糖尿病下肢动脉闭塞发生部位及侧支血管形成的超声表现

目的回顾分析49例糖尿病（DM）下肢动脉闭塞的彩色多普勒超声（CDU）表现，总结其声像图特征。方法对49例下肢动脉闭塞的DM患者进行下肢动脉CDU常规检测。记录动脉闭塞的部位、范围和侧支动脉分布等声像图表现。结果49例DM患者下肢动脉中有99条动脉闭塞。主要分布于胫前和胫后动脉，其中73％分布在胫前动脉（72／99），18％在胫后动脉（18／99）。99条闭塞动脉中仅8oA发生在股一胭动脉（8／99），而92％发生在小腿动脉（91／99）。闭塞动脉的上游或下游均探及侧支动脉。结论DM患者下肢动脉闭塞主要累及小腿动脉，且有广泛的侧支血管形成。CDU能准确地检测出闭塞动脉和侧支血管的部位和范围。     

彩超对多发性大动脉炎锁骨下动脉病变的诊断价值

目的：研究多发性大动脉炎（Takayasu's arteritis,TA)锁骨下动脉病变的超声特点及彩超在该病中的诊断价值。方法：超声检查了16例TA患32支锁骨下动脉。灰阶超声观察病变分布情况，测量病变外管壁厚度。彩色血流显像及脉冲多普勒分析受累锁骨下动脉血流信号变化，观察椎动脉是否反流。结果：全部患均有锁骨下动脉受累（16／16，100％）。大部分患为双侧锁骨下动脉发病（11／16，69％）。病变处管壁常表现为长节段、弥漫性增厚。TA累及的锁骨下动脉主要出现狭窄闭塞性变化（44／47，94％），3支锁骨下动脉近段扩张（3／47，6％）。3支椎动脉血流反向，提示锁骨下动脉起始段端重度狭窄或闭塞。结论：彩超可清楚发现TA锁骨下动脉病变和判断病变程度，对TA该血管病变的诊断和随访有重要作用。     

经皮腔内血管成形术治疗糖尿病并发小腿动脉病变

目的 探讨经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)治疗糖尿病并发小腿动脉狭窄或闭塞的临床应用价值. 方法 糖尿病并发小腿动脉病变39例,其中男28例,女11例,共56条患肢.术前经影像学检查了解患肢病变血管情况,对胫前和胫后动脉的远端(或足背动脉和足底动脉)至少有一条开放者行PTA.术中选择与病变血管相同直径的长球囊导管(长80～120 mm)进行球囊腔内血管成形. 结果 对56条患肢中的38条行PTA,34条患肢完成治疗(34/38, 89.47%),其中4足(有溃疡)症状明显缓解,其余症状基本消失,患肢皮肤颜色、皮温恢复正常.术后6个月内,9条(9/34,26.47%)患肢再次出现缺血症状,其中5条患肢病变血管再狭窄,4条患肢病变血管闭塞(1条为急性闭塞),再次进行血管成形治疗,患肢缺血症状消失. 结论 PTA是治疗糖尿病并发小腿动脉狭窄或闭塞较为安全、可行的有效方法 .     

彩色多普勒血流显像检测下肢动-静脉瘘

用彩色多普勒血流显像法检查１９条下肢动－静脉瘘,所有病例均经动脉造影证实,诊断符合率达９５％（１８／１９）,现报告如下。１９条患肢中髂外动静脉１条,股浅动静脉８条（先天性６条,外伤性２条）;腘动静脉８条;胫前动脉１条;足背动脉１条（初次检查漏掉,造影检出后再次彩超检查对照）。使用ＥＵＢ－５６５Ａ型彩超诊断仪,探头频率５．５～７．５ＭＨｚ。将下肢血管分为６个节段：髂总段、股总段、股浅段、腘段、胫前段及足背段。自上而下逐段扫查,严密观察血管的走行、分布、内径以及血流速度等。发现病变后注意观察瘘管的分…     

血管内介入治疗下肢动脉闭塞性病变的疗效

目的探讨血管内介入治疗下肢动脉闭塞性病变的临床效果。方法对27例下肢动脉闭塞性疾病的患者术前行下肢血管超声、CTA或MRA检查,患者下肢动脉有不同程度的狭窄与阻塞同时存在,细小动脉多有闭塞,27例43条下肢节段性狭窄动脉采用腔内血管成形术（PTA）,其中6例9条大血管腔内支架植入,术后3—6个月后行血管造影或血管超声检查随访。结果术后24例患者中32条患肢症状明显减轻或消失,足背动脉搏动良好。溃疡面治愈;2例3条血管复发再次行腔内血管成形术;1例2条血管患肢于血管成形术后在血管外科拉栓术后截肢。结论血管内介入治疗下肢动脉闭塞性病变具有微创、疗效高等优点,可作为临床治疗下肢动脉闭塞性疖变的首选。     

超声诊断感染性心内膜炎并发下肢急性动脉栓塞1例

患者女，37岁，左下肢突然麻木。外院曾以脉管炎治疗，自觉症状有所减轻，近1周来，仍有下肢发凉，麻木、短距离行走疼痛加重等症状。目前左下肢血管超声显示：左侧股动脉分叉处探及实性略强回声充填（图1），致股浅动脉中上2／3段完全闭塞，未探及血流通过；左侧股深动脉起始部血流充盈缺损，峰值流速约6m／s。股浅动脉中下1／3处探及侧支动脉注入，流速较慢，左侧腘动脉、胫前后动脉及足背动脉内径正常，     

急性下肢动脉闭塞的介入治疗

目的探讨血管腔内技术在急性下肢动脉闭塞治疗中的临床应用价值。方法总结25例急性下肢动脉闭塞介入治疗的经验。采用动脉内直接溶栓和经皮血管腔内成形术（动脉直径〉3mm）治疗下肢动脉闭塞。结果经术后3个月-8年临床观察急性单段动脉闭塞血管再通率为100％（14／14例），多段动脉闭塞血管再通率为54．5％（6／11例），血管总再通率为80％（20／25例）。结论血管腔内介入治疗技术是治疗急性下肢动脉闭塞的一种有效方法，值得临床推广应用。     

MR时间分辨对比剂动态增强技术在糖尿病足下肢血管病变中的诊断价值:与DSA对照

目的 探讨MR时间分辨对比剂动态增强技术(TRICKS)在诊断糖尿病足下肢动脉病变中的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析18例糖尿病足双侧下肢血管病变患者的TRICKS及DSA资料,将研究血管分为腘动脉、胫腓动脉干、胫前动脉、胫后动脉、腓动脉、足背动脉6个节段,以DSA作为标准进行分析.结果 在216个动脉节段中,187个节段两种检查显示一致,TRICKS高估21个节段,低估8个节段.TRICKS对于下肢狭窄动脉的判断平均准确率为86.57%,平均敏感度为90.98%,平均特异度为75.79%.TRICKS和DSA对血管狭窄程度分级的总符合率为86.57%.结论 TRICKS是诊断下肢血管病变的可靠方法.     

高频彩色多普勒超声对诊断糖尿病下肢动脉病变的研究

目的分析68例糖尿病患者下肢动脉粥样硬化不同程度的彩色多普勒超声(CDU)表现,总结二维及彩色多普勒声像图特征,评价CDU在糖尿病患者下肢动脉硬化诊断中的作用。方法应用CDU对68例DM患者进行双下肢股动脉、腘动脉、胫前动脉、胫后动脉、足背动脉常规检查,并设同期相应年龄的体检者20例作为对照组。通过观察下肢动脉管壁、管腔、内-中膜厚度、斑块大小、血流情况、动脉闭塞的部位、范围和侧支动脉分布等声像图表现,对两组患者进行对比分析。结果 68例DM患者下肢血管的粥样硬化斑块、狭窄及闭塞的发生率明显高于对照组,其中有20例患者小腿动脉闭塞。在68例DM患者中,动脉硬化及闭塞主要分布于胫前和胫后动脉,多为弥漫性或多节段病变,闭塞动脉的上游或下游均探及侧支动脉;而对照组动脉硬化多在血管分叉处,为局灶性病变。结论 CDU能准确地检测出狭窄、闭塞动脉和侧支血管的部位及范围,对糖尿病下肢动脉病变的诊断有重要价值。     

自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗慢性下肢缺血94例不同病变分期患者的效果比较

目的：观察自体骨髓干细胞移植对慢性下肢缺血间歇性跛行期、静息痛期、溃疡期和坏疽期患者治疗效果的比较。方法：选取2003-03／2005-02首都医科大学宣武医院收治慢性下肢缺血患者94例（102条患肢），男59例，女35例，年龄平均69．5岁。病因：糖尿病性下肢缺血90条患肢（84例患者），单纯动脉硬化闭塞症7条患肢（6例患者），血栓闭塞性脉管炎5条下肢（4例患者）。间歇性跛行期13条患肢（12例患者）；静息痛期41条患肢（38例患者）；组织缺损期包括溃疡期和坏疽期，分别有26条患肢（24例患者）和22条患肢（20例患者）。①全部患者均行自体骨髓干细胞移植，采用下肢局部肌肉注射、下肢动脉腔内注射、下肢局部肌肉注射和动脉腔内注射同时进行3种方法。下肢局部肌肉注射是将经过分离、提纯的自体骨髓干细胞，采用多点方法注射在患肢缺血部位的肌肉内；下肢动脉腔内注射是将骨髓干细胞注射在下肢动脉腔内，注射时要用球囊导管阻断下肢动脉闭塞处的近端血流，时间3-5min；下肢局部肌肉注射并动脉腔内注射的方法是同时采用前2种方法进行移植。②主要临床症状与体征主观指标的评估：间歇性跛行期根据在正常速度下行走的距离分为5级（0级：行走≥500m，无疼痛；1级：行走400-499m，有疼痛；2级：行走300-399m，有疼痛；3级：行走100-299m，有疼痛；4级：静息痛，无法行走或行走〈100m，有疼痛）。静息痛期根据疼痛与否及疼痛程度分为5级（0级：无疼痛；1级：偶有疼痛，被问及能回忆起；2级：疼痛经常出现但能耐受，不需或偶用一般止痛剂；3级：经常使用一般止痛剂；4级：因疼痛影响睡眠，一般止痛剂难以缓解）。患肢冷感根据患肢有无冷感及冷感的程度分为5级（0级：无冷感；1级：受累肢体偶有发凉、怕冷的感觉；2级：受累肢体经常有发凉、怕冷的感觉；3级：受累肢体明显有冷、凉的感觉#采用局部保温措施后症状能得到一定程度的缓解；4级；受累肢体明显有冷、凉的感觉，采用局部保温措施后症状仍无明显改善）。③主要临床症状与体征客观指标的评估：新生侧支血管评估根据其数量分为4级（0级：无新生侧支血管；1级：少许新生侧支血管；2级：中量新生侧支血管；3级：丰富新生侧支血管）。保肢率以术后2个月为基准，观查各期的截肢率和保肢率。④疗效评估：患肢疼痛、冷感和间歇性跛行未减轻为无变化，减轻1级为改善，减轻2或3级为明显改善，达到0级为症状消失；创面愈合并且疼痛消失为治愈，创面明显缩小为明显改善，刨面缩小为改善，创面及疼痛无变化或扩大为无效。结果：按意向处理分析，纳入实验的94例患者102条患肢全部进入结果分析。①不同患病期的下肢缺血总有效率比较：间歇性跛行期100％，静息痛期92．7％，溃疡期83.3％，坏疽期59．1％。前3期比较基本相近（χ^2=1．01～2．23，P〉0．05）；静息痛期与溃疡期比较仍无差异（χ^2=1．11，P〉0．05）；前3期均显著高于坏疽期（χ^2=10．48，P〈0．01；在5．18，P〈0．05；χ^2=3．93，P〈0．05）。②不同患病期的踝肱指数变化：间歇性跛行期、静息痛期、溃疡期、坏疽期踝肱指数增加分别为46．2％，31．7％，34．6％和27.3％，无明显差异。③不同患病期保肢率：间歇性跛行期100％，静息痛期97．6％，溃疡期88．5％，坏疽期59．1％。前3期比较基本相近（χ^20．32～0．41，P〉0．05）；静息痛期与溃疡期比较也基本相近（χ^2=2．35，P〉0．05）；前3期均显著高于坏疽期（在15．87，P〈0．0l；χ^2=5．18，P〈0．05；χ^2=5．48，P〈0．05）。④不同患病期经皮氧分压增加与血管生成情况：经皮氧分压测定各期之间无明显差异。下肢动脉造影显示，有丰富血管生成的百分比各期之间也没有明显差异。结论：自体骨髓干细胞下肢局部肌肉注射移植治疗下肢缺血患者，在病变的早、中阶段和单纯溃疡阶段，其有效率和保肢率均无明显差异，但以上3阶段的有效率和保肢率均明显高于晚期的有组织坏疽阶段，充分说明自体骨髓干细胞移植特别适合下肢缺血患者病变的早期与中期，对于缺血晚期特别是患肢存在组织坏疽者的治疗效果仍有待进一步提高。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.