早期肝纤维化MRI分子影像学研究进展

肝纤维化早期诊断,对其治疗及改善预后具有重要意义.目前肝纤维化诊断和分期的"金标准"仍是肝穿刺活检,但因其具有取样误差大、有创等局限性,学术界致力于寻找更准确的无创性诊断方法.目前,还没有一种无创技术能够完全做到对肝纤维化进行早期诊断及准确分期.随着磁共振成像技术的迅速发展,其在肝纤维化严重程度及其发病机制探索等方面展现出良好的应用前景.磁共振分子影像学进行肝纤维化靶向显像,可有助于早期检测肝纤维化,并进行肝纤维化分期.本文主要对肝纤维化早期诊断及分期的分子影像学研究进展作简要综述.     

肝纤维化无创诊断技术的临床研究及进展

肝纤维化程度的不断进展直接影响到患者的治疗方案及预后。早期诊断肝纤维化分级并进行动态监测是目前临床急需的技术。无创诊断技术能避免或减少肝活组织检查来早期识别肝纤维化,并能进行动态监测,有着重要的临床应用价值。但因各种局限性也使其应用受到限制。肝脏弹性仪器不同型号探头的使用、脂肪衰减量的检测(CAP系统)、脾脏硬度检测、超声影像引导下的肝脏硬度检测以及通过肝脏弹性检测早期预测原发性肝癌等无创诊断技术已在临床研究中实践。为了更好地理解和应用这些诊断模型,针对目前无创诊断肝纤维化在临床研究的进展以及其局限性进行探讨。     

磁共振弹性成像无创检查在肝纤维化诊断中的应用

肝纤维化是各种慢性肝病进展至肝硬化的共同过程,由于临床运用有创肝病理学检查存在一定的局限性,因此运用无创检查对肝纤维化进行评价,对病情发展变化进行监测十分必要。目前弹性成像技术被认为是能够较好地评价肝纤维化的有效手段。最近研制开发的磁共振弹性成像技术对肝纤维化的评估具有良好的应用前景。本文综述了该技术在肝纤维化诊断中的应用。     

肝纤维化血清学无创检测研究进展

肝纤维化指肝脏细胞外基质弥漫性的过度沉积,是机体对于肝实质损伤的一种修复反应及许多慢性肝病共同的病理过程,也是各种慢性肝病向肝硬化发展的重要步骤.迄今为止,临床尚缺乏特异性有效逆转或阻止肝纤维化进展的药物,尽早对肝纤维化进行诊断具有重要意义.目前肝纤维化的诊断主要靠组织病理学、血清学标志物及影像学手段.肝活检被认为是肝纤维化诊断和分期的金标准,但由于肝活检的风险和局限性,无创肝纤维化评价模式的建立成为临床亟待解决的科学问题和研究热点.本文对近年来肝纤维化血清学无创检测研究进展进行综述,为肝纤维化诊断提供参考.     

无创评估NAFLD肝纤维化的研究及其与肝细胞癌的相关性

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)疾病谱包括非酒精性肝脂肪变、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)、肝硬化和肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)。肝纤维化是NAFLD进展为肝硬化及HCC的重要阶段,早期诊断肝纤维化程度对预后尤为重要。由于肝活检的有创性、并发症、重复率低及取样误差等局限性,近年来出现了多项评估肝纤维化的无创方法,主要包括多种血清学模型和影像学检查等。一些无创方法不仅可以评估肝纤维化程度,也能预测NAFLD患者HCC发病情况。本文就无创评估NAFLD肝纤维化的研究及其与HCC的相关性作一概述。     

影像学方法在乙型肝炎肝纤维化无创诊断中的临床应用

本文介绍了目前影像学诊断在乙型肝炎肝纤维化无创诊断中的应用价值，并详细介绍了瞬时弹性扫描无创诊断乙肝肝纤维化的研究结果及应用建议。     

肝纤维化无创诊断研究进展

[摘要]?肝纤维化的早期发现有助于改善治疗，并防止其发展为肝硬化。肝脏穿刺活体组织检查是检测和评估肝纤维化的金标准，但这种方法是有创的，而且由于抽样误差、观察者之间误差等局限性，准确诊断和定期评估病情较为困难。本文对肝纤维化无创诊断的优点及最新进展进行阐述。     

慢性肝病肝纤维化无创诊断的研究进展

肝活组织检查因其有创性和样本误差,使其临床应用受限,近年来无创诊断与评价肝纤维化成为研究热点之一。介绍了目前主要的血清学模型和FibroScan对肝纤维化诊断的价值,并简述了无创方法的联合应用。现阶段无创诊断方法尚不能完全取代肝活组织检查,不同肝纤维化无创诊断方法对不同病因肝纤维化的诊断价值是否存在差异尚须进一步研究。     

肝纤维化定量诊断:有创还是无创?

准确量化评估肝纤维化程度对明确疾病诊断、治疗决策、监测疗效及判断预后均有重要参考价值。分析了有创及无创肝纤维化定量诊断方法的发展及应用现状。基于有创肝活组织检查的肝纤维化诊断方法已从描述性肝组织学评估发展到半定量分析,全量化客观测量肝纤维化技术可望改善传统半定量分析方法的观察者间误差、取样误差等不足;无创肝纤维化诊断方法则弥补了肝活组织检查的有创性、取样误差等不足,且对疾病远期结局有较好预测价值,但对肝纤维化动态变化的监测价值仍需要肝组织学分析的平行验证。由此认为,肝纤维化的无创评估方法尚不能完全替代肝组织学检查,但在明确诊断的患者中可减少肝活组织检查次数;无创诊断方法在肝纤维化动态监测的应用能力有待更多拓展与验证,而肝组织纤维化量化诊断方法也需要进一步验证其发现与疾病长期预后的关系。     

纤维化扫描仪用于肝纤维化无创诊断研究进展

肝纤维化是各种慢性肝病共同的病理表现,肝穿刺活检是目前诊断肝纤维化的金标准,其有创性限制了在临床上的广泛应用,因此无创性诊断方法成为研究热点.目前临床常用的各种无创诊断方法的特异性和敏感性不能令人满意.法国学者研究出瞬时弹性测定方法用于肝纤维化的诊断,具有无创、无痛、客观、定量等优点.此文就纤维化扫描仪的原理、临床应用...     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

CagA-Hp抗体IgG与胃炎的组织学分析

研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃炎的关系。方法对204例慢性胃炎患者胃粘膜进行观察分析,并测定其中137例Hp阳性患者血清CagA-Hp抗体IgG水平,与组织学对照。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生患者血清CagA抗体IgG明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);其他类型胃炎患者血清CagA抗体IgG水平无明显增高(P＞0.05)。结论CagA-Hp可能是导致慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的因素之一,对这类患者应密切随访观察。     

慢阻肺急性加重期患者预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查、收集58例AECOPD患者可能影响其预后的相关因素,并对其分别进行单因素分析。并进行Logistic多元逐步回归进行多因素分析,筛选影响AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析后将结果 P0.1的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归,分析发现是否合并呼吸衰竭、气促程度、白细胞计数、APACHEⅡ、应用抗氧化剂、慢阻肺治疗依从性为影响AECOPD患者预后不佳的独立因素(P0.05)。结论根据AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素,及早判断,选择合适的后续治疗方案,对提高其生存率及生存质量具有重要意义。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Results of treatment of fistula-in-ano

To evaluate the application of Parks' classification in the management of patients with fistula-in-ano, a study was undertaken to assess the outcome of surgery, especially with respect to the recurrence rate and alteration of continence. A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive patients who were classified at the time of operation was conducted. The distribution of fistulas was as follows: intersphincteric, 41.9 percent, transsphincteric, 52.1 percent, suprasphincteric, 1.3 percent, extrasphincteric, 0. A horseshoe extension occurred in 8.8 percent of the fistulas and 3.8 percent did not exactly conform to the classification as they were either complex or combinations of more than one type of fistula. The sole immediate postoperative complication was bleeding, which occurred one week postoperatively and ceased spontaneously (0.7 percent). Alteration in continence occurred in 6 percent of patients with 2.6 percent experiencing temporary incontinence to flatus, 1.3 percent to liquid stool, and 0.7 percent to solid stool. Permanent loss of control for flatus occurred in one patient (0.7 percent) and for liquid stool in one patient (0.7 percent). No patients suffered loss of control for solid stool. Recurrence developed in 6.3 percent of patients, all between five and 25 months postoperatively. Classifcation was found to be a useful guide in the operative management of patients with fistula-in-ano. Read at the joint meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons with the Section of Colo-Proctology, Royal Society of Medicine, and the Section of Colonic and Rectal Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 6 to 11, 1984.