Web-based telemedicine for management of type 2 diabetes through glucose uploads: a randomized controlled trial

Aims: To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a telemedicine system based on internet in the follow-up of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A prospective randomized telemedicine study with two parallel groups was designed. 114 patients diagnosed T2DM were randomly divided into telemedicine group and traditional face-to-face visit group as control. 57 cases were included for each group. 108 patients completed the trial, in which 53 cases in telemedicine group and 55 cases in control group. Patients in telemedicine group were taught to use telemedicine software to upload their blood glucose and other metabolic information at home at least every 2 weeks, and the researchers gave proper advices according to patients’ key behaviors. The telemedicine interval is 3 months. Results: Compared to control group, telemedicine group exhibited better HbA1c and fasting blood glucose controlling (P < 0.05). Moreover, telemedicine intervention decreased hypoglycemia risk (P = 0.044), and contributed to levels of HbA1c less than 7% which is the target of our study (P = 0.049). Conclusions: Telemedicine system can provide a tighter glycemic control for the treatment of T2DM patients, especially in cases with difficulties to access to the medical centre.     

Systematic review and meta-analysis of diabetes specialist delivered insulin education for adults with type 2 diabetes in outpatient settings

ObjectiveWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of insulin education for people with type 2 diabetes to assess its effectiveness in improving glycaemic levels.MethodsWe searched the following online databases from the earliest record to 17 February 2020: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of science, Cochrane Library and https://clinicaltrials.gov. Data was extracted on publication status, participants’ characteristics at baseline, intervention and control group, study design, and data for primary and secondary outcomes, change in HbA1c(%), change in weight (Kilogram). The review was registered with international prospective register of systematic reviews registration (PROSPERO):CRD42020167769.ResultsEighteen papers were included in the systematic review. In the meta-analysis there was a small statistically significant improvement in HbA1c (0.39% points/4.4 mmol/mol reduction) in the insulin education group compared to control conditions (N = 10 studies, n = 3307 participants, SMD = ?0.22, 95% CI = ?0.34, ?0.10, I² = 66% p = 0.002). There was a small non-significant increase in weight (0.54 Kg) in the insulin education group compared to control conditions (N = 6 studies, n = 470 participants, SMD = 0.03, 95% CI = ?0.10, 0.17, I² = 0.0%, p = 0.82). Quality of evidence was rated low to very low.ConclusionsEnhanced insulin education delivered by diabetes specialists is potentially more effective than standard care. Further research is required to reach robust conclusions.     

Social support and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of observational studies

ObjectiveWe aim to systematically review observational studies examining the association between social support and glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and Sociological Abstracts to July 2012 for observational studies investigating the association between structural or functional aspects of social support (social networks, community ties, marital status, family support, perceived, actual, emotional or instrumental social support) and glycemic control (HbA1c).ResultsFrom electronic and reference searches, 29 studies were eligible. Twenty different assessments of social support were used. Family support and composite measures of support were most frequently associated with reduced HbA1c. There was no evidence for a beneficial effect of other support measures on HbA1c.ConclusionWe found marked variation in population, setting, measurement of social support and definition of outcome, limiting the methodological validity of research. Social support may be important in the management of type 2 diabetes, the need for consensus and standardization of measures is highlighted.Practice implicationsThe presence of informal support should be explored in routine diabetes care.     

Social support and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of observational studies

Objective

We aim to systematically review observational studies examining the association between social support and glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and Sociological Abstracts to July 2012 for observational studies investigating the association between structural or functional aspects of social support (social networks, community ties, marital status, family support, perceived, actual, emotional or instrumental social support) and glycemic control (HbA1c).

Results

From electronic and reference searches, 29 studies were eligible. Twenty different assessments of social support were used. Family support and composite measures of support were most frequently associated with reduced HbA1c. There was no evidence for a beneficial effect of other support measures on HbA1c.

Conclusion

We found marked variation in population, setting, measurement of social support and definition of outcome, limiting the methodological validity of research. Social support may be important in the management of type 2 diabetes, the need for consensus and standardization of measures is highlighted.

Practice implications

The presence of informal support should be explored in routine diabetes care.     

HbA1c水平对2型糖尿病患者红细胞及胞内血红蛋白的影响

 目的: 探讨不同糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者红细胞及胞内血红蛋白(Hb)的影响。方法: 选取健康人30名为对照组(H组),T2DM患者102例,按HbA1c水平分为3组:血糖控制良好组(A组)30例(HbA1c<7.0%);血糖控制较差组(B组)36例(7.0%≤HbA1c<9.0%);持续高血糖组(C组)36例(HbA1c≥9.0%)。利用新型静态显微图像分析技术和紫外-可见光谱技术,对各组红细胞及胞内Hb进行检测。结果: 与H组比较,A、B、C组红细胞的圆度因子明显增大(P<0.05)且与HbA1c水平呈正相关;B组红细胞的截面积和C组红细胞的全部形态参数均较H组明显增大(P<0.05);A、B、C组,除A、B组间红细胞长短轴参数无显著差异,其它组间参数比较差异有统计学显著性。与H组比较,A、B、C组Hb的紫外-可见光谱的谱型和谱峰未出现明显差异,但B、C组Hb的吸光度较H组明显下降(P<0.01),且C组Hb的吸光度也明显低于A组(P<0.05),随HbA1c水平的升高呈逐渐下降趋势。结论: 随HbA1c水平的升高,T2DM患者红细胞的形态发生改变,变形功能逐渐减弱,胞内Hb的结构可能发生改变。     

Systematic review of salutogenic-oriented lifestyle randomised controlled trials for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

ObjectiveDescribe the characteristics (development, intensity, deliverers, setting, strategies) and assess the effect of salutogenic-oriented lifestyle interventions on physical and psychosocial health outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodPubMed, Scopus and PsycINFO were systematically searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published up to August 2019 that complied with predefined salutogenic criteria: the participant as a whole, the participant’s active involvement and the participant’s individual learning process. Characteristics of the salutogenic-oriented interventions with and without significant results were compared and qualitatively summarised.ResultsTwenty-eight RCTs were identified. Salutogenic oriented interventions that significantly improved both physical and psychosocial health were characterized by being based on formative research, culturally targeted, and delivered in 10–20 sessions in group settings, whereas salutogenic oriented interventions that neither improved physical or psychosocial health significantly were characterized by being individually tailored and delivered in less than 10 group sessions in individual settings.ConclusionsThis systematic review suggests that salutogenic-oriented lifestyle interventions are effective for physical and psychosocial health in the short term. More research is needed to determine how intervention characteristics moderate (long-term) effectiveness.Practice implicationsThe results provide a basis for purposefully developing effective salutogenic interventions for adults with T2DM.     

Effects of a lifestyle intervention on REM sleep‐related OSA severity in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes

The aim of this study was to determine if an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) reduces the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in rapid‐eye movement (REM) sleep, and to determine if longitudinal changes in glycaemic control are related to changes in OSA severity during REM sleep over a 4‐year follow‐up. This was a randomized controlled trial including 264 overweight/obese adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and OSA. Participants were randomized to an ILI targeted to weight loss or a diabetes support and education (DSE) control group. Measures included anthropometry, apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) during REM sleep (REM‐AHI) and non‐REM sleep (NREM‐AHI) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) at baseline and year 1, year 2 and year 4 follow‐ups. Mean baseline values of REM‐AHI were significantly higher than NREM‐AHI in both groups. Both REM‐AHI and NREM‐AHI were reduced significantly more in ILI versus DSE, but these differences were attenuated slightly after adjustment for weight changes. Repeated‐measure mixed‐model analyses including data to year 4 demonstrated that changes in HbA1c were related significantly to changes in weight, but not to changes in REM‐AHI and NREM‐AHI. Compared to control, the ILI reduced REM‐AHI and NREM‐AHI during the 4‐year follow‐up. Weight, as opposed to REM‐AHI and NREM‐AHI, was related to changes in HbA1c. The findings imply that weight loss from a lifestyle intervention is more important than reductions in AHI for improving glycaemic control in T2D patients with OSA.     

Reduction in self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes: an observational controlled study in east London

BackgroundSelf-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) confers no benefit for many people with type 2 diabetes not being treated with insulin. It accounts for 21% of diabetes prescribing costs.AimTo improve care quality at reduced cost for type 2 diabetes by reducing unnecessary SMBG.MethodIn total, 19 602 people with type 2 diabetes not being treated with insulin were recruited from two intervention CCGs; 16 033 were recruited from a control CCG. The intervention (from 2010 to 2013) comprised implementation of a locally developed guideline, including IT support and peer feedback of performance. Data on practice prescribing SMBG testing strips were gathered using GP electronic health records. Information on costs were obtained via the ePACT electronic database.ResultsOver 4 years, in all non-insulin type 2 diabetes treatment groups, use of SMBG was reduced in the two intervention CCGs from 42.8% to 16.5%, and in the control CCG from 56.4% to 47.2%. In people on metformin alone or no treatment, intervention CCGs reduced SMBG use from 29.6% to 6.0%, and in the control CCG use dropped from 47.1% to 38.7% (P<0.001). From 2009 to 2012 the total cost of all SMBG prescribing (type 1 and type 2 diabetes, including users of insulin) was reduced by 4.9% (£62 476) in the two intervention CCGs and increased in the control CCG by 5.0% (£42 607); in England, the total cost increased by 13.5% (£19.4 million). In total, 20% (3865 of 19 602) fewer patients used SMBG in the intervention CCGs.ConclusionThis low-cost programme demonstrated a major reduction in unnecessary prescribing of SMBG, along with cost savings. If replicated nationally, this would avoid unnecessary testing in 340 000 people and prescribing costs that total £21.8 million.     

Cognitive function in adults with type 2 diabetes and major depression

The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of neuropsychological functioning among type 2 diabetic adults with and without major depression. Twenty type 2 diabetics with major depression, 20 non-depressed type 2 diabetics and 34 controls without diabetes or depression were compared. A mixed effects repeated measures analysis of covariance indicated significant differences in overall cognitive functioning between diagnostic groups, specifically depressed diabetics demonstrated greater cognitive dysfunction than controls. Further comparisons indicated that depressed diabetics performed significantly worse than non-depressed diabetics in attention/information processing speed. Relative to controls, depressed diabetics performed significantly worse in attention/information processing speed and executive functioning, while there was a trend for non-depressed diabetics to perform worse in executive functioning. These findings suggest that depression negatively impacts cognitive performance among adults with type 2 diabetes, which may have implications for neural circuitry underlying cognitive and mood changes in diabetic patients.     

Family interventions for adults living with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A qualitative meta-synthesis

ObjectiveReview and synthesize qualitative research on family interventions for adults living with type 2 diabetes.MethodsA qualitative metasynthesis was conducted. Analysis used imported concepts from realist evaluation – context, mechanisms, and outcomes.ResultsSix studies met inclusion criteria in this qualitative systematic review. Powerful mechanisms were identified that occur outside the family intervention in the context of ethnic, racialized, and geographically defined groups. Many similarities were noted across contexts, such as low income. Mechanisms of interventions focused primarily on family member education. Outcomes were focused more on improving self-care behaviors, rather than family-oriented outcomes.ConclusionSystemic issues affecting social determinants of health set the context for family interventions for type 2 diabetes. When designing these interventions, intersectionality, scarcity, and family functioning may need to be considered.Practice implicationsEmphasis on education of family members may not be effective in improving diabetes outcomes, as many powerful mechanisms exist outside of these interventions.     

A controlled study of weight reduction in type 2 diabetics treated by two reinforcers

The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate a practicable method to improve metabolic control and body weight in obese patients suffering from Type 2 diabetes. Eighteen overweight Type 2 diabetic patients received an outpatient psychoeducational group program over 1 year, which was centered on aspects of metabolic control in diabetes. This group was compared with 18 control patients who did not obtain any special psychoeducational training. There was a significant reduction of glycosylated hemoglobin and body weight over 1 year in the treatment group compared with the controls. In conclusion, 1 year of psychoeducational training of obese Type 2 diabetic patients significantly improved body weight and glycosylated hemoglobin. Implications are described for professional health care management of the disorder and aspects of the learning theory.     

Discrete choice as a method for exploring education preferences in a Danish population of patients with type 2 diabetes

Objective

To determine preferences among patients with type 2 diabetes for content and format of patient education.

Methods

Using discrete choice methods, we surveyed patients about their preferences for patient education. We investigated preferred content and format regarding education on living well with diabetes, preventing complications, healthy eating, exercising, and psychosocial issues related to diabetes.

Results

We obtained usable responses from 2187 patients with type 2 diabetes. Acquiring competencies to live a fulfilling life with diabetes, adjust diet and exercise habits, and prevent complications was significantly more highly valued than was simply being informed about these topics. Patients preferred to be involved in the planning of their diabetes care and valued individually tailored content higher than prescheduled content. Women and younger patients found diet and exercise significantly more important than did men, and patients with poorly controlled diabetes valued all education and support more highly than did patients in better control.

Conclusion

Patients with type 2 diabetes prefer to be actively involved in educational activities, to develop competencies to prevent and manage complications, and to involve their social network in supporting them.

Practice implications

Future patient education should enhance participation and competence development and include relatives.     

Perceptions of risk in adults with a low or high risk profile of developing type 2 diabetes; a cross-sectional population-based study

Objective

To compare the perceived seriousness and risk of type 2 diabetes among low risk with high risk profile non-diabetic subjects and examine the relationship of perceived risk with multiple self-reported risk indicators.

Methods

A cross-sectional population-based study among 4435 low risk profile and 2607 high risk profile non-diabetic residents of the Hoorn region, participating in a stepwise type 2 diabetes screening study. Main outcome measures were perceived seriousness and risk of diabetes in subjects categorized (low vs. high risk profile) using the Symptom Risk Questionnaire.

Results

85.0% of the low risk and 81.2% of the high risk profile subjects perceived diabetes as a moderate to very serious disease. About half (43.0%) of all 7042 subjects reported that they do not know their risk of having diabetes. The mean perceived risk of having diabetes was slightly lower for the low risk compared with the high risk profile subjects (difference = 2.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8% to 3.8%; P < 0.001). This difference was mostly explained by having a parent or sibling with diabetes, frequent thirst and claudication (difference = 0.6%; 95% CI = −0.7% to 1.9%). Interestingly, perceived risk decreased with increasing age within both groups (P for trend < 0.001).

Conclusions

Both low risk and high risk profile subjects perceive diabetes as a serious disease. Even among those at high risk profile for type 2 diabetes, almost half appeared not to know their risk. Perceived risk of having diabetes was slightly lower for the low risk compared with the high risk profile subjects. Furthermore, perceived risk decreases with increasing age.

Practice implications

This study points to a greater need to effectively address people's (mis)perceptions, and how to raise the awareness and understanding of type 2 diabetes and its risk factors in the general population in order to influence early detection and healthy lifestyle changes.     

Effect of diabetes self-management education on glycemic control in Latino adults with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PurposeThis systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of diabetes self-management education (DSME) in reducing glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) levels in adult Latinos with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).MethodsFive databases were searched for DSME randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental trials published between January 1997 and March 2019. A random effects model was utilized to calculate combined effect sizes. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore possible sources of heterogeneity between studies.ResultsTwenty-three unique studies met criteria for this systematic review and of these, 18 were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled estimate effect of DSME on A1C from the random effect model was -0.240 (95% confidence interval = -0.345, -0.135, p < 0.001). There was moderate heterogeneity (Cochrane Q=30.977, P=0.020, I^2 = 45.121) between the studies. Subgroup analyses demonstrated greater A1C reductions in studies with intervention duration ≤6 months, initial A1C baseline values >8.0 [69 mmol/mol], and team-based approach.ConclusionsMeta-analysis results showed that culturally tailored DSME interventions significantly reduce AIC in Latinos with T2DM despite the heterogeneity across the studies.ImplicationsThe heterogeneity in the study methodologies reinforce the need for additional studies to better understand DSME interventions to reduce disparities in Latino adults with T2DM.     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者平均血糖的相关因素分析

目的:通过研究新诊断的2型糖尿病患者平均血糖(MBG)与糖化血红蛋白A1c(Hb A1c)及其它代谢、血糖波动指标的关系,分析影响该人群MBG的相关因素。方法:90例来自广东省4家医院的新诊断2型糖尿病患者,检测空腹血糖、血脂、胰岛素及OGTT 2 h血糖、胰岛素,并进行72 h的连续动态血糖监测,计算MBG以及血糖波动参数。结果:血糖波动参数[血糖标准差、平均血糖波动幅度、日间血糖平均绝对差(MODD)及血糖波动最大幅度(DMMG)]、Hb A1c、空腹血糖以及服糖后2 h血糖均与MBG相关(P0.01);逐步线性回归提示Hb A1c、MODD、DMMG及空腹血糖与MBG有最强关联性(P0.05)。纳入以上4个指标的线性拟合方程较仅纳入Hb A1c的线性拟合方程更精确。结论:影响我国新诊断2型糖尿病患者MBG的因素包括Hb A1c、空腹血糖、DMMG以及MODD。在临床上单纯依靠Hb A1c推算新诊断2型糖尿病患者的MBG可能存在误差。     

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with a BMI,28kg/m~2:a multi-institutional study

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery(RYGB) has been demonstrated to be successful for treating type-II diabetes2mellitus(T2DM) patients with a body mass index(BMI),30 kg/m,but reports of RYGB for T2 DM patients with22 a BMI,28 kg/mare lacking.T2 DM patients with a BMI,28 kg/mwere prospectively recruited to participate in this study in four hospitals.The endpoint was T2 DM remission(defined by fasting blood glucose(FBG) level,110 mg/d L and hemoglobin(Hb)A1c level,6.0% at 12 months postoperatively).Predictors of remission were investigated by univariate and multivariate analyses.Eighty-six patients were assessed.Eighty-five patients underwent RYGB,with one conversion to open surgery.We compared the values of various variables before and after2 surgery.The mean BMI decreased from 24.68±2.12 to 21.72±2.43 kg/m(P,0.001).Fifty-eight(67.4%) patients were not treated by drugs or insulin after surgery,and 20 patients(23.3%) had complete remission of T2 DM at12 months after surgery with an acceptable number of complications.The mean Hb A1 c level in the remission group was significantly lower than that in the non-remission group.Patients with a higher weight,lower Hb A1 c level,higher C-peptide level,and higher FBG level were more likely to have T2 DM remission in multivariate2 analyses.In conclusion,RYGB was effective and safe for treating T2 DM patients with a BMI,28 kg/m.Complete remission can be predicted by cases having a higher weight,lower Hb A1 c level,higher C-peptide level,and higher FBG level.     

Declining structured diabetes education in those with type 2 diabetes: A plethora of individual and organisational reasons

Objective

to identify the expressed reasons adults with type 2 diabetes decline structured diabetes education (SDE).

PPP1R3基因多态性与中国汉族人群2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的　旨在研究 1型蛋白磷酸酶骨骼肌特异的糖原靶向调节亚单位基因 (PPP1R3)Asp90 5Tyr以及 3′ -UTR5bpD/I多态性与安徽省汉人群的 2型糖尿病 (T2DM )相关性。方法　运用PCR -RFLP法对安徽省合肥地区 36 6例汉族受试者 (T2DM患者 2 6 2例 ,健康成人 10 4例 )进行基因型测定。结果　 (1)PPP1R3基因Asp90 5Tyr以及 3′ -UTR 5bpD/I多态性的基因型及等位基因频率在T2DM与健康对照组间分布均没有显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。 (2 )PPP1R3基因Asp90 5Tyr以及3′ -UTR 5bpD/I多态性间呈连锁不平衡 ,其分布频率在不同人群中不尽相同。结论　PPP1R3基因Asp90 5Tyr以及 3′ -UTR 5bpD/I多态性可能在安徽省合肥地区 2型糖尿病发病中不起重要作用。两种多态性的分布表现明显的种族性。     

Inflammation,diet, and type 2 diabetes: a mini-review

ABSTRACT

Inflammation is a common feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Inflammatory cytokines increase in patients with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and heart disease. Various types of cells can produce inflammatory cytokines and then release them into the bloodstream, where their complex interactions with target tissues raise a tissue-specific immune response. This review focused on C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as an inflammatory cytokine, and adiponectin produced by adipose tissues. Despite the major role of cytokines in the development of T2D, further studies are required to investigate the possible effects of the macronutrient composition of diet on these cytokines.