组织胶注射治疗胃底静脉曲张破裂出血安全性及疗效分析

目的探讨内镜下组织胶注射急诊治疗门静脉高压导致胃静脉曲张破裂出血的安全性及疗效。方法 64例门静脉高压胃底静脉曲张急性出血患者行内镜下组织胶注射治疗,观察分析即时止血率、曲张清除率、并发症及其影响因素。结果即时止血率为100%（65/65）,术中、术后均无严重并发症出现。术后6个月曲张静脉完全消失率为30.8%（20/65）,基本消失率为41.5%（27/65）,部分消失率为26.2%（17/65）,无效率为1.5%（1/65）。GEV1与IGV1型患者疗效显著优于GEV2型（P〈0.05）。结论经内镜下注射组织胶急诊治疗门静脉高压胃底静脉曲张破裂出血止血效果好,再出血发生率低,疗效确切。     

CT门静脉成像与内镜在肝硬化患者急诊经颈静脉肝内门体分流术前评估中的价值研究

【摘要】 目的 评价CT门静脉成像(CTPV）对比内镜在肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张出血(EGVB）患者急诊经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(em-TIPS）前评估中的价值。 方法 回顾性分析2016年7月1日至2019年6月30日在苏州大学附属第一医院接受em-TIPS术治疗的82例急性EGVB患者临床资料。分析CTPV与DSA诊断食管胃静脉曲张(EGV）分型、CTPV与术前内镜诊断EGV分型和分级的一致性。 结果 82例成功完成em-TIPS术。其中80例(97.6%）术后成功止血,2例术后发生再出血。CTPV与DSA诊断EGV分型完全一致:GOV1型55例,GOV2型21例,IGV1型6例。23例患者接受术前内镜检查,CTPV与术前内镜诊断EGV分型、分级结果的一致性均较高,Kappa值分别为0.79、0.78,均P＜0.001。 结论 肝硬化急性EGVB患者em-TIPS术前接受CTPV评估可行且有效,可作为无法或无条件行急诊内镜检查和治疗患者术前评估的替代方法。     

消化道肿瘤肝转移的DSA表现及其临床意义

目的通过分析消化道恶性肿瘤肝转移的DSA表现，明确肿瘤血供情况，指导介入治疗。方法分析69例消化道恶性肿瘤肝转移介入治疗前的DSA图像，包括动脉期、实质期及门静脉期图像。同时收集原发性肝癌20例作为对照组。结果69例肝转移瘤中，血供丰富15例（21．7％），血供中等22例（31．9％），血供稀少32例（46．4％），部分病例呈混杂型血供；团块状染色13例（18％），蜂窝状32例（46％），结节状18例（25％），环状43例（61％），部分病例呈两种或以上染色方式；少数病例于动脉期无异常改变，仅在门静脉期显影染色；上、下消化道恶性肿瘤肝转移灶在血供类型、染色方式无差异；单、少结节组与多结节组在血供类型、染色方式上有差异。结论消化道恶性肿瘤肝转移常为多发病灶，以环形染色为主，右叶分布占优势；其DSA表现不一，诊断必须综合考虑；对于由门静脉供血的瘤体应通过间接门静脉灌注方式给药，对于血供稀少的瘤体应结合非血管性介入治疗。     

软组织血管瘤16层螺旋CT血管成像诊断

目的探讨软组织血管瘤多排CT血管成像的影像表现方法回顾性分析临床、手术及病理证实20例软组织血管瘤CT平扫、增强和CT血管成像的不同表现结果CT平扫病灶呈软组织密度,5例灶内或灶缘见斑点状或斑块状高密度钙化灶;20例增强后病灶血管成像呈不同表现,12例动脉期瘤体内呈网状血管强化并见明显的瘤体供血动脉,其中单支供血动脉4例,2支以上多支供血动脉8例,供血动脉较对侧明显增粗瘤体内明显迂曲静脉血管6例,而静脉期瘤体表现为网状血管阴影强化8例病变动脉期瘤体不强化或仅轻微强化,且无明显供血动脉参与供血,静脉期瘤体逐渐均匀一致强化结论软组织血管瘤的多排螺旋CT血管成像可清晰显示软组织血管瘤的形态、大小、供血血管     

食道胃底静脉曲张出血静脉内注射聚桂醇和（或）康派特10例

目的了解食道胃底静脉曲张出血（EGVB）在胃镜下注射国产硬化剂聚桂醇和（或）国产组织粘合剂康派特的疗效及安全性。方法 2009年11月～2010年8月在我科经胃镜证实为EGVB 10例,其中单纯食道静脉曲张7例,同时存在食道胃底静脉曲张2例,孤立性胃底静脉曲张1例。胃镜下发现食道胃底静脉曲张后,先经胃镜活检孔插入注射针,将康派特注射进胃底静脉,采用＂三明治＂法,即＂碘化油＋康派特＋碘化油＂,每次注射1～2点,每点康派特0.8～1.0 ml,康派特总量0.8～2.0 ml;后将聚桂醇注射入食道静脉,每根静脉5～10 ml,聚桂醇总量≤40 ml。对胃镜下仅发现胃底静脉曲张者,仅给予康派特治疗;仅食道静脉曲张者,则给予聚桂醇治疗（方法同前）。食道静脉曲张者首次治疗后,每周进行1次序贯硬化治疗,直到静脉明显减轻或消失;胃底静脉曲张首次尽量做到完全闭塞曲张静脉。术后常规禁食24 h,并给予生长抑素治疗1～3 d,观察生命体征变化。结果共进行25次聚桂醇和（或）康派特治疗,都成功止血且无早期再出血。结论胃镜下注射国产聚桂醇和（或）康派特对EGVB治疗是有效和安全的。     

影响经皮经肝食管胃曲张静脉组织胶栓塞术远期疗效因素分析

目的：探讨提高经皮经肝曲张静脉栓塞术（PTVE）治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血远期疗效的相关因素。方法：192例肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张出血的患者,经皮经肝穿刺向食管下段胃底部曲张静脉、食管下段周围静脉丛、胃底贲门周围静脉丛内注入永久性栓塞剂TH胶（a-氰基丙烯酸酯）。结果：192例患者中188例成功施行了PTVE,成功率达97．8％。168例患者随访期6～64月,根据注入的TH胶分布的范围,168例患者分为3种栓塞类型：食管-胃底型82例,胃底型67例,主干型19例,135例患者PTVE后同时施行部分脾动脉栓塞,42例随访中施行了内镜下套扎或硬化治疗。静脉曲张复发率15．5％（26／168）。胃食管栓塞组静脉曲张复发率明显低于胃底贲门型及冠状静脉主干型（P〈0．0001,log-rank test）。随访期间21例患者再出血,总出血率12．5％（21／168）。其中食管胃底型再出血率3．7％（3／82）;胃底型再出血率10．4％（7／67）;主干型再出血率58．1％（11／19）。联合内镜治疗者再出血为2．4％（1／42）,联合脾动脉栓塞组再出血8．9％（12／135）明显低于单纯PTVE治疗的27．3％（9／33）。结论：TH胶栓塞范围与远期疗效密切相关,联合部分脾动脉栓塞和内镜下套扎治疗能明显降低食管胃静脉曲张复发和再出血。     

颈静脉球瘤的DSA表现及术前栓塞治疗

目的：分析颈静脉球瘤的ＤＳＡ表现，评价栓塞治疗的作用。材料和方法：患者５例（男性３例，女性２例）。采用Ｓｅｌｄｉｎｇｅｒ技术，行超选择性动脉插管并造影；栓塞剂采用明胶海绵颗粒和／或真丝线段，分次缓慢注入栓塞材料，栓塞过程中监测肿瘤血管及供血动脉闭塞情况。结果：５例颈静脉球瘤。ＤＳＡ动脉期表现为颈静脉孔、乳突区或后颅凹大片血管团块影，其间血管婉蜒迂曲，颈外动脉之咽升动脉、耳后动脉、枕动脉为主要供血动脉，颈内动脉脑膜垂体干、椎动脉之脑膜支、小脑后、前动脉可参与供血。实质期肿瘤呈湖状、巢状染色。静脉期２例肿瘤较大者见粗大的引流静脉丛向下引流至颈内静脉。栓塞后肿瘤的供血动脉大多被栓塞，肿瘤染色明显减少或消失。栓塞术后７天内行手术，肿瘤完全或大部分切除。结论：ＤＳＡ是显示颈静脉球瘤供血动脉的最佳方法，根据ＤＳＡ表现，可以准确确定肿瘤的位置和侵犯范围。术前栓塞为手术切除提供了良好条件。     

三维动态增强MR血管成像对门静脉海绵样变性的诊断

目的分析门静脉海绵样变性（CTPV）在三维动态增强磁共振血管成像（3D—DCEMRA）上的表现和特征,并评价其诊断价值。方法回顾性分析了经临床及DSA检查证实的11例门静脉海绵样变性的3D—DCEMRA的特征性表现。结果本组11例CTPV中,门静脉主干闭塞见于6例,门静脉主干及左右支均受累者3例,单纯左支或右支闭塞2例。9例3D—DCEMRA清楚地显示了数条迂曲的侧支循环静脉跨过阻塞部位向肝内匐形延伸,其中7例可在网状扩张的门静脉腔内显示细条状、小点状低信号血栓影,6例清楚地显示门静脉全程多条细小迂曲的侧支循环静脉缠绕在一起,扭曲成网状的血管结构。结论3D—DCEMRA能准确地提供CTPV的位置、严重程度等信息,可直观地评价本病,为临床采取正确的治疗措施提供可靠依据。     

肝转移癌的DSA表现及介入性治疗

目的　研究肝转移癌ＤＳＡ表现及血管内介入治疗效果。材料和方法　５１例肝转移癌均行肝动脉造影,再行抗癌药物灌注或栓塞。结果　富血供型 ２０例（３９．２％）,等血供型 ９例（１７．７％）,乏协供型 ２２例（４３．１％）。肿瘤形态：结节状 ３３例;囊状４例;斑片状１４例。治疗后９２．２％病人症状减轻,５６．８％的肿瘤较前缩小,半年、１年、２年、３年存活率分别为９０．２％、５２．９％、２２．６％及１２．５％。结论　ＤＳＡ及其介入性治疗为肝转移瘤的一种有效的诊断和非手术治疗方法。     

72例精索静脉曲张硬化治疗的回顾性分析

目的：探讨精索静脉的形态分型及其对硬化治疗的影响。资料与方法： 回顾性分析72例左侧精索静脉造影的表现和硬化治疗情况，将精索静脉分为单开口型、多开口型及复杂交通型，前二者又进一步分为单支型和多支型，并统计各型的硬化治疗率。结果：造影成功率83．3％（60／72），曲张硬化治疗率73．2％（41／56），单支单开口型、单支多开口型、多支单开口型静脉曲张硬化率均为100％；多支多开口型和复杂交通型静脉曲张硬化率分别为14．3％和0。结论：（1）精索静脉的形态分型方法简单、直观，有助于硬化治疗方案的确定。（2）先作非选择性造影，再作选择性血管造影有助于提高阳性率。（3）精索静脉曲张的硬化治疗没有绝对禁忌症，不论何种形态、有无侧支，只要没有不可控制的返流，精索静脉包括侧支内都可以栓塞。     

Influence of in vivo copper on MR images of the liver in rats

To investigate the effects of in vivo copper on magnetic resonance (MR) images, the authors studied Long-Evans cinnamon rats, which develop hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma as a result of abnormal copper metabolism. The livers of the rats were imaged before hepatitis developed; the absence of hepatic disease was confirmed histopathologically. The copper that accumulated in the liver of the rats was thought to exist in the form of divalent ions, which were suspected of reducing the T1 and T2 of neighboring protons. However, the signal intensities of the liver on T1- and T2*-weighted images did not change, suggesting that in vivo copper, even when accumulated abnormally, does not influence the signal intensity of MR images.     

MR imaging of muscle and tender points in fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a syndrome manifested by chronic, diffuse muscu-loskeletal aching and soreness, palpable muscle tender points, and other symptoms. Standardized clinical diagnostic criteria have recently been developed. Skeletal muscle has been postulated as the end organ in this disease. Biochemical, histologic, electromyographic, and conventional radiographic studies have demonstrated no definitive abnormality. This study sought to establish whether magnetic resonance (MR) imaging could demonstrate any abnormality in these patients. Eighteen patients were entered in the study, 14 of whom were able to complete their examinations. T1 -weighted, T2-weighted, gradient-echo, and STIR (short-tau inversion-recovery) sequences were performed in all patients, with selected patients examined with T1weighted, gadopentetate dimeglu-mine-enhanced sequences. The trapezius and suboccipital regions were imaged in patients who, clinically, had active fibro-myalgia. No abnormalities could be detected. The authors conclude that the conventional MR imaging used in this study was unable to depict any primary skeletal muscle abnormality in fibromyalgia.     

肾细胞癌的MRI研究进展

肾细胞癌是最常见的成人肾脏恶性肿瘤。近年来，多种功能MRI成像技术（如扩散加权成像、灌注加权成像等）、多参数MRI联合分析以及影像组学等新兴影像处理技术被证实在肾细胞癌的诊断中具有较大的价值。目前，研究热点多集中于良恶性肿瘤的鉴别、组织学亚型的区分、肿瘤分期、预测核分级及判断预后。就MRI新技术及图像处理技术在肾细胞癌中的研究进展予以综述。     

Controversies in cervical spine imaging in trauma patients

No area of emergency radiology has generated as much discussion in recent years as the subject of cervical spine imaging for trauma patients. This review will be in three parts. The first will examine the indications for cervical imaging and will focus on those factors that make patients at high risk or low risk for cervical injury. The second part will discuss the merits of radiography and computed tomography as the main screening diagnostic examination. In addition to the roles of each modality in the evaluation process, such factors as efficacy of diagnosis, time (duration) of study, and cost will be discussed. Finally, the third part will explore the methods currently employed to clear the cervical spine in comatose patients.Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Emergency Radiology, Las Vegas, Nevada, 22–25 October, 2003     

Localized proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in children

Small-voxel (3.0–8.0 cm³), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging–guided proton MR spectroscopy was performed in 54 patients (aged 6 days to 19 years) with intracranial masses (n = 16), neurodegenerative disorders (n = 34), and other neurologic diseases (n = 4) and in 23 age-matched control subjects without brain disease. A combined short TE (18 msec) stimulatedecho acquisition mode (STEAM) and long TE (135 and/or 270 msec) spin-echo point-resolved spatially localized spectroscopy (PRESS) protocol, using designed radio-frequency pulses, was performed at 1.5 T. STEAM spectra revealed short T2 and/or strongly coupled metabolites; prominent resonances were obtained from N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), and total creatine (tCr). Lactate was well resolved with the long TE PRESS sequence. Intracranial tumors were readily differentiated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collections. All tumors showed low NAA, high Cho, and reduced tCr levels. Neurodegenerative disorders showed low or absent NAA levels and enhanced mobile lipid, glutamate and glutamine, and inositol levels, consistent with neuronal loss, gliosis, demyelination, and amino acid neuro-toxicity. Preliminary experience indicates that proton MR spectroscopy can contribute in the evaluation of central nervous system abnormalities of infants and children.     

影像组学在前列腺癌中的研究进展

影像组学可对大量的影像数据进行定量分析处理,进而量化肿瘤异质性,无创性地评估肿瘤的生物学行为,现已广泛应用于前列腺癌（PCa）的诊断与鉴别诊断、病理分级及侵袭性评估、临床决策与疗效监测以及影像基因组学等方面,对于PCa早期诊断及精准治疗起到了至关重要的作用。就影像组学在PCa中的应用进展予以综述。     

Multicenter trial of automated border detection in cardiac MR imaging

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the robustness of a method of automated border detection in cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Thirty-seven short-axis spin-echo cardiac images were acquired from three medical centers, each with its own image-acquisition protocol. Endo- and epicardial borders and areas were derived from these images with a graph-searching-based method of edge detection. Computer results were compared with observer-traced borders. The method accurately defined myocardial borders in 36 of 37 images (97%), with excellent agreement between computer- and observer-derived endocardial and epicardial areas (correlation coefficients,.94-.99). The algorithm worked equally well for data from all three centers, despite differences in image-acquisition protocols, MR systems, and field strengths. These data suggest that a method of computer-assisted edge detection based on graphsearching principles yields endocardial and epicardial areas that correlate well with those derived by an independent observer.     

MR imaging of shoulder injuries in professional baseball players.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to evaluate the shoulders of 10 symptomatic professional baseball players and one asymptomatic player, with surgical correlation in six cases and arthrographic correlation in two cases. Seven small rotator cuff tears measuring 0.5-1 cm were identified on MR images, with arthrographic and surgical confirmation of these findings in two patients and surgical confirmation only in three patients. Cortical irregularity and/or subchondral cyst formation at the posterior aspect of the greater tuberosity near the insertion site of the infraspinatus tendon was found in five of the seven players with rotator cuff tears. Similar findings were noted in the asymptomatic volunteer and in one of the three players without cuff tear, who also had irregular thickening of the posterior capsule. These findings are believed to represent chronic avulsive changes resulting from the deceleration stresses of the follow-through motion.     

MR imaging of blood oxygenation-dependent changes in focal renal ischemia and transplanted liver tumor in rat

The potential of using fast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in conjunction with apnea-induced blood deoxygenation for the noninvasive monitoring of relative perfusion in the rat abdomen has been studied with two experimental models: glycer-ol-induced focal renal ischemia and transplanted liver tumor. Gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (GRE-EPI) (TE of 20 msec at 2 T) of liver and kidney was performed before, during, and after a 60-second apnea episode and then was followed in the same rat by contrast-enhanced (a) GRE-EPI and (b) T1-weighted spin-echo imaging (TR msec/TE msec = 200/6) with polylysine-(gadolmium-DTPA [diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid]). The results indicate that a noninvasive vascular challenge due to apnea can be used for the detection of focal tissue perfusion abnormalities in rat kidney and liver tumor.