靖安县26所中小学校教室卫生监测分析

目的了解靖安县中小学校教室卫生状况,探讨学校卫生工作有效方法。方法在全县选取26所中小学校,每个学校随机选择有代表性的2~3间教室,监测人均面积、黑板、课桌椅、采光、噪音及教室照明等卫生指标。并根据卫生法规及标准进行评价。结果玻地面积比、采光系数、二氧化碳浓度、人均面积合格率较高;课桌椅分配、人工照明、噪音合格率较低。结论靖安县教室卫生状况不容乐观,应引起有关部门重视。     

中国中小学校日常室内空气质量监测和管理现况

了解中国中小学校日常室内空气质量监测和管理现况,为制定学习生活环境的卫生标准提供科学依据.方法 采用分层抽样的方法抽取中国17个省(区、市)2 400所学校,通过问卷调查的方式对学校相关负责人进行日常通风换气情况的资料收集,采用x2检验分析不同学校类型间通风换气情况.结果 317所学校(占13.2%)检测过空气环境中CO2浓度.CO2日常检测情况城区学校优于乡镇学校,在寄宿/非寄宿分层中,非寄宿学校优于寄宿学校,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为72.06,21.89,P值均<0.01).日常检测过CO、可吸入颗粒物和可挥发性污染物的学校比例依次为6.5%,7.5%,9.3%.在参与调查的学校中,80.8%有日常通风换气制度,其中在寒冷季节每天换气累计时间在90 min以上的学校有925所,占38.5%;少于30 min的学校有331所,占13.8%.结论 卫生和教育等相关部门应完善针对教室空气质量监测的规定和标准.建议由疾病预防控制中心等有资质的检测机构进行检测,并加强学校管理力度,为中小学生营造健康的学习生活环境.     

Development of near real-time monitoring systems for some serine protease enzymes in the industrial atmosphere

Rapid, sensitive and reusable assay systems have been developed which can be used for near real-time monitoring of some protease enzymes in the workplace. The systems are based on fluorescence measurement with flow analysis using a mini-bioreactor containing a chemically immobilized fluorophore-labelled protein substrate. Protease enzymes such as subtilisin digest the fluoro-substrate and release fluorescent fragments which are detected downstream by a fluorimeter. The assay systems were optimized and used for measurement of standard solutions of protease enzymes and enzyme-spiked non-biological detergent solutions. These exhibited satisfactory performance in terms of speed, sensitivity, reproducibility and linearity. Detection is fast with response times of 4–5 min. The relationship between the enzyme (subtilisin) concentration and the observed fluorescence signal is linear within the measured range (0–20 ng for a flow injection analysis system and 0–20 ng ml⁻¹ for a simulated air sampling open-loop system). For the latter system using a bioreactor with 0.9 ml immobilized matrix, the limit of detection at 95% confidence is 0.26 ng ml⁻¹. The signal is reproducible with s_r of 0.93% (n = 8) for continuous use over a 16 h period with repeated exposure to 2 ng ml⁻¹ subtilisin episodes.     

Milk consumption by black and by white pupils in two primary schools

It is heartening to note that relatively well nourished black children in the United States, a number of whom are, in all probability, lactose intolerant and most of whom are destined to become lactose intolerant adults, are able to consume nutritionally valuable quantities of milk with meals and, on the whole, do not report suffering from any abdominal pain or discomfort. It is also encouraging that this population of over two hundred primary school children consumed, on the average, 75 per cent of the 1/2 pt. milk served with lunch, reported drinking an average of three glasses of milk daily, and the vast majority reported liking milk and a number of other dairy products which are important nutrient sources in their diets.     

肇庆市端州区中小学校教学环境监测结果分析

目的 全面了解肇庆市端州区中小学校教学环境的卫生状况,为相关部门采取有效措施提供科学依据。方法 以端州区所有中小学校为监测对象,于2015—2019年对学校教室进行教学环境监测,并对监测结果进行评价。结果 共监测学校58所,小学42所,中学16所,监测教室384间,课桌椅3 480套,教室采光系数、窗地比、灯桌间距、黑板尺寸合格率分别为100%、96.55%、95.40%、84.20%;黑板反射比、黑板下缘与讲台地面垂直距离、人均面积、课桌面照度合格率分别为67.82%、48.85%、35.34%、30.75%;课桌椅分配符合率和黑板面照度合格率非常低,分别为0.86%和2.59%。小学与中学的教室人均面积(χ2=36.47,P＜0.001)、黑板尺寸(χ2=10.44,P=0.001)、黑板反射比(χ2=40.85,P＜0.001)合格率差异有统计学意义。结论 端州区中小学校教室采光、教师黑板卫生状况较好,但教室人均面积(特别是小学)、课桌椅分配符合率、教室照明合格率低,亟须进一步整改。     

Comparison of two signal detection methods in a coroner-based system for near real-time mortality surveillance

OBJECTIVES: This article describes and compares the performance characteristics of two approaches to outbreak detection in the context of a coroner-based mortality surveillance system using controlled feature set simulation. METHODS: The comparative capabilities of the outbreak detection methods--the Epidemic Threshold and Cusum methods--were assessed by introducing a series of simulated signals, configured as nonoverlapping, three-day outbreaks, into historic surveillance data and assessing their respective performances. Treating each calendar day as a separate observation, sensitivity, predictive value positive, and predictive value negative were calculated for both signal detection methods at various outbreak magnitudes. Their relative performances were also assessed in terms of the overall percentage of outbreaks detected. RESULTS: Both methods exhibited low sensitivity for small outbreaks and low to moderate sensitivity for larger ones. In terms of overall outbreak detection, large outbreaks were detected with moderate to high levels of reliability, while smaller ones were detected with low to moderate reliability for both methods. The Epidemic Threshold method performed significantly better than the Cusum method for overall outbreak detection. CONCLUSIONS: The use of coroner data for mortality surveillance has both advantages and disadvantages, the chief advantage being the rapid availability of coroner data compared to vital statistics data, making near real-time mortality surveillance possible. Given the lack of sensitivity and limited outbreak detection reliability of the methods studied, the use of mortality surveillance for early outbreak detection appears to have limited usefulness. If it is used, it should be as an adjuvant in conjunction with other surveillance systems.     

Hepatitis A —Investigation and control of outbreaks in two primary schools

Outbreaks of hepatitis A in two primary schools in different parts of a city were investigated using similar methods. The pattern of each outbreak indicated that caseto-case transmission was likely. In both schools more boys than girls were affected. In one school, infection was commoner in those who brought packed lunches to school (10/86) compared with those who took school dinners or went home for lunch (3/88), although this was not statistically significant. Simple measures, such as attention to personal hygiene and exclusion of sick children from school, appeared to control the outbreaks. School-based transmission of hepatitis A in 5–14 year olds may be more important than the literature suggests, and may partly explain the high incidence in this age group.     

2016—2017年清远市清新区43所中小学校卫生监测结果分析

【目的】通过对清新区43所中小学教学环境的监测,了解学校卫生状况,发现存在问题并探讨解决方法,保障中小学生的身心健康。【方法】于2016—2017年随机选取清新区43所中小学校作为监测对象,按照GB/T 18205—2012《学校卫生综合评价》的项目和要求开展监测工作,用SPSS 23.0软件对监测数据进行统计分析,采用卡方检验进行率的比较。【结果】人均面积、课桌椅分配符合率、黑板反射比、黑板照度、黑板尺寸、课桌面照度、采光系数、窗地比、黑板下缘与地面距离、生活饮用水的总体合格率分别为30.23%、2.29%、49.22%、63.57%、47.67%、86.43%、79.84%、80.62%、75.58%、51.16%。课桌椅分配符合率城区学校高于乡镇学校,中学高于小学;人均面积合格率城区学校低于乡镇学校,中学高于小学;采光系数和课桌面照度合格率城区学校均低于农村学校,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。【结论】清新区学校卫生监测结果不容乐观,教育及卫生部门应重视学校卫生监测工作,为学生创造健康卫生的学校环境。     

Screening for faecal contamination in primary schools in Crete, Greece

Background   Hygienic conditions in primary schools are a major concern for both governmental organizations and families. Particularly, the occurrence of faecal indicators on children's hands and various school surfaces has been associated with increased risk of diarrhoeal diseases. The presence of faecal streptococci on environmental surfaces and children's hands and the possible correlation with socio-economic factors were examined.
Methods   Overall, 1956 samples from hands and 1470 samples from surfaces were collected from 20 primary schools in Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
Results   Faecal streptococci were found at 52.9% of children's hands and at 16.7% of other surfaces. Children, who had parents with the highest education level (>12 years), had the lowest percentage (48.8%) of faecal contamination on their hands. Furthermore, boys exhibited higher levels of hands contamination compared with girls. Among the environmental surfaces examined, the school canteen reception was the most contaminated area.
Conclusion   High faecal contamination was detected in primary schools in the examined region. Children's hands were highly infected (52.9%), while boys exhibited higher levels of contamination. The educational level of parents correlated well with the contamination of children's hands.     

Respiratory symptoms in children at schools near a foundry

A survey was carried out in response to complaints of increased respiratory symptoms in children at schools near a foundry in Walsall, West Midlands. Air monitoring around the factory had shown concentrations of formaldehyde most of which were orders of magnitude below the current occupational exposure limit of 2.5 mg/m3, although concentrations up to 0.3 mg/m3 had been recorded over short periods. The study sample comprised children aged 6.8-7.8 years from 39 schools in the borough. Information about respiratory symptoms and potential risk factors for respiratory disease was elicited from parents by a self administered questionnaire. Data were obtained on 1334 children, a response rate of 81.8%. The prevalences of reported wheeze (11.1%), breathlessness (7.7%), and chest discomfort (8.6%) were similar to those in an earlier survey carried out in Southampton by the same method at the same time of year. Cough (prevalence = 18.4%) and chestiness at night (14.6%) were significantly less common than in Southampton. When sex, social class, housing tenure, passive smoking, and parental history of asthma were taken into account, the prevalences of symptoms at schools within one mile of the foundry were generally lower than in other parts of Walsall. These findings give no support to the hypothesis that foundry emissions cause respiratory disease in children, although an adverse effect in a few sensitive children cannot be ruled out.     

Nutrition education in primary schools in Hampshire

A random sample of headteachers in 150 primary schools in Hampshire were sent a questionnaire on nutrition teaching and use of tuck shops. The response rate was 90%. Nutrition was taught either directly or indirectly in 96% of the schools, although only 33% of schools had a policy concerning nutrition education. Having a policy was related to the aspects of nutrition which were taught and the subject areas where nutrition was included. Sixty-nine per cent of headteachers felt that staff would like more information or advice on nutrition education and this may have affected the low numbers of schools involved in taking any new initiatives to promote nutrition and healthy eating. Children were allowed to bring sweets in to 30% of schools and tuck shops were available in 22%. However, in 61% of schools children were only allowed to bring in fruit or vegetable snacks (apart from a packed lunch). It appears that schools are teaching nutrition but many lack information to help with the teaching.     

Culture shock: two medical schools grapple with new demands for primary care doctors

By nearly any standard--federal research dollars, faculty credentials, and student career plans--the medical schools of East Carolina University and Johns Hopkins are as different as day and night. But both agree that Washington's efforts to boost the number of generalist physicians are inadequate.     

易县初中以下在校新生PPD阳性检出情况

<正>为掌握在校新生结核菌感染状况,及早发现现患患者,加强学校结核病的预防控制,保障学生的身体健康,控制结核病在学校内的传播流行,根据卫生部和教育部联合下发的《中小学生健康体检管理办法》(卫医发[2008]37号),要求对小学初     

Mumps vaccine effectiveness in primary schools and households, the Netherlands, 2008

To estimate the mumps vaccine effectiveness (VE) during a large genotype D mumps outbreak, we conducted a cross-sectional study in eight primary schools and associated households in the Netherlands. Questionnaires were used to collect information on the occurrence of mumps. Multivariate analyses were used to estimate VE. Among schoolchildren we estimated the VE against mumps. Among household contacts where the schoolchild was the index case we estimated the VE against mumps and against mumps infectiousness. In total 1175 children and 2281 household contacts participated in the study. The mumps attack rate among schoolchildren was 17%. The mumps VE in schoolchildren was 92% [95% confidence interval (CI) 83-96%] and 93% [85-97%] for one and two doses of the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine, respectively. The adjusted mumps VE among household contacts was 67% [65-95%] and 11% [-4 to 88%] against mumps and mumps infectiousness, respectively. Our study indicates that the mumps component of the MMR vaccine offered adequate protection against mumps among schoolchildren. The relatively low VE among household contacts is of concern.     

北京市某区两起小学乙型流感暴发疫情调查

目的分析北京市某区两起小学乙型流感暴发疫情的流行病学特征,为流感暴发疫情的防控提供参考。方法对2010年1月北京市某区两起小学乙型流感暴发疫情进行临床诊断、流行病学分析及实验室病毒分离检测。并将分离结果与同期监测来源毒株、疫苗株序列进行比对分析。结果这两起乙型流感疫情暴发分别在一个班级范围内。罹患率分别为42.2%(19/45)和42.9%(18/42)。采集18件病人咽拭子样本,其中A校8件,B校10件。病毒分离得到5株乙型流感Victoria系毒株,其中A校2株,B校3株。与同期监测分离的4株乙型流感病毒以及乙型流感疫苗株进行序列比对,疫情与监测来源的毒株样本高度同源,与监测优势株型别一致,并与WHO推荐的2009~2010年乙型流感疫苗株同源性高达98.9%以上。结论流感流行优势型别更替时间段内容易暴发流感疫情,两起疫情均由乙型Victoria系引起。北京市流感样病例病原学监测为预测流感流行趋势提供依据,同时可对疫情的发生提供预警。