酒精摄入对大鼠心脏、肝脏及学习记忆影响的研究

目的研究酒精摄入对大鼠血压、肝脏结构及学习记忆的影响。方法成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为酒精组与对照组。酒精组给予50%酒精1 ml/(100g bw.d),每天分两次灌胃,对照组给予等量生理盐水灌胃。两组均于灌胃6w后Morris水迷宫观察大鼠学习记忆的改变、颈总动脉插管观察血压,HE染色观察心肌细胞、肝细胞、海马结构的变化。结果⑴与对照组大鼠相比,酒精组大鼠平均逃避潜伏期时间及搜索距离延长(P<0.05);撤离平台后120s内穿过原平台象限内游泳的时间及原平台象限游泳距离占总距离的百分比减小(P<0.05)。⑵两组大鼠血压比较无显著性差异。⑶光镜下观察:与对照组比较酒精组大鼠心肌纤维及海马结构未见明显不同;酒精组大鼠肝细胞有明显的脂肪变性。结论酒精摄入使大鼠学习记忆能力下降、大鼠肝细胞脂肪变性,其对血压的影响还有待进一步研究。     

ACUTE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON POWER DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN MAN AND WOMAN

An experiment was performed testing the hypothesis that thedistribution of outcome power and process power among a maleand female will change in favor of the male as a function offemale alcohol intoxication. Dyads were randomly assigned toeither an alcohol, a placebo or a control group and took partin a decision game. The respective influence on the actual decisionoutcome and on the decision process was estimated. Alcohol didnot affect the distribution of outcome power and the processwas only affected by a quantitative increase in number of utterancesand discussion time. The results were discussed in relationto theoretical models and sex-role typing.     

银杏黄酮对雌性小鼠酒精性氧化损伤的保护作用

目的:研究酒精对雌性小鼠肝脏的慢性氧化损伤及银杏黄酮的干预效果。方法:昆明种雌性小鼠每天给予96mg/kgbw的银杏黄酮后,再给予乙醇3.2g/kgbw,同时设正常对照组和酒精对照组(乙醇3.2g/kgbw),连续灌胃75d后测定血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性及血清与肝脏谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性及丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果:小鼠摄入酒精75d后,所检测的各项指标与正常对照组相比,均有非常显著性(P<0.01)差异;经银杏黄酮干预后,与酒精对照组相比,血清ALT、AST水平显著下降,肝脏与血清GSH-Px、SOD、CAT活性与GSH水平明显提高,MDA水平明显下降。结论:银杏黄酮对雌性小鼠肝脏慢性酒精性氧化损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

CARDIAC FUNCTION AFTER ALCOHOL INGESTION IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND CARDIOMYOPATHY: A CONTROLLED STUDY

Thirty male patients with ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathyentered a controlled study of the acute effects of alcohol oncardiac function evaluated by right heart catheterization. Twentypatients, nine with angina pectoris and 11 with congestive heartfailure, were studied during alcohol intoxication, and ten patients,five with angina pectoris and five with heart failure, servedas a control group. The mean serum ethanol concentration inthe alcohol group was 93 mg/100 ml (S.D. 17). The systemic arterialblood pressure was reduced by 6% in the alcohol group, P<0.05compared with the control group. No significant changes occurredin the central venous pressure, the pulmonary artery pressure,the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, or in cardiac output,stroke volume and total peripheral resistance. Alcohol intakein moderate doses has no measurable effect on pulmonary bloodpressures or cardiac output in patients with ischemic heartdisease and cardiomyopathy. Such an effect may, however, bemasked by a reduction of afterload.     

Baclofen efficacy in reducing alcohol craving and intake: a preliminary double-blind randomized controlled study

AIMS: The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(B)) receptor agonist, baclofen, has recently been shown to reduce alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring rats and alcohol consumption and craving for alcohol in an open study in humans. The present study was aimed at providing a first evaluation of the efficacy of baclofen in inducing and maintaining abstinence and reducing craving for alcohol in alcohol-dependent patients in a double-blind placebo-controlled design. METHODS: A total of 39 alcohol-dependent patients were consecutively enrolled in the study. After 12-24 h of abstinence from alcohol, patients were randomly divided into two groups. Twenty patients were treated with baclofen and 19 with placebo. Drug and placebo were orally administered for 30 consecutive days. Baclofen was administered at the dose of 15 mg/day for the first 3 days and 30 mg/day for the subsequent 27 days, divided into three daily doses. Patients were monitored as out-patients on a weekly basis. At each visit alcohol intake, abstinence from alcohol, alcohol craving and changes in affective disorders were evaluated. RESULTS: A higher percentage of subjects totally abstinent from alcohol and a higher number of cumulative abstinence days throughout the study period were found in the baclofen, compared to the placebo, group. A decrease in the obsessive and compulsive components of craving was found in the baclofen compared to the placebo group; likewise, alcohol intake was reduced in the baclofen group. A decrease in state anxiety was found in the baclofen compared to the placebo group. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of current depressive symptoms. Baclofen proved to be easily manageable and no patient discontinued treatment due to the presence of side-effects. No patient was affected by craving for the drug and/or drug abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Baclofen proved to be effective in inducing abstinence from alcohol and reducing alcohol craving and consumption in alcoholics. With the limits posed by the small number of subjects involved, the results of this preliminary double-blind study suggest that baclofen may represent a potentially useful drug in the treatment of alcohol-dependent patients and thus merits further investigations.     

THE EFFECTS OF REPEATED WITHDRAWALS FROM ALCOHOL ON THE MEMORY OF MALE AND FEMALE ALCOHOLICS

The measure of number of withdrawals, as a separate drinkingvariable of relevance to cognitive functioning in alcoholics,is a relatively uninvestigated measure. An ethanol withdrawalhypothesis has been suggested that would predict poorer cognitiveperformance with increased number of withdrawals from alcohol.In this study, the effects of withdrawals (defined as a 24 hrperiod of abstinence following the consumption of alcohol) ontests of learning and memory were examined. Using 76 male and67 female alcoholics, results indicate that greater number ofwithdrawals is related to poorer memory test performance. Resultsprovide support for the ethanol hypothesis of poorer cognitiveperformance with increasing number of withdrawals, and suggestthat females may exhibit accelerated responses to the effectsof alcohol misuse.     

A new device for administering placebo alcohol

Placebo alcohol administered via a new device induced intoxication in 7 of 10 healthy adult males. Intoxication levels reported after placebo alcohol was 36% of intoxication ratings after real alcohol when peak blood alcohol values reached 84 mg/dl. Since expectancy about alcohol effects may contribute significantly to perceived intoxication, the new device should facilitate alcohol administration studies which would benefit from a placebo control.     

壳寡糖螯合锌对雌性昆明小鼠生长和繁殖性能的影响

目的研究壳寡糖螯合锌对雌性昆明小鼠生长和繁殖性能的影响。方法实验选择健康21日龄40只雌性和20只雄性小鼠,随机分为对照组(NC)、硫酸锌组(Zn)、壳寡糖+硫酸锌组(COS+Zn)、壳寡糖螯合锌组(COS-Zn)4组,每组雌鼠10只、雄鼠5只,连续观察测试亲、子两代的生长和繁殖性能。测定子代小鼠9 w龄时卵巢及子宫组织的蛋白质、甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(TC)含量。HE染色观察卵巢及子宫的组织结构。结果 (1)COS-Zn组的亲代和子代生长发育和部分器官指数的各项指标均优于其它3个组。其中日均增重、心脏指数、肝脏指数、肺脏指数、肾脏指数、脾脏指数、胸腺指数、卵巢和子宫指数、胚胎数与NC组和Zn组相比均显著提高(P<0.05)。(2)COS-Zn组亲代和子代小鼠的均产仔数、离乳率与NC组和Zn组相比均有显著提高(P<0.05)。(3)COS-Zn组卵巢和子宫蛋白质含量与NC组和Zn组相比分别提高了3.81%和1.46%,差异显著(P<0.05);而甘油三酯和胆固醇的含量也显著降低(P<0.05)。结论 COS.Zn作为新型有机锌源可显著改善昆明小鼠的生长和繁殖性能。     

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF ETHANOL METABOLISM IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL MISUSERS

The time course of ethanol disappearance from the blood hasbeen examined in normal males and females and in alcohol misusers.Blood alcohol estimations were made over a period of 3 hr, followingan oral dose of ethanol (0.8 g/kg body weight) administeredin the form of whisky. Attempts were made to fit the data tozero order, first order and mixed zero + first order kinetics.In the majority (75%) of normal females the blood ethanol concentrationwas still increasing at 30 min. This was only seen in 50% ofnormal males and in 50% of non-dependent alcohol misusers, butnot in dependent alcohol misusers. In all of the normal femalesthe disappearance of ethanol could be adequately described byzero order kinetics. However, in the normal male group only20% could be described by zero order kinetics, 10% fitted firstorder kinetics and the remainder required a mixed model of zero+ first order. The rate constant for the zero order componentof the control male group was identical to zero order rate constantobtained for the female control group. In the female alcoholmisuser group, 40% of the curves could not be described by zeroorder kinetics and fitted best to a mixed model. The zero ordercomponent of the entire group was significantly increased (by35%) compared to that obtained for the female control group.In the male dependent and non-dependent alcohol misuser groups,all blood alcohol concentration curves fitted best to mixedzero and first order kinetics. However, no significant differenceswere noted in the values of the kinetic parameters when comparedwith the male control group. It is suggested that the zero ordercomponent of the blood alcohol concentration curves is due tothe action of liver alcohol dehydrogenase and the first ordercomponent represents redistribution to the tissues. The presenceor absence of a first order component is attributed to differencesin absorption rates from the gut.     

TIAPRIDE AND CHLORMETHIAZOLE IN ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL: A DOUBLE-BLIND TRIAL

Sixty-eight patients undergoing withdrawal from alcohol wererandomly allocated to treatment with tiapride, which is a dopamineblocking drug, chlormethiazole or placebo. The placebo groupwas discontinued early in the trial because of the high rateof major complications, a finding which supports the need foractive treatment in withdrawal. Tiapride was less effectivein preventing hallucinosis but was more successful in alleviatinggastrointestinal and psychological distress. Our findings supplementother work suggesting a disturbance of dopaminergic transmissionin alcohol dependency and withdrawal.     

THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL OR OF THIAMINE DEFICIENCY UPON REPRODUCTION IN THE FEMALE RAT AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT

It has been found that a deficiency of thiamine alone has amore severe effect upon ovarian function and fertility thana high alcohol diet. This suggests that thiamine lack may accountlargely for the infertility associated with B-group vitamindeficiency and also that associated thiamine lack may play apart in the reduction of fertility associated with chronic alcoholismin women of child-bearing age. Litter size was reduced in animalsfed alcohol (as 35% of total calories) but no fetal abnormalitieswere seen. Even after acute high-dose alcohol administrationon the seventh day of gestation only slight craniofacial abnormalitiespossibly suggestive of the fetal alcohol syndrome were found.     

营养干预对中老年女性肥胖者的效果评价

[目的]探讨膳食营养干预对肥胖患者血生化指标的效果评价。[方法]把所选取高新区肥胖人群分为对照组和实验组,观察两组实验后对肥胖知识知晓率和高脂高糖摄入率及血脂、血压等指标的变化。[结果]与对照组相比,干预组肥胖病知识的知晓率提高了25.2%,高脂高糖摄入率降低了21.7%,血压及部分生化指标有明显的变化。[结论]基于营养教育和个体化的饮食治疗方案相结合的营养干预模式易被肥胖患者接受,有利于患者控制血糖血脂水平和改善营养摄入状况。     

Effects of calcium channel inhibitors on ethanol effects and pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers

Previous studies have shown that calcium channel antagonists alter the effects of alcohol in animals and humans. We selected a phenylalkylamine, verapamil, and a dihydropyridine, nimodipine, to determine whether these drugs would affect the subjective or psychomotor effects of ethanol in humans. Subjects ingested verapamil (80 mg, PO), nimodipine (30 and 60 mg, PO), or placebo 60 min before drinking an alcohol (0.7 g/kg) or placebo beverage. Subjects' mood, psychomotor performance, physiological status, and blood alcohol levels were assessed up to 3 h after beverage ingestion. Alcohol increased “drunk” ratings and impaired psychomotor performance (p < 0.05). Blood alcohol levels were decreased by nimodipine pretreatment, but not by verapamil pretreatment. Subjective and psychomotor effects of alcohol were not altered as a function of nimodipine or verapamil pretreatment. Nimodipine, verapamil, and alcohol, either alone or in combination, had no effect on blood pressure or heart rate.     

The influence of alcohol on basic motoric and cognitive disinhibition

It has been proposed that alcohol weakens control processes, which in turn supports the occurrence of disinhibited behaviours. Two studies were run, in parallel (both with 32 participants) using a between-subject design to investigate any disinhibiting effects of a moderate dose of alcohol (0.6 g/kg compared to placebo), previously found to trigger increased desire for alcohol. Disinhibiting effects were tested on basic motoric and cognitive control processes, using a go/no-go (GNG) and the Stroop task (ST) respectively. Although a higher proportion of participants wanted more alcohol under the alcohol preload (priming effect), this effect was not found to be significant. In the GNG task, correct response latency (RL) decreased from baseline [P = 0.008] while number of incorrect hits increased [P = 0.030] irrespective of treatment, indicating the formation of a habit-like response and motoric disinhibition. Although error rate did not differ between groups, an interaction occurred with regard to erroneous RL: participants under alcohol became quicker, while those under placebo became slower [P = 0.014]. In the ST, those preloaded with alcohol made significantly more errors [P = 0.021] and were quicker to complete the task [P = 0.044] compared with those preloaded with placebo, indicating a strong alcohol effect on cognitive disinhibition. The data suggest that a moderate dose of alcohol, which induces priming to want more alcohol, had disinhibiting effects both on a basic motoric and a cognitive inhibitory task. Thus the idea that priming may be mediated by the disinhibitory effects of alcohol is supported.     

中风患者脉压特征及降压治疗后的变化和预后转归

目的探讨中风患者脉压的变化特点和降压治疗的影响以及对预防中风再发的作用。方法将80例中风患者随机分为两组，分别予培哚普利与吲哒帕胺联合治疗或安慰剂治疗4年，观察血压、血钠、血钾、血肌酐及中风、心血管事件的发生情况。结果老年中风患者舒张压随着年龄并无继续上升，但脉压则显著增高(P＜0．05)，并与血钠水平呈正相关(P＜0．01)，与安慰剂组比较，联合治疗组脉压下降，血钠浓度降低，中风和总心血管事件发生率较低(P值均＜0．05)。结论老年患者、尤其是出现动脉硬化后，应密切注重对脉压的控制，以达到最大限度改善预后的目的，培哚普利与吲哒帕胺联合治疗是有效手段之一。     

Acamprosate appears to decrease alcohol intake in weaned alcoholics

Five hundred and sixty-nine alcoholics were included in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized multicenter study of the effects of Acamprosate (calcium acetylhomotaurinate (CA), 1.3 g/day) on indicators of alcoholic relapse after withdrawal. One hundred and eighty-one patients in the CA group versus 175 in the placebo group completed the three-month study. The major efficacy criterion was plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), as an indicator of recent alcohol ingestion. This analysis was completed by criteria concordance analysis on a number of indicators of alcohol intake. Patients in both groups were similar initially. After 3 months of treatment, the patients in the CA group had significantly lower GGT (1.4 +/- 1.56 versus 2.0 +/- 3.19 times normal, P = 0.016). All significant differences (P less than 0.05) or trends (0.10 greater than P greater than 0.05) were in favor of a superior effect of CA over placebo. The major side-effect of CA was diarrhea (present in 13% of CA patients versus 7% of placebo, P = 0.04). CA proved superior to placebo on the evolution of markers of alcohol ingestion at three months, in this large-scale multicenter study. It could be a new modality in the drug therapy of alcoholism, not involving an antabuse effect, an antidepressant action, or conditioning.     

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL USE AND OTHER HEALTH PRACTICES ON BLOOD CHEMISTRIES AND BLOOD PRESSURE

Assessment of alcohol consumption, physical activity, nicotineuse, diet patterns, blood pressure, height, and weight was donefor 179 males. Subjects from four different populations weresampled to assure that the entire range of alcohol consumptionfrom abstainers to alcoholics was represented. A blood chemistryprofile of 33 tests, which included hematological parameters,lipids, electrolytes and minerals, renal function tests, andindicators of liver function was done for each subject. Testsof liver function and mean corpuscular volume were most stronglyrelated to alcohol consumption. In contrast, there were otherblood tests which were significantly related to nicotine use,age, body fatness or physical activity, but not to alcohol intake.Blood pressure, red blood cell count, and triglycerides weresignificantly related to several factors including alcohol consumption.The effect of alcohol on the blood chemistry profile was distinguishedfrom the effects of nicotine, diet, body fatness, age and physicalactivity.     

苯系混合物对女工妊娠经过及妊娠结局影响的研究

对接触苯系混合物的女工737人及对照女工1251人的妊娠经过及妊娠结局进行了调查,应用回顾性队列研究方法。结果表明,孕期接触苯系混合物女工的妊娠剧吐、妊高征、妊娠期贫血、自然流产及低出生体重发生率明显高于对照组。Logistic回归分析表明,妊高征、妊娠期贫血、自然流产、低出生体重的发生主要与接触苯系混合物有关联,与妊娠年龄、妊娠时被动吸烟等因素无关。接触组女工所在车间空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯的年平均浓度接近或超过国家卫生标准1～2倍。     

补充复合营养素对中老年人营养和免疫状况影响的研究

目的:探讨补充复合营养素对中老年人营养和免疫状况的影响。方法:选择50～65岁的中老年人志愿者,分两组,实验组服用复合营养素片,对照组服用安慰剂。实验开始和结束时分别进行体格测量、血液生化和免疫指标测定。结果:试验前对象,身高、体重和营养素摄入、血液生化指标和免疫指标两组均无差异(P﹥0.05)。6个月后,实验组血清维生素A(VA)、血清锌(Zn)和全血硒(SE)高于对照组;体液免疫指标血清IgA、IgG、IgM、补体C3高于对照组(均P<0.05),细胞免疫指标两组无差别(P>0.05)。结论:复合营养素补充剂能改善中老年人VA、Zn、Se营养状况,并能促进体液免疫功能。     

罗布麻对高血压人群辅助降血压功能的试验研究

目的研究罗布麻对高血压的改善情况。方法选择收缩压≥140mmHg或舒张压≥90mmHg的受试者116名,分为试食组和对照组。试食组每人每天6片服用受试样品,连续5周,对照组按同法给予安慰剂。比较试验前后受试者的血压变化情况。结果试食组收缩压平均下降(19.2±14.0)mmHg,舒张压平均下降(12.9±16.3)mmHg;试食组自身试验前后比较及与对照组组间比较,收缩压和舒张压变化差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论在研究剂量范围内可见罗布麻具有辅助降血压的功能。