脂联素球状结构域对胰岛素抵抗模型脂肪细胞及胰岛素信号转导的影响

将3T3-L1前脂肪细胞诱导分化为成熟的脂肪细胞,用软脂酸制备脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型,不同浓度的脂联素球状结构域(globular domain of adiponectin,gAd)干预已经产生胰岛素抵抗的3T3-L1脂肪细胞,葡萄糖氧化酶法检测培养液中葡萄糖的消耗量,实时荧光定量PCR法检测胰岛素受体底物(IRS)-1、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(PKB)基因水平的变化,Western印迹检测IRS-1酪氨酸磷酸化水平.结果显示,与对照组相比,各实验组葡萄糖消耗量均显著增加(P＜0.01),且随着gAd浓度的增加,葡萄糖消耗量也逐渐增加;500 ng/ml gAd组及1 000 ng/ml gAd组IRS-1、PI3K、PKB的mRNA表达均比对照组显著增加(P＜0.05);同时,gAd可增加3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型IRS-1酪氨酸磷酸化水平,且呈浓度依赖性.提示gAd能够促进3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型葡萄糖的摄取,其机制可能与促进脂肪细胞胰岛素信号转导、改善胰岛素抵抗有关.     

软脂酸制备3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型的方法

目的 用软脂酸(PA)诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞,探讨用PA制备3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗(IR)模型的方法.方法 将3T3-L1前脂肪细胞诱导分化为成熟的脂肪细胞,用油红O染色法鉴定细胞.用不同浓度的PA(0 mmol/L、0.25 mmol/L、0.5mmol/L、1.0 mmol/L)干预3T3-L1脂肪细胞24 h,收集各组细胞培养液,用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定各组细胞培养液葡萄糖的含量,观察PA对3T3-L1脂肪细胞糖摄取的影响.结果 0.25 mmol/L PA就可明显抑制成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞葡萄糖的摄取(P＜0.01),且呈浓度依赖性.与对照组相比,0.25 mmol/L PA组、0.5 mmol/L PA组、1.0 mmol/L PA组葡萄糖摄取率分别下降5.25％、10.29％、14.54％.结论 在胰岛素刺激下,0.25 mmol/L PA作用于3T3-L1脂肪细胞24 h就可诱导细胞产生IR,且随着浓度的增加其效果逐渐增强.     

葡萄糖和胰岛素对3T3-L1脂肪细胞内脏脂肪素mRNA表达的影响

目的研究不同浓度葡萄糖和胰岛素对3T3-L1脂肪细胞中内脏脂肪素（Visfatin）mRNA表达的影响。方法通过real—time RT-PCR方法检测不同浓度葡萄糖和胰岛素培养下3T3-L1脂肪细胞Visfatin mRNA的表达。结果葡萄糖增加了3T3-L1脂肪细胞Visfatin mRNA的表达;胰岛素降低其表达。结论葡萄糖和胰岛素对3T3-L1脂肪细胞中Visfatin mRNA的表达有凋控作用。     

游离脂肪酸刺激核因子NF-kBp65核转位诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的分子机制

目的:研究游离脂肪酸对3T3-L1脂肪细胞核因子NF-kBp65表达及转位的影响,探讨游离脂肪酸诱导胰岛素抵抗的分子机制.方法:诱导成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞与0.3,0.5,1.0 mmol/L的软脂酸(PA)培养6-24h,用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测培液中的葡萄糖消耗量,以2-脱氧-[~3H]-D-葡萄糖摄入法观察葡萄糖的转运率,用Western blot检测总NF-kBp65蛋白及核NF-kBp65蛋白的表达,用激光扫描共聚焦(CLSM)对NF-kBp65进行定位显示.0.3-1.0 mmol/L软脂酸作用6-24 h后,3T3-L1脂肪细胞的葡萄糖消耗明显减少(3.03±0.34,2.71±0.36,2.64±0.25 mmol/L),呈时间剂量依赖效应,其作用不需要胰岛素的存在;0.3-1.0 mmol/L软脂酸作用6-24 h显著减少3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运率(64%,33%,32%),呈时间剂量依赖效应;核NF-kBp65蛋白表达明显增加,CLSM显示NF- kBp65核转位增加,但软脂酸对3T3-L1脂肪细胞总NF-kBp65蛋白的表达无明显影响.结论:游离脂肪酸可以诱导胰岛素抵抗,其分子机制可能与FFAs刺激NF-kB的活化转位调节相关基因的表达有关.     

糖基化终产物对3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素敏感性及SAA3基因表达的影响

目的探讨糖基化终产物（AGE）对3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素敏感性及SAA3基因表达的影响。方法以2-DG摄入法观察葡萄糖的摄取率,用RT-PCR检测脂肪因子SAA3mRNA的表达。结果AGE显著减少3T3-L1脂肪细胞在胰岛素刺激下的葡萄糖摄取,呈剂量和时间依赖效应;AGE显著增加脂肪细胞SAA3mRNA的表达;呈剂量依赖方式。结论AGE能降低3T3-L1脂肪细胞对葡萄糖的摄取,增加3T3-L1脂肪细胞对淀粉样蛋白的表达。     

游离脂肪酸刺激核因子NF-κBp65核转位诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的分子机制

目的:研究游离脂肪酸对3T3-L1脂肪细胞核因子NF-κBp65表达及转位的影响,探讨游离脂肪酸诱导胰岛素抵抗的分子机制.方法:诱导成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞与0.3,0.5,1.0 mmol/L的软脂酸(PA)培养6-24 h,用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测培液中的葡萄糖消耗量,以2-脱氧-[3H]-D-葡萄糖摄入法观察葡萄糖的转运率,用Western blot检测总NF-κBp65蛋白及核NF-κBp65蛋白的表达,用激光扫描共聚焦(CLSM)对NF-κBp65进行定位显示.结果:0.3-1.0 mmol/L软脂酸作用6-24 h后,3T3-L1脂肪细胞的葡萄糖消耗明显减少(3.03±0.34,2.71±0.36,2.64±0.25 mmol/L),呈时间剂量依赖效应,其作用不需要胰岛素的存在;0.3-1.0 mmol/L软脂酸作用6-24 h显著减少3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运率(64%,33%,32%),呈时间剂量依赖效应;核NF-κBp65蛋白表达明显增加,CLSM显示NF-κBp65核转位增加,但软脂酸对3T3-L1脂肪细胞总NF-κBp65蛋白的表达无明显影响.结论:游离脂肪酸可以诱导胰岛素抵抗,其分子机制可能与FFAs刺激NF-κB的活化转位调节相关基因的表达有关.     

氧化型低密度脂蛋白诱导分子伴侣GRP78在3T3-L1脂肪细胞中的表达

目的观察氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞内质网应激相关分子伴侣葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)的表达,探讨ox-LDL对脂肪细胞内质网应激的诱导作用。方法体外培养3T3-L1脂肪细胞,分别给予不同浓度ox-LDL(50,100,200μg/ml)及内质网应激阳性对照诱导剂衣霉素(Tun)处理。用RT-PCR检测GRP78 mRNA的表达,筛选出最佳干预浓度,用最佳浓度的ox-LDL分别干预脂肪细胞6、12、24 h,分别用RT-PCR、Western印迹法检测GRP78 mRNA、蛋白表达情况。结果 ox-LDL呈浓度依赖方式诱导脂肪细胞GRP78表达,其表达强度随时间延长而增强,24 h达高峰(P<0.05)。结论 ox-LDL可诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞发生内质网应激,促使未折叠蛋白反应信号通路的分子伴侣表达增加。     

二甲双胍对胰岛素抵抗状态的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞中腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶及葡萄糖转运子4表达的影响

目的 观察二甲双胍对IR状态的小鼠胚胎成纤维（3T3-L1）细胞中腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMPK）及葡萄糖转运子4（GluT4） mRNA表达的影响. 方法 诱导分化3T3-L1前脂肪细胞为成熟脂肪细胞并用油红O染色证明.用地塞米松诱导建立3T3-L1细胞IR模型,以葡萄糖氧化酶法测定不同时段细胞培养基中剩余葡萄糖浓度,以确定IR模型的建立.给予二甲双胍进行药物干预后,测定细胞培养基中剩余葡萄糖浓度并运用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测细胞AMPK和GluT4的mRNA基因水平.结果 药物干预组给予不同浓度二甲双胍后,细胞培养基中剩余葡萄糖浓度均较模型组降低（P＜0.01）.药物干预组AMPK、GluT4 mRNA水平较模型组均增加（P＜0.01）. 结论 二甲双胍上调处于IR状态的3T3-L1细胞中AMPK和GluT4 mRNA水平,增加细胞对葡萄糖利用.     

葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度对3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂联素mRNA表达的影响

大量研究表明，动物和人的脂肪细胞脂联素表达和其血浆浓度与空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗程度呈负相关；与胰岛素敏感性呈正相关。为探讨葡萄糖浓度和胰岛素浓度单独对体外脂肪细胞脂联素表达的影响，我们用不同浓度的葡萄糖和不同浓度的胰岛素分别干预体外培养的3T3-L1脂肪细胞，观察其脂联素mRNA表达的改变，进一步阐明脂联素表达的调控机制。     

二甲双胍对胰岛素抵抗状态的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞中腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶及葡萄糖转运子4表达的影响

目的观察二甲双胍对IR状态的小鼠胚胎成纤维(3T3-L1)细胞中腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)及葡萄糖转运子4(GluT4)mRNA表达的影响。方法诱导分化3T3-L1前脂肪细胞为成熟脂肪细胞并用油红O染色证明。用地塞米松诱导建立3T3-L1细胞IR模型,以葡萄糖氧化酶法测定不同时段细胞培养基中剩余葡萄糖浓度,以确定IR模型的建立。给予二甲双胍进行药物干预后,测定细胞培养基中剩余葡萄糖浓度并运用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测细胞AMPK和GluT4的mRNA基因水平。结果药物干预组给予不同浓度二甲双胍后,细胞培养基中剩余葡萄糖浓度均较模型组降低(P0.01)。药物干预组AMPK、GluT4mRNA水平较模型组均增加(P0.01)。结论二甲双胍上调处于IR状态的3T3-L1细胞中AMPK和GluT4mRNA水平,增加细胞对葡萄糖利用。     

Mechanism of inhibition of growth of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and their differentiation to adipocytes by dehydroepiandrosterone and related steroids: role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and certain structural analogues block the differentiation of 3T3-L1 mouse embryo fibroblasts to adipocytes. These steroids also are potent uncompetitive inhibitors of mammalian glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases (G6PDs). We provide direct evidence that treatment of the 3T3-L1 cells with DHEA and its analogues results in intracellular inhibition of G6PD, which is associated with the block of differentiation: (i) Levels of 6-phosphogluconate and other products of the pentose phosphate pathway are decreased; (ii) the magnitude of these decreases depends on the potency of steroids as inhibitors of G6PD and on concentration and duration of exposure, and it is accompanied by a proportionate block of differentiation; (iii) in cells exposed to 16 alpha-bromoepiandrosterone (a more potent inhibitor of G6PD than DHEA) at concentrations that block differentiation, introduction of exogenous 6-phosphogluconate in liposomes raises the levels of 6-phosphogluconate and other products of the pentose phosphate pathway and partially relieves the steroid block of cell growth and differentiation.     

Increased prevalence of proliferative retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes who are deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Aims/hypothesis  

Impaired activity of the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism caused by hereditary deficiency of its key regulatory enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) has consequences that may worsen or attenuate the course of diabetic complications. Decreased availability of NADPH can predispose to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, but can also limit the activity of the polyol pathway and cholesterol synthesis. Reduced availability of pentose phosphates for nucleic acid synthesis could impair cell proliferation. We sought to learn in which direction G6PD deficiency affects diabetic retinopathy.     

Regulation of insulin-stimulated glucose transport by chronic glucose exposure in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Chronic hyperglycemia causes insulin resistance, termed glucose toxicity. Herein we studied chronic glucose-dependent regulation of the glucose transport system in adipocytes. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated for up to 24 h with low (1 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose, and glucose transport was subsequently analyzed. 100 nM insulin was present throughout the experiments. 24 h incubation with 1 mM glucose caused a 2.3+/-0.4 fold increase in glucose transport activity, compared to the values obtained with 25 mM glucose. This difference was not observed when 24 h incubation was carried out without insulin. Glucose transport activity was not increased at 3 or 6 h incubation with 1 mM glucose, but was increased at 12 h, which closely paralleled increased expression of GLUT1. In addition to increased GLUT1 expression, more efficient translocation of GLUT1 to the plasma membrane was observed when incubated with 1 mM glucose compared to 25 mM glucose. The addition of azaserin or deprivation of glutamine at 25 mM glucose did not increase the glucose transport activity to the level obtained with 1 mM glucose. PD98059 did not affect glucose transport activity when incubated with 1 mM or 25 mM glucose. In conclusion, the present study is the first to show that, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, chronic exposure to low (1 mM) and high (25 mM) glucose leads to different insulin-stimulated glucose transport activities. These differences result from the difference in the expression and plasma membrane distribution of GLUT1, but not of GLUT4, and the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase is not involved.     

Activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway acutely inhibits insulin signaling to Akt and glucose transport in 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has recently emerged as a chronic modulator of insulin-mediated glucose metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the involvement of this pathway in the acute regulation of insulin action in both 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes. Insulin rapidly (t(1/2) = 5 min) stimulated the mTOR pathway, as reflected by a 10-fold stimulation of 70-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Inhibition of mTOR/S6K1 by rapamycin increased insulin-stimulated glucose transport by as much as 45% in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Activation of mTOR/S6K1 by insulin was associated with a rapamycin-sensitive increase in Ser636/639 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 but, surprisingly, did not result in impaired IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity. However, insulin-induced activation of Akt was increased by rapamycin. Insulin also activated S6K1 and increased phosphorylation of IRS-1 on Ser636/639 in human adipocytes. As in murine cells, rapamycin treatment of human adipocytes inhibited S6K1, blunted Ser636/639 phosphorylation of IRS-1, leading to increased Akt activation and glucose uptake by insulin. Further studies in 3T3-L1 adipocytes revealed that rapamycin prevented the relocalization of IRS-1 from the low-density membranes to the cytosol in response to insulin. Furthermore, inhibition of mTOR markedly potentiated the ability of insulin to increase PI 3,4,5-triphosphate levels concomitantly with an increased phosphorylation of Akt at the plasma membrane, low-density membranes, and cytosol. However, neither GLUT4 nor GLUT1 translocation induced by insulin were increased by rapamycin treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that the mTOR pathway is an important modulator of the signals involved in the acute regulation of insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes.     

The acute and chronic stimulatory effects of endothelin-1 on glucose transport are mediated by distinct pathways in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

We have recently shown that pretreatment with endothelin-1 (ET-1) for 20 min stimulates GLUT4 translocation in a PI3-kinase-dependent manner in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (Imamura, T. et al., J Biol Chem 274:33691-33695). This study presents another pathway by which ET-1 potentiates glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. ET-1 treatment (10 nM) leads to approximately 2.5-fold stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) uptake within 20 min, reaching a maximal effect of approximately 4-fold at approximately 6 h, and recovering almost to basal levels after 24 h. Insulin treatment (3 ng/ml) results in an approximately 5-fold increase in 2-DOG uptake at 1 h, and recovering to basal levels after 24 h. The ETA receptor antagonist, BQ 610, inhibited ET-1 induced glucose uptake both at 20 min and 6 h, whereas the ETB receptor antagonist, BQ 788, was without effect. Interestingly, ET-1 stimulated 2-DOG uptake at 6 h, not at 20 min, was almost completely blocked by the protein-synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide and the RNA-synthesis inhibitor, actinomycin D, suggesting that the short-term (20 min) and long-term (6 h) effects of ET-1 involve distinct mechanisms. GLUT4 translocation assay showed that 20 min, but not 6 h, exposure to ET-1 led to GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. In contrast, 6 h, but not 20 min, exposure to ET-1 increased expression of the GLUT1 protein, without affecting expression of GLUT4 protein. ET-1 induced 2-DOG uptake and GLUT1 expression at 6 h were completely inhibited by the MEK inhibitor, PD 98059, and partially inhibited by the PI3-kinase inhibitor, LY 294002, and the G alpha i inhibitor, pertussis toxin. The PLC inhibitor, U 73122, was without effect. These findings suggest that ET-1 induced GLUT1 protein expression is primarily mediated via MAPK, and partially via PI3K in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.     

3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化过程中chemerin基因表达水平的变化

目的 探讨体外培养3T3-L1前脂肪细胞诱导分化过程中chemerin基因表达水平的变化与脂肪细胞分化、脂质积聚之间的关系.方法 应用3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤、胰岛紊、地塞米松联合方案诱导其分化为成熟的脂肪细胞,采用油红0染色观察脂肪细胞分化及脂质聚集情况,并应用RT-PCR和Western印迹技术检测chemerin基因表达的变化.结果 3T3 -L1脂肪细胞分化过程中,chemerin mRNA表达水平逐渐升高,分化至第6天达到较高水平且逐渐趋于稳定.利用Western印迹可观察到,随着脂肪细胞分化成熟.chemerin基因的蛋白表达水平逐渐增高.结论 chemerin mRNA及蛋白质在脂肪细胞分化成熟过程中表达水平升高,提示其很有可能参与了脂肪细胞分化和脂质聚集.