鄂州市农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查

[目的]了解鄂州市农村饮用水、改厕、垃圾、污水排放现状,为制定鄂州市农村发展规划、建设社会主义新农村提供科学依据.[方法]在摸清全市农村饮用水基本情况的基础上,依照不同水源和不同供水方式按比例分层随机抽取3区10个村为水质监测点,水质监测点所在的行政村为环境卫生现状调查村.[结果]鄂州市农村居民饮用水微生物指标超标率为80%;非卫生厕所占76.51%,且以不渗漏旱厕为主;垃圾和污水主要来源于生活性,垃圾均为收集后直接再利用,污水几乎全部排放到坑塘和农田.[结论]鄂州市农村饮用水水质超标严重(尤其是微生物指标),无害化卫生厕所普及率低,垃圾和污水未经任何处理直接排放,农村环境卫生状况较差.     

石家庄市农村垃圾与污水处理现状

目的了解石家庄市农村垃圾与污水现状,为制定农村垃圾污水治理策略提供依据。方法依照分层随机抽样方法,选取6个县(市)为调查对象,每个县随机选取20个村进行调查。结果生活垃圾定点堆放的村占75.83%,统一收集的村仅占3.33%;生活污水随意排放的村占46.67%,没有村将污水排入处理厂;大部分村工业和养殖业污水未经处理直接排放。结论该市应加强农村垃圾与污水管理和环境卫生基础设施建设,提高农民卫生意识,建立一种环境卫生长效工作机制。     

2011年吉林省农村环境卫生状况调查

目的调查分析吉林省农村环境卫生现状,为环境卫生治理提供科学依据。方法按比例分层随机抽样,选取9个县(市),每个县抽取20个村,每村抽取5户进行调查。结果村居民供水方式以分散式供水为主;40%的调查村有专职保洁员;卫生厕所占总户厕的66.14%;生活垃圾定点堆放占53.33%,生活污水以随意排放为主,主要排放到坑塘。结论农村垃圾、污水和粪便无害化处理率低,环境卫生状况急需进一步改善。     

吉林省农村环境卫生现状及防治对策研究(以绿园区为例)

目的了解吉林省农村环境卫生现状,为制定本省农村饮用水安全发展规划及社会主义新农村建设规划提供科学依据。方法在绿园区下发全国统一的农村饮用水与环境卫生调查表,组织专业人员在全区农村进行改厕情况调查,并随机选取10个村进行垃圾、污水情况调查。结果全区非卫生厕所占农村总户数98.73%,卫生厕所占1.27%;10个调查村生活垃圾总量719 t月/,污水总量59 883 t月/,生活性污水占污水总量92.35%,生产性污水占7.65%。结论吉林省(以绿园区为例)农村卫生厕所普及率极低;垃圾收集后全部以填埋的方式处理,无回收直接再利用;污水全部以明沟排放至坑塘,10个调查村均无污水处理厂。     

2012-2013年江西省农村垃圾和污水处置现状调查

目的了解江西省农村垃圾和污水处置现状及变化趋势,评价农村环境卫生状况。方法 2012、2013连续2年选取相同的28个县(市、区),每个县采用按比例分层随机抽样方法,抽取5个乡镇、20个村,按照统一的调查表进行调查。结果江西省垃圾和污水处理设施不足,垃圾处理厂、污水处理厂覆盖人口占总人口的比例分别为24.88%、20.31%。均以覆盖县城城区人口为主,分别占覆盖人口的58.92%、88.28%。农村生活垃圾的收集方式以定点堆放为主,占49.02%。处理方式以焚烧、填埋为主,分别占51.78%、29.64%。生产性垃圾中工业垃圾以焚烧、填埋为主,分别占35.00%、34.00%;养殖业垃圾以再利用、高温堆肥为主,分别占52.00%、35.50%。生活污水以随意排放为主,占50.62%。以排往河流、坑塘为主,分别占38.12%、31.78%。生产性污水中工业污水和养殖业污水均以直接排放为主,分别占68.13%、76.37%。结论江西省农村地区垃圾和污水大部分未能进行有效处理,环境卫生状况有待进一步改善。     

苏州市吴中区农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查

目的掌握苏州市吴中区农村饮用水、改厕和粪便处理现状,了解农村垃圾污水治理情况,为制定我市农村饮用水安全及社会主义新农村建设规划提供科学依据。方法按吴中区人口比例分层随机抽取10个行政村,每个村随机选取10户入户调查。结果集中式供水人口占农村总人口的90.9%,分散式供水人口占9.1%;采集水样11份,合格率为63.6%,4份不合格项目主要以大肠菌群为主。卫生厕所使用户数占90.5%;生活性垃圾和污水主要为随意排放;生产性垃圾主要为收集堆放,生产性污水主要为管道排放。结论吴中区农村饮用水和环境卫生现状还有待于进一步改善。     

2011-2016年广东省农村环境卫生状况调查

目的 了解广东省2011-2016年农村环境卫生状况及其变化趋势,为农村环境卫生整治提供科学依据。方法 于2011-2016年每年的7-8月,按比例分层随机抽样方法,选取19个县(市、区),每个县20个村,每村选择不少于5户为调查对象,采用统一调查表进行调查,内容包括基本情况、垃圾与污水情况、病媒生物防制等。结果 2011-2016年广东省农村垃圾和污水处理厂的覆盖人口比例逐渐增加,分别从40.72%提高到61.29%、39.15%提高到55.07%;生活垃圾的收集方式均以定点堆放为主(52.33%),以填埋为主要处理方式(57.93%);生活污水排放方式主要以明沟为主占34.01%,排放地点以河流为主,占40.37%;环境卫生经费投入逐年增长,大部分的调查点都制定了环境卫生管理制度、有环境卫生规划、开展了环境卫生宣传教育及灭鼠、灭蝇等相关病媒生物控制工作。结论 2011-2016年广东省各地农村的卫生基础设施、垃圾污水处理、卫生管理、病媒生物控制等方面情况有所改善,但也存在一些不足,建议采取多种措施进一步改善农村环境卫生状况。     

2011年广东省农村垃圾和污水现状调查

目的了解广东省农村垃圾、污水治理情况,为制定农村垃圾、污水治理策略提供科学依据。方法于2011年7—8月,依照按比例分层随机抽样方法,选取19个县(市、区),每个县20个村,每村选择不少于5户为调查对象。采用统一调查表进行调查,内容包括基本情况、垃圾与污水现状及处理方式等。结果在380个调查村中,生活垃圾以定点堆放为主(55.26%),处理方式以填埋为主(46.05%);工业垃圾处理方式以填埋为主(54.41%);养殖业垃圾以再利用为主(63.77%)。生活污水产生量每村平均为381.78 t/d,排放方式以暗沟为主(34.21%),排放地点以河流为主(42.11%)。有69个村(占18.16%)产生工业污水,平均每村产生污水132.87 t/d,有97个村(占25.53%)产生养殖业污水,平均每村产生污水118.80 t/d,24.64%的村直接排放工业污水,63.92%的村直接排放养殖业污水。结论广东省农村垃圾、污水污染情况较为普遍。     

Hygienic Survey of Waste and Sewage in Rural Areas of Guangdong,2011

目的 了解广东省农村垃圾、污水治理情况,为制定农村垃圾、污水治理策略提供科学依据.方法 于2011年7-8月,依照按比例分层随机抽样方法,选取19个县(市、区),每个县20个村,每村选择不少于5户为调查对象.采用统一调查表进行调查,内容包括基本情况、垃圾与污水现状及处理方式等.结果 在380个调查村中,生活垃圾以定点堆放为主(55.26％),处理方式以填埋为主(46.05％);工业垃圾处理方式以填埋为主(54.41％);养殖业垃圾以再利用为主(63.77％).生活污水产生量每村平均为381.78 t/d,排放方式以暗沟为主(34.21％),排放地点以河流为主(42.11％).有69个村(占18.16％)产生工业污水,平均每村产生污水132.87 t/d,有97个村(占25.53％)产生养殖业污水,平均每村产生污水118.80 t/d,24.64％的村直接排放工业污水,63.92％的村直接排放养殖业污水.结论 广东省农村垃圾、污水污染情况较为普遍.     

安徽省2011～2012年农村环境卫生监测结果分析

目的了解和掌握农村环境卫生健康危害因素水平,客观评价农村环境卫生状况,为制订农村环境卫生规划提供科学依据。方法按比例分层（包括经济水平、地理地貌、人口等）随机抽取15个市24个县（市、区）480个行政村为本次调查对象,采用统一的调查表,通过查阅资料、访谈、现场观察、实验室检测等方法收集调查数据。结果 480个村的生活垃圾收集中,主要是随意堆放,其次是定点堆放;生活垃圾、工业垃圾处理主要以填埋和焚烧为主。生活污水排放主要是随意排放,其次是明沟排放;生活污水排放地点主要是坑塘,其次排入河流。所调查的工业企业中,大部分污水是直接排放。两年中卫生厕所普及率2012年（31.15%）比2011年（26.65%）有所提高。480个村中开展灭蝇工作的最多村仅占12.71%,开展灭蟑工作的村只占4.79%。结论农村环境卫生现状不容乐观,存在多种影响人群身体健康的环境危害因素。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.