弥漫性高信号(DEHSI),分析DEHSI得分在34~41周内的变化趋势;通过Logistic回归分析探讨低TMS评分的临床危险因素。结果共纳入校正胎龄34~41周早产儿图像120例。34~35周组TMS评分为8.3±0.7,36~37周组为9.6±1.0,38~39周组为11.6±1.4,40~41周组为13.6±1.7,各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。皮质卷曲、迁移带得分在各组间均有差异;而38~39周组与40~41周组胚芽基质得分,差异无统计学意义(3.0±0.7比3.3±0.8,P>0.05),34~35周组与36~37周组髓鞘化得分,差异无统计学意义(2.4±0.4比2.6±0.5,P>0.05)。各组DEHSI得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),DEHSI得分与胎龄无明显相关性(r=0.077,P=0.440)。以各胎龄段内正常早产儿TMS分值为依据设定达标线。本研究120例早产儿中共68例达标,达标率56.7%。达标组与未达标组头围Z值间,差异无统计学意义。宫内生长迟缓(IUGR)和脑损伤是低TMS评分的影响因素(OR值分别为0.704、12.736,P<0.05)。结论利用传统MRI图像评估大脑宏观发育成熟度时,应尽量缩小评估胎龄的范围。强调4项指标综合评估,亦需注意各评估指标在不同评估时间窗内的敏感度差异。DEHSI不可作为早期宏观发育形态学成熟度的评估指标。IUGR和脑损伤是早产儿早期大脑发育成熟度落后的影响因素。     

早产儿无脑损伤者神经行为发育的追踪调查

目的探讨早产儿无脑损伤者体格、发育商、社会生活能力的发育。方法选择无异常分娩史头颅CT除外脑损伤早产儿61例。设正常足月顺产儿35例为对照组。分别对2组进行出生后6个月体格、发育商、社会生活能力调查。结果早产儿体格发育、发育商、社会生活能力均落后于对照组(P<0.01,0.05)。A组体质量、身高、头围差于B组,A组发育商正常者较B组少22.4%,社会生活能力A组正常以上占51%,B组占89%。结论早产儿由于过早脱离母体,即使无脑损伤,其体格、神经行为发育仍受到影响;合理的营养及适时的早期教育值得提倡。     

早产儿胎膜早破与呼吸窘迫综合征

目的探讨胎膜早破对早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)发生的影响。方法回顾性分析1997-2000年在我院分娩、胎龄为27-33周的早产儿。依据产妇胎膜早破是否超过24 h,将早产儿分为胎膜早破组44例与对照组99例。采用t检验、x2 检验及Fisher确切概率计算法分析数据。结果两组胎龄分别为(32.30±1.31)、(31.9±1.7)周,出生体质量分别为(1834±378)g、(1838±431)g。两组破膜至胎儿娩出时间分别为(111.9±124.6)、(3.4±6.0)h,经统计分析有显著差异(P<0.001)。胎膜早破组RDS发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。胎膜早破组孕产妇官腔内感染率与新生儿败血症发生率较对照组高,但无显著差异。结论对于<33周的早产儿,胎膜早破超过24 h可能促进胎肺成熟,进而显著降低RDS发生。     

影响早产儿行为神经测定因素的分析

目的 探讨新生儿行为神经测定(NBNA)在早产儿的应用及影响其评估指标的因素.方法 选择2006年1月至2007年6月在我院新生儿科住院治疗的123例早产儿,分别在纠正胎龄40周时进行NBNA评分,分析胎龄、出生体重、是否机械通气以及机械通气时间、围生期是否有致脑损伤的高危因素对NBNA评分的影响.结果 胎龄<30周、～32周、～34周早产儿及出生体重<1 250 g、～1 500 g、～2 000 g早产儿NBNA评分差异均具有显著性(P<0.01),胎龄越低、出生体重越低,NBNA评分越低;需机械通气的早产儿NBNA评分明显低于未上呼吸机者(P<0.01),机械通气时间＞7 d NBNA评分明显低于＜7 d者(P<0.05);围生期有出血性和缺血性脑损伤、间接胆红素≥256.5 μmol/L、血糖反复<2.6 μmol/L、发生感染者NBNA评分明显降低(P<0.01);臀位、钳产、吸引产早产儿NBNA评分明显低于剖宫产和顺产者(P<0.01);Apgar评分为0～3分者NBNA评分明显低于4～7分和≥8分者(P<0.01).结论 胎龄、出生体重、是否机械通气、机械通气时间、异常的分娩方式、合并重度窒息均影响早产儿的NBNA评分.对于早产儿,特别是胎龄<32周,出生体重<1 500 g,存在致脑损伤高危因素的早产儿,生后3～7 d内应行头颅B超检查,及早发现颅内病变,尽早干预,减少后遗症的发生.     

小剂量氨茶碱对早产儿脑神经发育的影响

目的 探讨小剂量氨茶碱对早产儿临床预后及脑神经发育的影响.方法 选择2007年12月至2009年12月本院新生儿重症监护病房收治的日龄<14天、因呼吸暂停或便于撤离机械通气用氨茶碱治疗的极低出生体重早产儿,对于机械通气者与未机械通气治疗者进行分层分析.将机械通气患儿随机分为观察1组、观察2组和对照组,观察1组于撤机前应用氨茶碱,持续至无呼吸暂停后5天;观察2组于机械通气第1天开始应用氨茶碱,持续至校正胎龄32周;对照组不用氨茶碱.有呼吸暂停而不需机械通气者为无机械通气组,应用氨茶碱的患儿为观察组,未用氨茶碱的患儿为对照组.氨茶碱首剂4 mg/kg,维持量2 mg/kg,每12 h一次.观察并记录住院时间、上呼吸机时间、支气管肺发育不良(BPD)、早产儿视网膜病(ROP)、脑白质软化(PVL)、坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)发生率及预后,所有生存早产儿出院后进行听力、视力、体格智力发育随访.结果 353例研究对象入选,其中6例在治疗中放弃,7例死亡(4例住院期间,3例出院后婴幼儿期死亡).住院治疗期间,无机械通气患儿观察组住院时间短于对照组[(39.4±15.7)天比(45.2±12.1)天,P<0.05],BPD、PVL的发生率低于对照组[1.3%比9.0%,1.3%比10.3%,P<0.05];机械通气组中,观察2组与观察1组住院时间、上呼吸机治疗时间均短于对照组[(40.3±13.5)、(47.4±14.7)天比(52.3±17.6)天,(3.9±3.2)、(5.1±3.9)天比(5.9±4.3)天,P<0.05],BPD、PVL、NEC的发生率低于对照组[3.1%、9.1%比10.0%,3.1%、4.5%比10.0%,3.1%、4.5%比13.8%,P<0.05],尤其以观察2组明显.随访过程中,各组均有患儿失访,无机械通气患儿失访60例,机械通气患儿失访54例,完成随访者进行比较,无机械通气患儿脑瘫、耳聋、失明的发生率观察组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),需要早期干预的患儿明显少于对照组(P<0.05).机械通气组患儿脑瘫、耳聋、失明的发生率观察组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),MDI<70、需要早期干预或进行语言训练的患儿明显减少(P<0.05).结论 应用氨茶碱治疗早产儿呼吸暂停或便于撤离呼吸机,对患儿临床预后及脑神经发育有一定改善,无明显不良反应及后遗症的发生.     

早期综合干预对早产儿早期发育的影响

目的 探讨对早产儿实施早期综合干预对其早期发育的影响.方法 选择2007年在本院新生儿科住院的早产儿为观察组,2006年出生的早产儿为对照组.观察组给予认知、语言、情感、交往能力、抚触、被动体操、主动运动训练和营养支持等综合干预,对照组只接受婴幼儿系统管理体检.两组均定期进行生长发育、智能发育的监测评估.结果 两组各72例早产儿,观察组1岁、2岁时身长、体重、头围的均值均高于对照组(P均<0.05).观察组6个月、1岁和2岁时缺铁性贫血的患病率均低于对照组(P均<0.05).观察组6个月前出现早期异常神经征象的发生率2.8%,低于对照组的11.1%(X2=3.87,P<0.05).观察组2岁时神经系统后遗症发生率1.4%,低于对照组的9.7%(X2=4.76,P<0.01).观察组1岁和2岁时智力发育指数和运动发育指数均明显高于对照组(P均<0.01).结论 早期综合干预可促进早产儿体格发育和智能发育,能有效降低神经系统后遗症的发生率和缺铁性贫血的患病率.     

新生儿行为神经测定联合儿心量表评价院外转运早产儿的智能发育状况

目的 评价院外转运对早产儿智能发育的影响.方法 选取我院2007年院外转运的141例早产儿为转运组,同期在我院产科出生,胎龄、出生体重以及呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)、颅内出血(ICH)和脑室周围白质软化(PVL)等疾病发病情况与转运组相匹配的早产儿100例为对照组,所有病例均没有窒息抢救史,均完成了新生儿行为神经测定(NBNA)及儿心量表检测(NET),每组分为＜32周、32～34周及＞34周3个胎龄段,根据两组NBNA评分及儿心量表评分情况分析各胎龄组早产儿的智能发育状况,通过比较两组智能发育状况评价院外转运对早产儿智能发育的影响.结果 (1)胎龄＜32周:转运组和对照组NBNA评分(34.6±1.5比35.0±1.3)及儿心量表评分(88.5±8.0比91.7±10.1)之间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);(2)胎龄32～34周:转运组NBNA评分(34.7±1.1)低于对照组(35.5±0.9),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组儿心量表评分(92.0±8.8比97.1±11.3)差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);(3)胎龄＞34周:转运组和对照组NBNA评分(35.5±1.3比35.5±0.8)及儿心量表评分(96.6±9.4比97.0±10.5)之间的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 掌握好转运指征、做好转运前准备、及时处理转运中出现的问题以及对早产儿进行早期干预可以减轻或消除院外转运对早产儿智能发育的影响.     

早期干预对早产儿智能发育的影响

为改善早产儿预后 ,提高其生活质量 ,本文对 1998年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 6月 6 6例早产儿行早期干预 ,取得满意效果 ,现报告如下。对象与方法一、对象　 118例早产儿均在本院产科出生 ,无产科异常。胎龄 31～ 36 .9周 ,5minApgar评分 8～ 10分。随机分为干预组 6 6例 ,男 4 9例 ,女 17例 ;对照组 5 2例 ,男 4 1例 ,女 11例。两组胎龄、性别、出生体重、Apgar评分、纠正年龄满 4 0周NBNA评分及父母文化、家庭方面均无显著性差异。二、干预方法　干预组 :专业人员在患儿出生后向家长解释干预目的及如何能帮助早产儿改善预后 ,在纠正年龄满4 0…     

Fetal Membrane Histology in Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes: Comparison to Controls, and between Antibiotic and Placebo Treatment

The objectives of this study were to test the hypotheses that antibiotic therapy will alter the histologic appearance of fetal membranes in preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM), and that the membrane histology will demonstrate distinct differences between term and preterm rupture of membranes. We also wished to test interobserver variability of pathologists. Placental membranes were sampled from 268 women participating in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of antibiotic therapy for pPROM at 24–32 weeks of gestation (cases) and from 4 control groups who were not in the randomized trial: (1) preterm labor without pPROM (n = 21), (2) term labor (n = 65), (3) term PROM (n = 21), and (4) term cesarean section (n = 27). The cases and controls were scored for 40 histologic features by pathologists blinded to the identity of each sample (case or control). pPROM histology of samples from patients receiving antibiotics and those receiving placebo was compared using a chi-squared test and with control groups using logistic regression. There were no histological differences between pPROM cases treated with antibiotic and those receiving placebo, nor with respect to duration of membrane rupture greater or less than 48 h. Concordance among pathologists was low for features other than acute inflammation. Logistic regression analysis controlled for race and pathologist, and demonstrated that all of the control groups had significantly fewer common markers of acute inflammation when compared with the pPROM cases. This study suggests that histopathologic evidence of infection is seen more frequently with pPROM than in preterm or term controls. The histologic features used in this study cannot be used to determine the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. Received November 2, 1998; accepted February 10, 1999.     

胎膜早破与足月新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的相关分析

目的 明确胎膜早破(PROM)与足月新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)的相关性.方法 采用病例对照研究的方法,选择2008年1月-2010年12月出生后在本院新生儿重症监护中心住院、胎龄在37周以上、诊断为RDS的患儿205例为病例组,同期入院、主要诊断为新生儿黄疸(除外感染因素所致者)的410例足月新生儿为对照组.对所有纳入对象的临床资料进行回顾性分析,记录相关信息,包括有无PROM、患儿性别、分娩方式、出生体质量、羊水污染等,探讨PROM与足月儿RDS的关系.结果 1.RDS组RPOM所占比例(30.2％,62/205例)明显高于对照组(15.5％,63/410例),差异有统计学意义(x2=12.276,P＜0.001).2.经单因素分析,PROM、选择性剖宫产、男性、小于胎龄儿、羊水量少、妊娠期血糖偏高及糖尿病、羊水Ⅲ度污染、宫内窘迫、出生时窒息等因素均与足月儿RDS具有相关性(Pa＜0.05),均为RDS的危险因素,而孕母年龄≥35岁、脐带绕颈、胎盘早剥与RDS均无相关性(Pa＞0.05).3.经Logistic回归分析:PROM、选择性剖宫产、男性、妊娠期血糖异常及糖尿病、出生时窒息等与足月儿RDS密切相关.结论 PROM与足月儿RDS密切相关,是足月儿RDS的高危因素之一.     

HISTOLOGIC FEATURES OF CHORIOAMNION MEMBRANE RUPTURE: Development of Methodology

This study developed a set of histologic features that will allow subclassification of placentas with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Placentas were obtained from patients participating in a multi-institutional NICHD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit Network study of antimicrobial therapy after preterm premature rupture of membranes. The rupture site was sampled by inking the open sac margin and rolling a membrane strip in four quadrants from the ink to the placental margin. Independently, four pathologists used a provisional feature list to score the slides from 15 placentas. A concordance analysis was performed on those results. With those results, the slides were reviewed concurrently to discover the source of disagreements and to revise the feature list. The sampling method frequently demonstrated a rupture site with histology distinct from that of the remainder of the membranes. After review of the preliminary scoring results, 29 features of membrane histology present in preterm premature rupture could be objectively described with agreement among four pathologists. The feature list allows both novel and commonly recognized histologic features of fetal membranes to be recorded with objectivity. This list, with the described sampling technique, is presented as a tool for clinical correlation in studies of membrane rupture, especially in preterm, premature rupture.     

不同原因所致早产儿的临床特征

目的比较不同原因所致早产儿的临床特征,为早产儿分类管理、合理诊治提供依据。方法对2008年12月-2009年6月在郑州大学第三附属医院NICU住院的存在胎膜早破、妊娠高血压综合征、胎盘早剥的孕妇所分娩238例活产早产儿的一般情况和临床特征进行对比,其中胎膜早破组99例,妊娠高血压综合征组89例,胎盘早剥组50例。结果3组早产儿在胎龄、双胎比例、病死率方面比较均无统计学差异(Pa>0.05)。妊娠高血压综合征组早产儿出生体质量较低。胎膜早破组早产儿窒息发生率较低(P<0.05)。胎膜早破组CRP阳性率较高,住院天数最短,与其他2组比较均有统计学差异(Pa<0.05);胎膜早破组呼吸窘迫综合征发生率低于妊娠高血压综合征组和胎盘早剥组,但均无统计学差异(Pa>0.05)。胎盘早剥组凝血异常发生率较高,与其他2组比较有统计学差异(Pa<0.05)。结论不同原因所致早产儿临床特征存在差异,应结合导致早产的病因进行分类管理。对胎膜早破所致早产儿应加强感染方面的管理,对妊娠高血压综合征、胎盘早剥所致早产儿应重视营养支持、窒息及凝血功能检测。     

人正五聚蛋白3mRNA在胎膜早破相关性胎儿感染肺组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨胎膜早破(PROM)相关性胎儿感染胎肺组织中人正五聚蛋白3(PTX3)mRNA的表达及临床意义。方法收集2010年10月-2011年10月在首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院因死胎、死产、引产或流产的胎肺组织标本12份。将PROM并肺部感染的胎儿肺组织6份为观察组,无PROM、无肺部感染的胎儿肺组织6份为对照组。对留取肺组织行40 g.L-1多聚甲醛固定,2h内石蜡包埋,4μm连续切片。行HE染色,以普通光学显微镜观察其肺组织的病理学变化。提取储存于液氮中新鲜肺组织的总RNA,反转录为cDNA,琼脂糖电泳明确扩增的DNA与目标DNA分子大小是否相同,提取成功后,采用SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量(qRT)-PCR和相对定量分析方法,以GAPDH基因为内参基因,检测2组胎儿肺组织中PTX3 mRNA的表达,采用相对定量△Ct法计算mRNA相对表达量。结果 1.肉眼所见观察组胎儿肺体积较小、颜色暗红,而对照组胎儿肺组织颜色粉红,体积饱满,肺组织切面出血量较少。2.光学显微镜下,观察组胎肺组织内可见大量中性粒细胞浸润、黏性液体和炎性细胞渗出,大量红细胞漏入;对照组上述病理改变则较轻。3.qRT-PCR检测结果显示,PTX3 mRNA在2组胎儿肺组织中均有表达,观察组△Ct值为5.81±0.63,对照组△Ct值为4.20±0.70,2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=4.17,P=0.002)。结论 PTX3 mRNA在PROM相关性胎儿感染的胎肺组织中的表达明显增加,可作为判断胎儿肺感染的早期敏感指标之一。     

Successful Deliveries of Twins from Two Pregnant Women Following Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes in the Early Second-Trimester Pregnancy

The management of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) before 34 weeks of gestation is intractable, due to pulmonary immaturity, many complications, poor pregnancy outcomes. In particular, the pre-viable PPROM (<23 weeks of gestation) is much more difficult to be treated. The clinical recommendation is to terminate the pregnancy as soon as possible. The pregnancy outcomes of PPROM in the early second-trimester of two twin pregnant women in our hospital were reported to explore the treatment protocols. The pregnancies of the two women developed PROM at 12 and 16 weeks of gestation, respectively. After expectant treatment, they were deliveried successfully at 34+6 and 34+4 weeks of gestation, respectively. The assessment of growth and development of infants was normal during the following six months after birth. Therefore, if PPROM occurs in the early second-trimester of pregnancy, the management of PPROM should be individualized, it’s a long process which should include comprehensive communication between patients and families regarding alternative treatment options (including expectant management) and risks and benefits of the procedure. In the absence of spontaneous labor or occurrence of complications that would prompt delivery (intra-amniotic infection, abruptio placenta, cord prolapse), and fetal status is normal, the patients should proceed with expectant treatment, induction of labor is commonly performed in pregnancies with PPROM ≥34 weeks of gestation.     

Neurological Condition of Large-for-Gestational-Age Infants during the Newborn Period

ABSTRACT. Thirty-two large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants and 46 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants used as controls, were investigated. LGA and AGA infants did not differ regarding instrumental deliveries or asphyxia. The infants were examined on the 1st and 5th days after birth with a standardized neurological assessment. The LGA infants showed a significantly delayed neurological adaptation with fewer optimal responses on day one as compared to the AGA infants. These differences were not observed on day five. There were no neurological differences between prenatally and postnatally detected LGA infants. No significant differences were observed regarding parity on maternal complications, neonatal course, and neurological scores of the LGA infants.