Infusion tomography of the gallbladder: mechanism of gallbladder wall opacification in experimental acute cholecystitis.

A canine model of acute cholecystitis was used to determine the mechanism of opacification of the gallbladder wall by infusion tomography. The experimental data indicate that opacification of the thickened wall of the gallbladder in acute cholecystitis is a function of hypervascularity and transport of the radiopaque material across the capillary wall by polymorphonuclear cells. Tissue-fluid equilibration of the contrast agent may also play a role.     

Hyperdense gallbladder wall sign: an overlooked sign of acute cholecystitis on unenhanced CT examination

We reviewed the unenhanced computer tomography (CT) scans of 53 patients with surgically proven acute cholecystitis, where 27 patients presented with hyperdense gallbladder wall. To our knowledge, this sign was never reported before. Because mucosa is highly sensitive to ischemia, early mucosal necrosis and hemorrhage may result in CT-detectable high density. Similar episode may also occur in acute cholecystitis. This sign also reflects high probability for acute gangrenous cholecystitis. We suggest that patients with this sign should have urgent treatment.     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术治疗并发MODS的急性非结石性胆囊炎

目的探讨经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(PTGBD)治疗并发多器官功能不全综合征(MODS)的急性非结石性胆囊炎(AAC)的手术时机与疗效。方法将2001年1月—2010年6月间收治的35例行PTGBD治疗的伴发MODS的AAC患者,依据发病至手术的时间长短分成早期手术组(4 d内手术,n=16)和晚期手术组(4 d后手术,n=19)。对两组的临床资料进行比较分析。结果 35例患者PTGBD均获成功,术后24 h内腹痛缓解,72 h内体温恢复正常;5 d内白细胞下降到正常。但两组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。早期手术组术后平均住院日(10.5±2.4)d,明显少于晚期手术组(17.1±3.2)d,(P<0.05)。早期手术组术后1周器官功能恢复率75.0%(12/16)明显高于晚期手术组47.4%(9/19),(P<0.05)。结论 PTGBD治疗伴发MODS的AAC具有良好的效果,治疗时机以发病4 d内为最佳,越早越好。     

Percutaneous cholecystostomy versus gallbladder aspiration for acute cholecystitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to determine and compare the effectiveness and incidence of complications of percutaneous cholecystostomy and gallbladder aspiration in cases of severe acute cholecystitis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Fifty-eight patients with severe acute cholecystitis who did not improve after antibiotic treatment were included in this study. The patients were randomized into either the percutaneous cholecystostomy group (n = 30) or the gallbladder aspiration group (n = 28). Under sonographic guidance, percutaneous cholecystostomy was performed in the usual manner using a 6.5- or 7-French catheter. Gallbladder aspiration was carried out with a 21-gauge needle under sonographic guidance. The technical success, clinical response, and complications in each group were evaluated. RESULTS: Percutaneous cholecystostomy and gallbladder aspiration were technically successful in 30 patients (100%) and 23 patients (82%), respectively (not statistically significant). In five patients (18%) of the gallbladder aspiration group, aspiration was unsuccessful because of replacement of bile with dense biliary sludge or pus. Good clinical response was obtained in 27 patients (90%) of the percutaneous cholecystostomy group and in 14 patients (61%) of the gallbladder aspiration group (p < 0.05). As for complications, dislodgment of the catheter occurred in one patient of the percutaneous cholecystostomy group and minor bleeding in one patient after gallbladder aspiration. No major complications or procedure-related deaths occurred in either group. CONCLUSION: For severe acute cholecystitis, percutaneous cholecystostomy was superior to gallbladder aspiration in terms of clinical effectiveness and had the same complication rate as gallbladder aspiration.     

Early morphine administration to expedite gallbladder visualization during cholescintigraphy for acute cholecystitis

A 58-year-old woman underwent emergent hepatobiliary imaging for evaluation of possible acute calculous cholecystitis. Intravenous morphine was administered 10 minutes after small bowel activity was first seen. The gallbladder visualized promptly after morphine administration, effectively excluding cystic duct obstruction and acute cholecystitis. The entire imaging procedure was completed and a final diagnosis made within 30 minutes.     

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: radiologic findings with histologic correlation that focuses on intramural nodules

OBJECTIVE: We assessed serial changes in high-resolution CT findings and pulmonary function in patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial high-resolution CT findings in 13 patients with biopsy-proven nonspecific interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis (mean follow-up period, 11 months) and pulmonary function tests (mean follow-up period, 11 months) were retrospectively analyzed. On CT, the presence and extent of ground-glass opacity, irregular linear opacity, honeycombing, and consolidation were assessed. RESULTS: On initial CT, all patients had areas of ground-glass opacity (mean +/- SD, 21.6% +/-14.4) and irregular linear opacity (5.0% +/- 5.2). The areas of ground-glass opacity decreased significantly on follow-up CT (13.5% +/- 10.5, p = .003). The areas of irregular linear opacity decreased slightly (4.2% +/- 5.2, p > .05). Initial forced vital capacity (69.4% +/- 16.0) improved significantly on follow-up examination (83.9% +/- 16.5) (p = .003). The decrease in the extent of ground-glass opacity on CT correlated significantly with changes in forced vital capacity (r = -.702, p = .007) and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (r = - .597, p = .031). CONCLUSION: In patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis, areas of ground-glass opacity decrease on follow-up high-resolution CT, and the extent of decrease correlates significantly with that of functional improvement.     

经皮穿刺胆囊引流治疗急性重症胆囊炎的临床疗效

目的：探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺胆囊引流术治疗急性重症胆囊炎的临床疗效。 方法：于2014年月—2016年6月,对我院22例急性重症胆囊炎患者行经皮穿刺胆囊引流术,其中19例经皮经肝穿刺引流,3例经腹腔穿刺引流。 结果：所有22例患者均一次性完成穿刺引流,技术成功率100%。21例患者术后72 h内患者的腹痛、腹胀、高热等症状明显缓解,血常规检查中白细胞及中性粒细胞计数10 d内恢复正常。1例患者合并重症肺炎术后第2天死亡。14例患者术后3～6周拔管,7例患者长期带管生存。 结论：CT引导下经皮穿刺胆囊引流治疗急性重症胆囊炎操作简单、创伤小、安全有效,值得临床推广应用。     

超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺治疗化脓性胆囊炎的价值

目的:探讨在超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺甲硝唑冲洗、敏感抗生素注入并保留治疗化脓性胆囊炎的价值。方法:对30例急性化脓性胆囊炎在超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺抽脓、甲硝唑反复冲洗,最后注入并保留敏感抗生素,1次/2 d,连续1~3次。另对30例经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流(PTGCD)急性化脓性胆囊炎作为对照组(只用甲硝唑冲洗)。结果:两组各30例均穿刺成功。治疗后两组腹痛24 h内明显减轻、体温48 h内降至正常、血白细胞一周降至正常范围、3~4周B超复查胆囊正常、单纯胆囊壁增厚、胆囊萎缩、胆囊收缩功能正常及并发症的例数分别为:治疗组28,29,30,19,10,1,26,0例;对照组23,22,23,10,18,3,20,8例,其中并发症8例中局部皮肤感染2例,引流管脱落4例,引流管堵塞1例,胆漏1例。两组病程分别为治疗组8.4±2.25 d,对照组15.6±5.82 d。经统计学处理,除腹痛24 h内明显减轻及3~4周B超复查胆囊萎缩两项指标外均有显著性差异。结论:超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺甲硝唑冲洗、敏感抗生素注入并保留治疗化脓性胆囊炎是一种简单、安全、有效的方法。     

胆囊穿刺置管引流治疗老年化脓性胆囊炎的护理

目的:探讨经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流(PTGBD)治疗老年急性化脓性胆囊炎的护理方法。方法:采用B超监视下定位PTCD套管针经皮经肝穿刺胆囊,留置8.5F外引流管持续引流冲洗。结果:18例患者均一次穿剌置管成功,首次引流脓液50~120ml。引流后患者全身症状和体征迅速好转,7~10天后症状基本消失,白细胞计数恢复正常。置管维持7~15天,住院16~31天,平均18.9天,18例患者均痊愈,无出血、胆汁性腹膜炎等并发症。结论:经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术对不能耐受手术的老年急性化脓性胆囊炎患者是一种安全、微创和有效的方法,全面严密细致的术前准备及术后护理,有助于提高手术的疗效和减少并发症。     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎21例

【摘要】 目的 评价在DSA 设备引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎的疗效及应用价值。方法 回顾性分析南京医科大学附属南京江宁医院2015年4月至2018年12月通过经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗的21例急性化脓性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。观察并记录患者治疗前后临床症状及相关实验室检查和治疗结果。结果 所有患者均一次性置管成功,经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗前后的白细胞计数［（10.81±7.11）×109对（7.27±3.54）×109］、体温［（38.3±0.6）℃对（37.3± 0.3）℃］及疼痛评分［（6.00 ±1.30）对（4.79±0.89）］差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。其中19例患者在3 d内腹痛症状缓解,腹部体征减轻或消失;6例患者好转后行二期外科手术。置管后1例患者出现感染加重,1例患者出现感染性休克,1例患者拔管后出现胆汁漏。结论 对于急性化脓性胆囊炎采用经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术是一种安全有效的治疗方案。操作简单、并发症少,能明显缓解症状,可为二期外科手术提供条件,值得临床推广应用。     

Diagnosis of acute cholecystitis: value of contrast agent in the gallbladder and cystic duct on Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MR cholangiography

To evaluate value of %volume of contrast agent in gallbladder and contrast in cystic duct in diagnosis of acute cholecysititis with Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC obtained 60 min after contrast injection (T1-MRC60min). We included 16 acute cholecystitis (AC), 23 chronic cholecystitis (CC), and 40 healthy volunteers. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed cutoff value of 30.5% as predictor of AC comparing with healthy volunteers (sensitivity 93.8%, specificity 100%, AUC 0.958) and cutoff of 0% as predictor of AC comparing CC (sensitivity 81.2%, specificity 82.6%, AUC 0.823). In AC absent or obliterated cystic duct on T1-MRC60min showed 81.3%, 100%, sensitivity and specificity, respectively. These can be helpful for diagnosis of AC.     

胆囊穿刺引流术在高龄高危急性胆囊炎患者中的应用

目的总结超声引导一步法胆囊穿刺引流术对高龄高危急性胆囊炎患者治疗经验。方法回顾性分析2008年1月～2011年1月接受一步法胆囊穿刺引流术治疗的64例高龄高危急性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果 64例均穿刺置管成功,1例发生出血,向腔内注入立止血,夹闭引流管后出血停止;1例术后发生引流管脱落,行急诊开腹手术。带管时间为7 d～1个月,平均14 d。其中45例于术后3 w～4个月行择期胆囊切除术,19例待症状缓解后拔出引流管出院。全组无一例因胆囊穿刺相关治疗死亡。结论超声引导一步法胆囊穿刺引流术是缓解高龄高危急性胆囊炎可靠、有效的方法。     

Acute cholecystitis: diagnostic accuracy of percutaneous aspiration of the gallbladder

Results of gallbladder bile aspiration and culture were correlated with presence or absence of acute cholecystitis in 36 patients to test the role of these procedures in hospitalized patients with sepsis. Diagnostic aspiration of the gallbladder was performed in 11 patients, and in the remaining patients a combination of percutaneous aspiration, percutaneous cholecystostomy, or cholecystectomy was used. Bile culture was not helpful in the prediction of acute cholecystitis, since results were not available for a minimum of 24-48 hours after aspiration. In addition, gram-stained smears and bile cultures suffered from low sensitivity (48% and 38%, respectively); consequently, a negative test does not allow the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis to be excluded. Bile aspiration of the gallbladder thus has a limited role in the diagnosis of this condition.     

Postoperative acute cholecystitis: sonographic diagnosis

This paper discusses ten patients who developed acute cholecystitis during the postoperative period following surgery which did not involve the gall bladder. All were examined with ultrasound during the first two weeks after surgery and were diagnosed as acute cholecystitis. Six (60%) had complications such as empyema, gangrene, perforation, pericholecystic abscess or localized peritonitis; four (40%) had no evidence of complications. The authors highlight the importance of ultrasound (US) as the technique of choice for a first screening if this entity is suspected because of its speed and high diagnostic reliability.     

The efficiency of apparent diffusion coefficient quantification in diagnosis of acute cholecystitis and in differentiation of cholecystitis from extrinsic benign gallbladder wall thickening

Purpose

The aim of the current study was to assess the efficiency of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurement in diagnosis of acute cholecystitis and in differentiation of cholecystitis from extrinsic benign gallbladder wall thickening.

Methods

Forty patients who were diagnosed to have acute cholecystitis by ultrasonographic examination were included in this study. The control group consisted of 18 patients without symptoms of gallstones and cholecystitis whose gallbladder walls were thickened due to cirrhotic ascites. Both groups were examined using diffusion weighted imaging, and the mean ADC values were compared using Student’s t-test.

Results

The diagnoses of the 40 patients were proven by histopathological examination. The mean ADC values of patients diagnosed with cholecystitis (1.68 ± 0.36 × 10^?3 mm²/s) were significantly lower than the mean ADC values of the control group (2.35 ± 0.24 × 10^?3 mm²/s) (p < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis based on ADC revealed a cut-off value of 2.04 × 10^?3 mm²/s for the diagnosis of cholecystitis, with a sensitivity of 94 % and a specificity of 89.7 %.

Conclusion

ADC value quantification may be an efficient method for making a diagnosis of cholecystitis and in differential diagnosis of cholecystitis from the extrinsic benign gallbladder wall thickening that can be seen during the course of cirrhotic ascites.     

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: Diagnostic performance of CT to differentiate from gallbladder cancer

Purpose

To retrospectively evaluate CT findings of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and to measure diagnostic performance for distinguishing it from gallbladder (GB) cancer.

Methods and materials

Our institutional review board approved this retrospective study. Three blinded radiologists, first independently and then in consensus, retrospectively evaluated postcontrast CT images of 35 patients with histopathologically proved XGC and GB cancer, all of whom subsequently had cholecystectomy. These included 18 patients with XGC (13 male, 5 female; age range, 35-84, mean 63 years) and 17 with GB cancer (6 male, 11 female; age range, 45-95, mean 69). Differences in CT findings between XGC and GB cancer and diagnostic performances for each CT finding were calculated. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated for each radiologist and observer performance was also determined by receiver-operating-characteristic curve analysis.

Results

Five CT findings showed significant differences between XGC and GB cancer. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each finding for the differentiation of XGC were 89%, 65%, 77% with diffuse GB wall thickening, 67%, 82%, 74% with a continuous mucosal line, 61%, 71%, 66% with intra-mural hypo-attenuated nodules, 72%, 77%, 74% with absence of macroscopic hepatic invasion, and 67%, 71%, 69% with absence of intra-hepatic bile duct dilatation, respectively. When at least three of these five CT findings were observed in combination, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 83%, 100% and 91%, respectively. Sensitivities, specificities and Az values for the differentiation of XGC from GB cancer were 83%, 88%, 0.94 for reader 1, 78%, 88%, 0.93 for reader 2, and 78%, 82%, 0.84 for reader 3.

Conclusions

The combination of three of the five CT findings that are common with XGC can provide excellent accuracy for the differentiation of XGC and GB cancer.