餐厨垃圾资源化处理与高值化利用技术发展展望

餐厨垃圾兼具污染属性和资源属性,其高效资源化处理与高值化利用一直是当下餐厨垃圾处理的难题.分析了我国餐厨垃圾的组分特性,阐述了我国餐厨垃圾的处理现状.从提高餐厨垃圾资源利用率和后端产品附加值的角度出发,综述了国内外餐厨垃圾高值化利用的新技术,为我国餐厨垃圾处理工作的开展提供了新思路.     

我国餐厨垃圾、餐厨废弃油脂规范管理运行机制研究

介绍了餐厨垃圾、餐厨废弃油脂定义,论证了餐厨垃圾、餐厨废弃油脂分开管理的必要性;分析了上海市餐厨垃圾、餐厨废弃油脂规范管理经验、运行机制,针对餐厨垃圾、餐厨废弃油脂源头管理、收运和处理管理,提出了相应的建议。     

餐厨垃圾资源化处理CDM项目开发分析

分析了我国餐厨垃圾处理现状,以兰州市餐厨垃圾资源化处理项目为典型案例,通过研究EB批准的适合餐厨垃圾进行CDM项目开发的小项目方法学AMS-Ⅲ.AO.,进行CDM项目开发的可行性分析,得出类似兰州餐厨垃圾资源化处理可用此方法学进行碳减排资金申报。     

餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化启动和调试探究

以某餐厨垃圾处理项目中温发酵沼液作为接种物,餐厨垃圾经预处理后的浆液作为底物,采用CSTR反应器,控制发酵温度为(54±1)℃,通过监测系统沼液指标、沼气成分及沼气产量,进行餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化启动和调试,并探究添加渗滤液脱水污泥对餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化调试的影响.研究结果显示:仅采用餐厨中温沼液作为接种物直接升温至(5...     

北京城区餐饮业餐厨垃圾卫生状况调查

目的对北京市城区餐饮服务业餐厨垃圾的产量、处理等进行调查,为制定餐厨垃圾管理措施提供科学依据。方法对北京市某社区街道的218家餐饮单位进行全面调查。结果 218家餐饮服务单位每日餐厨垃圾总产量为14 822.9kg,其产量与餐饮单位的类别、规模、餐次有关,大型餐饮单位餐厨垃圾产量最高,快餐店和小吃店最低;晚餐餐厨垃圾产量最高,早餐最低。一年中餐厨垃圾产量在11月至次年2月较低,6-9月最高。只有42.2%的餐饮单位对餐厨垃圾进行了分类,厨余垃圾与废弃油脂所占比例分别为85.9%和14.1%。无害化处理的餐厨垃圾占总量的54.1%,其中资源化利用的比例为28.7%。结论北京市某城区的餐饮服务业餐厨垃圾产量较高;餐厨垃圾的无害化处理及资源化利用有待进一步发展。建议从宣传、立法、餐饮业的准入和监管等方面加强餐厨垃圾的源头减量化、分类收集和无害化处理以及资源化利用的目标。     

重庆市餐厨垃圾理化性质及处理处置方法的研究

对重庆市主城区餐厨垃圾理化性质进行了调查分析,表明重庆市主城区餐厨垃圾具有高含水率、高含油率、高含盐率等特点.介绍了国内外餐厨垃圾处理技术,并根据重庆市餐厨垃圾的特性,提出其处理方法应采用湿式高温厌氧消化技术,同时阐述了该技术的关键工艺点.     

湿热法对餐厨垃圾中油脂的去除及粗脂肪回收率测定

探讨了蒸煮、挤压对餐厨垃圾中油脂的去除作用,以及利用油脂易溶于酯溶性溶剂原理对粗脂肪的回收率进行了简易测定。结果表明,试验取材的餐厨垃圾中油脂含量为8.23%,通过蒸煮、挤压后餐厨垃圾中油脂含量为2.06%,粗脂肪的回收率达到74.97%。表明利用湿热法处理餐厨垃圾有利于餐厨垃圾中油脂的分离与去除。     

北京市餐厨垃圾的处理现状及发展趋势

介绍了北京市餐厨垃圾现状,分析了北京市餐厨垃圾处理中存在的主要问题,并阐述餐厨垃圾主要资源化的处理技术及发展前景,旨在为北京市餐厨垃圾管理及资源化提供参考。     

国内外餐厨垃圾的生物处理及资源化技术进展

分析了美国、日本、韩国、中国的餐厨垃圾产生、处理现状,重点介绍了这些国家在餐厨垃圾生物处理方面的研究进展。蚯蚓堆肥、容器式堆肥成为目前美国、中国的研究及应用热点;韩国、日本则重点着手于非传统方式的餐厨垃圾资源化技术研究,如利用餐厨垃圾生产动物饲料,厌氧消化一生物气回收,浆状好氧降解法处理餐厨垃圾。简述了部分国家关于餐厨垃圾资源化利用方面所制定的相应法规,并提出了今后的工作及研究方向。     

餐厨垃圾油脂分离技术研究及应用

结合实际工程数据,分析了不同城市餐厨垃圾的理化性质,对餐厨垃圾油脂分离原理进行研究。介绍了4种餐厨垃圾油脂分离工艺技术路线,并针对不同性质的餐厨垃圾提出差异化的处理建议。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.