超声心动图预测心房颤动患者左心房血栓形成

心房颤动(房颤)可促进左心房血栓形成,而血栓脱落后引起的血栓栓塞是其最严重的并发症之一。准确预测房颤患者左心房血栓的形成,对房颤术前风险评估及临床抗凝治疗方案的选择有重要价值。超声心动图具有无创、经济等优点,可为预测房颤患者左心房血栓的形成提供可靠信息。     

放射线诊断门静脉血栓形成

门静脉血栓形成是指门静脉或属支血栓形成,其临床结局不尽相同,取决于血栓形成的诱因,血栓的部位和范围.本文报告5例门静脉血栓形成,均为腹部CT和超声检查时意外发现.病例1因怀疑腹腔脓肿行腹部CT检查,发现肠系膜上静脉血栓形成,采用抗生素和抗凝治疗,痊愈出院,感染和血栓的原因不详.例2是急性阑尾炎手术后怀疑腹腔脓肿,CT检查见肝内,肝外门静脉血栓形成,并扩展到肠系膜上静脉,超声检查结果与CT一致;患者经抗生素治疗后痊愈,出院诊断化脓性门     

改良Fontan手术治疗复杂先天性心脏病

目的总结Fontan术治疗儿童复杂先天性心脏病的临床经验。方法回顾性分析2008年5月至2013年12月广州市妇女儿童医疗中心62例行改良Fontan术复杂先天性心脏病患儿的临床资料,男41例、女21例,年龄1岁4个月至14岁,中位年龄4岁;体重12.5(8.9~49.5)kg。功能性单心室45例,大动脉转位合并室间隔缺损及左心室流出道梗阻6例,矫正型大动脉转位合并室间隔缺损及左心室流出道梗阻6例,右心室双出口合并重度肺动脉狭窄4例,右心室发育不良1例。前期手术包括肺动脉环缩术10例,单侧双向Glenn 37例,双侧Glenn 8例。行一期Fontan术17例,二期Fontan术45例。Fontan手术方式包括心房内侧隧道Fontan术6例,心外管道Fontan术56例;其中伴随手术包括开窗术41例,房室瓣成形术6例,肺动脉成形术3例。结果一期和二期Fontan术组各死亡2例,死亡率分别为11.8%和4.4%(P=0.299)。两组术后机械通气时间、住ICU时间、胸腔引流时间、术后住院时间及术后主要并发症差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后随访3个月至5年,平均(2.0±0.5)年。随访期间一期Fontan术组死亡2例,二期Fontan术组无死亡。生存患儿生长发育良好,活动能力明显改善,经皮血氧饱和度90%;超声提示上腔、下腔吻合口均通畅,无血栓及狭窄形成,房室瓣反流无加重,肺静脉回流无梗阻,心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅰ~Ⅱ级;无心律失常、慢性渗出、蛋白丢失性肠病等并发症。结论改良Fontan术治疗儿童复杂先天性心脏病早中期效果满意。对于合并Fontan手术危险因素的患儿,分期Fontan手术可降低手术死亡率。     

心内直视手术加射频消融迷宫术治疗心房颤动的疗效分析

目的评价心内直视手术加射频(RF)消融行迷宫(maze)手术的安全性和疗效。方法2003年1月至2004年10月共66例患者接受心内直视手术加RF消融maze手术,回顾性分析并随访比较手术前后心电图、超声心动图检查等指标,通过电话和信件了解心功能的变化和脑梗死的发生情况。结果RF消融maze手术所需时间为18.61±3.56min,全组无院内死亡,并发症发生率为15.15%(10/66)。随访时间14.25±6.47个月,随访率95.45%(63/66);最近的随访中心房颤动消除率80.95%(51/63),窦性心律恢复率74.60%(47/63),全组无1例发生脑梗死,77.78%(49/63)的患者术后心功能(NYHA)级。术后6个月随访心脏超声心动图检查提示左心房、左心室较术前明显缩小(P<0.01)。结论心内直视手术加RF消融行maze手术消除心房颤动安全有效。     

二期Fontan术治疗小儿复杂先天性心脏病

目的总结二期Fontan术纠治小儿危重复杂先天性心脏病治疗经验。方法28例复杂心内畸形病儿进行二期Fontan术。年龄3．0～16．5岁,平均（7．3±3．8）岁;体重13．5～61．0 kg,平均（21．0±5．5）kg。主要为无脾综合征、多脾综合征、三尖瓣闭锁（TA）及房室连接不一致的右室双出口（DORV）等。一期分别行单侧Glenn、双侧Glenn、半Fontan术。两次手术间隔0．8～7．3年,平均（3．9±2．8）年,其中5例在Glenn术前行体肺动脉分流术。术前均行二维多普勒超声检查,23例行心导管和心血管造影检查。术中采用4种不同的连接方法将下腔静脉的血引流入右肺动脉,完成二期的全腔肺血管连接术（TCPC）。结果术后死亡4例（14．2％）。虽然采取综合措施降低肺血管阻力和增加回心血量,术后仍有12例发生低心输出量综合征,其中肾功能受损导致无尿而行腹膜透析术8例。2例右房和腔静脉内有血栓形成,再次进胸手术取栓后好转。吸入空气的动脉血氧饱和度在0．89～0．95。门诊随访3个月～2年,无死亡。无慢性渗出、蛋白丢失肠病等并发症。结论分期TCPC术可放宽对复杂先天性心脏病手术指征,并能增加手术成功率。分期TCPC术中心外管道的应用有许多优点。     

立体三维超声心动图在房间隔缺损介入封堵术监测中的应用

目的探讨立体三维超声心动图在房间隔缺损介入封堵术监测中的应用价值。方法应用立体三维超声心动图对6例行房间隔缺损介入封堵术的患者行全程术中监测,成像模式包括＂4DRealTime＂和＂FullVolume＂。结果立体三维超声心动图能直观显示心内鞘管的位置及走行,逼真显示封堵器展开、释放过程及释放后与周围组织的位置关系,对引导封堵器和改进封堵效果有很大帮助。结论立体三维超声心动图较传统二维及实时三维方法能更清晰、直观显示封堵过程,具有良好的临床应用价值及广阔的应用前景。     

彩色多普勒在门静脉高压脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成中的诊断价值

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声在门静脉高压症患者脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成中的诊断价值。方法：对24例肝硬化门静脉高压行脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成患者重点扫查门静脉、脾静脉及肠系膜上静脉,探讨超声诊断价值。结果：在脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成的24例患者中,发生于门静脉左支5例,右支3例,左支伴主干5例,右支伴主干4例,主干3例,肠系膜上静脉1例,脾静脉3例。结论：彩色多普勒超声检查能准确反映血栓部位、梗阻程度和血流动力学改变,在脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成的患者诊断与治疗中具有重要的价值。     

床旁超声心动图与计算机断层扫描血管造影在主动脉夹层中的诊断价值

目的 探讨床旁超声心动图与计算机断层扫描血管造影（CTA）在主动脉夹层诊断中的诊断价值。方法 收集2015年1月至2021年12月于首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院怀柔医院就诊的67例疑似主动脉夹层患者的临床资料,均进行床旁超声心动图、CTA、数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查,比较床旁超声心动图、CTA及两者联合检测主动脉夹层的准确度以及主动脉夹层破裂口、血栓、心包积液检出情况。结果 67例疑似主动脉夹层患者中,47例经DSA确诊为Stanford A型主动脉夹层（阳性）,其他20例为阴性。两者联合检测主动脉夹层的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值均高于单纯床旁超声心动图、CTA检查。床旁超声心动图、CTA及两者联合诊断主动脉夹层分型的准确度分别为82.09%、94.03%、100%,两者联合诊断主动脉夹层分型的准确度均高于单纯床旁超声心动图及CTA,差异均有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）。DSA检查示主动脉夹层破裂口67例,血栓35例,心包积液21例,床旁超声心动图联合CTA对主动脉夹层破裂口、血栓、心包积液的检出率均高于单独检测,差异均有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）。随访3个月后,...     

活体肝移植术后早期肝动脉血栓形成的诊断与治疗

目的探讨活体肝移植术后早期肝动脉血栓形成的诊断与治疗。方法2006年9月至2009年8月天津市第一中心医院单一外科组共实施110例活体肝移植,移植术后7d内每日用彩色多普勒超声(彩超)监测肝动脉血流,怀疑肝动脉血栓形成行肝动脉造影或腹部CT检查,确诊者予介入治疗或手术治疗。结果该组3例术后5～6d发生肝动脉血栓,肝动脉血栓发生率2.7%(3/110)。其中1例再次手术行肝动脉取栓,术后血流正常;2例行介入治疗,放置支架,术后1例再次血栓形成,1例血流流速偏低,2例均发生胆道并发症,但肝功能正常。3例均存活。结论术后早期用彩超监测对肝动脉血栓的诊断至关重要,及时手术取栓或介入放置支架效果良好。     

心内直视下AtricureTM双极射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗心房颤动的临床应用

目的评价心内直视下AtricureTM双极射频消融(BRFA)改良迷宫手术治疗心房颤动(AF)的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年8月至2009年9月共66例器质性心脏病合并AF病人接受心内直视手术加BR FA手术资料,随访比较手术前后心电图、超声心动图检查等临床资料。结果全组手术均顺利完成,体外循环时间(107.5±25.6)min,主动脉阻断时间(68.7±22.4)min,BRFA时间(17.9±2.5)min。术后均立即恢复窦性心律。无高度房室传导阻滞发生,2例死于低心排(3.03%),余痊愈出院。平均住院(10.2±3.4)d。术后随访64例,平均随访(9.7±2.5)个月,AF消除率87.5%(58/64.),窦性心律恢复率81.25%(52/64),心脏超声心动图检查提示LAD、LVEDD较术前明显缩小(P0.05),LVEF较术前增加(P0.05),心功能明显改善,无远期死亡、脑卒中及肢体栓塞发生。结论心内直视下AtricureTM BRFA手术治疗AF安全、有效,值得临床推广应用,     

Thrombus formation after the Fontan operation

Background. Thrombus formation is common after a Fontan operation. We investigated the frequency and location of thrombus in our population of children based on the type of Fontan operation performed.

Methods and Results. Between January 1987 and January 1999, 592 patients underwent echocardiography after Fontan operation and 52 (8.8%) had intracardiac thrombus. Median age at Fontan operation was 1.9 years (range 0.8 to 35.1). Freedom from thrombus was 92%, 90%, 84% and 82% at 1, 3, 8, and 10 years after Fontan operation, respectively. There was no difference in freedom from thrombus, based on type of operation (atriopulmonary vs. lateral tunnel) or presence of fenestration. Thrombus was detected in the systemic venous atrium in 26 (48%), in the pulmonary venous atrium in 22 (44%), in both atria in 1 (2%), in the hypoplastic left ventricular cavity in 2 (8%), and in the ligated pulmonary artery stump in 1 (2%).

Conclusions. Thrombus formation occurs with equal frequency in all types of modifications and is seen in the pulmonary, as well as the systemic venous atria. Our study suggests that thrombus formation is inherent to the physiology after Fontan operation and is not related to the type of modification performed.     

Thromboembolism originated from the pulmonary artery stump after Fontan operation

Cerebral thromboembolism is a rare but serious complication after Fontan operation. This is the report of a patient who underwent a successful intracardiac thrombectomy for cerebral thromboembolism after Fontan operation. A 2-year-old girl was referred to us with the diagnosis of tricuspid atresia without pulmonary stenosis, normally related great arteries, and a ventricular septal defect. Although she underwent a successful Fontan operation and division of the main pulmonary artery, she developed a cerebrovascular event at 3 weeks after the operation. Echocardiography demonstrated a large thrombus within the residue of the main pulmonary artery, and suggested that the thrombus had migrated into the systemic circulation by way of the ventricular septal defect. At 2 weeks after the cerebrovascular event, she underwent thrombectomy and excision of the pulmonary valve. Although she has developed slight left-sided hemiparesis, she is leading a normal life at 1 year after the operation.     

Thromboembolism originated from the pulmonary artery stump after Fontan operation.

Cerebral thromboembolism is a rare but serious complication after Fontan operation. This is the report of a patient who underwent a successful intracardiac thrombectomy for cerebral thromboembolism after Fontan operation. A 2-year-old girl was referred to us with the diagnosis of tricuspid atresia without pulmonary stenosis, normally related great arteries, and a ventricular septal defect. Although she underwent a successful Fontan operation and division of the main pulmonary artery, she developed a cerebrovascular event at 3 weeks after the operation. Echocardiography demonstrated a large thrombus within the residue of the main pulmonary artery, and suggested that the thrombus had migrated into the systemic circulation by way of the ventricular septal defect. At 2 weeks after the cerebrovascular event, she underwent thrombectomy and excision of the pulmonary valve. Although she has developed slight left-sided hemiparesis, she is leading a normal life at 1 year after the operation.     

Prophylaxis of thromboembolic complications after the Fontan operation (total cavopulmonary anastomosis)

OBJECTIVES: Thrombotic events have been reported as a major cause of morbidity after the Fontan procedure. There is no consensus concerning the postoperative mode and duration of anticoagulation prophylaxis. In a retrospective study, we evaluated the results of a prophylactic regimen on the basis of the surgical technique, potentially predisposing risk factors, and specific sequelae. METHODS: We evaluated 142 surviving patients after total cavopulmonary anastomosis (mean follow-up was 91.1 +/- 43.9 months). Prophylactic antithrombotic treatment was initiated in 86 patients with partial prosthetic venous pathway with acetylsalicylic acid; 45 patients with complete autologous tissue venous pathway or partial prosthetic venous pathway received no anticoagulation, and 11 patients received warfarin sodium (Coumadin). During long-term follow-up, 22 patients (12 after acetylsalicylic acid medication) crossed over to warfarin. RESULTS: Thrombotic events occurred in 10 patients (7%), with systemic venous thrombus formation in 8 (5.6%), stroke in 2 (1.4%), and a peak incidence during the first postoperative year. Eight of 10 patients were receiving heparin therapy mainly for prolonged postoperative immobilization. During follow-up, none of the 74 patients receiving acetylsalicylic acid and 1 of 40 patients without medication presented with thrombus formation. Under warfarin medication, 1 of 28 patients had an asymptomatic thrombus. Expected freedom from a thromboembolic event was 92% at 5 years and 79% at 10 years. There was no association with coagulation factor abnormalities. Protein-losing enteropathy was present in 4 of 10 patients. CONCLUSION: A prophylactic anticoagulation strategy that considers the surgical technique and potential predisposing circumstances proved effective in the prevention of late thrombotic complications after total cavopulmonary anastomosis. There is no need for routine anticoagulation during long-term follow-up after Fontan-type surgery in pediatric patients.     

A right atrial thrombus after Fontan procedure--a case report

A 17-year-old male with tricuspid atresia who underwent a modified Fontan procedure died due to heart failure 4 years and 6 months after operation. At autopsy a thrombus was found in the right atrial appendage. From the experience, it might be recommended to excise the appendage when the modified Fontan procedure leaving the appendage was employed. In addition, anticoagulation therapy as well as regular echocardiographic examination for detecting thrombus formation should be considered after the operation.     

Partial Fontan: advantages of an adjustable interatrial communication

Systemic venous hypertension after the Fontan procedure is a major cause of mortality and morbidity, accounting for 11 of 16 deaths in our series of 228 Fontan procedures. A partial Fontan with a residual atrial septal defect (ASD) would allow controlled right-to-left shunting to reduce venous pressure and improve cardiac output while maintaining a reduced but acceptable arterial oxygen saturation. This allows complete or graded closure of the ASD after the discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass in the operating room or at any time in the postoperative period by exposing the snare under local anesthesia. From 1987 to 1990, 36 patients undergoing the modified Fontan procedure had placement of an adjustable interatrial communication. Indications for placement of an adjustable ASD included increased pulmonary artery pressures, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, reactive airway disease, previously increased or unknown pulmonary vascular resistance, small pulmonary arteries, and borderline ventricular function. Fourteen patients had the adjustable ASD closed at the time of operation, 8 patients underwent narrowing, and 12 underwent closure of the ASD in the postoperative period. Eight patients were discharged with the ASD partially open, and 2 patients underwent delayed closure. The partial Fontan with an adjustable ASD may increase the safety of the Fontan procedure for high-risk groups such as those with increased pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary hypertension, and impaired left ventricular function and for infants, who tolerate venous hypertension poorly. The ability to adjust the ASD in stages depending on the hemodynamic response increases flexibility and safety.     

Revision of previous Fontan connections to total extracardiac cavopulmonary anastomosis: A multicenter experience

BACKGROUND: Conversion to total extracardiac cavopulmonary anastomosis is an option for managing patients with dysfunction of a prior Fontan connection. METHODS: Thirty-one patients (19.9 +/- 8.8 years) underwent revision of a previous Fontan connection to total extracardiac cavopulmonary anastomosis at four institutions. Complications of the previous Fontan connection included atrial tachyarrhythmias (n = 20), progressive heart failure (n = 17), Fontan pathway obstruction (n = 10), effusions (n = 10), pulmonary venous obstruction by an enlarged right atrium (n = 6), protein-losing enteropathy (n = 3), right atrial thrombus (n = 2), subaortic stenosis (n = 1), atrioventricular valve regurgitation (n = 3), and Fontan baffle leak (n = 5). Conversion to an extracardiac cavopulmonary connection was performed with a nonvalved conduit from the inferior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery, with additional procedures as necessary. RESULTS: There have been 3 deaths. Two patients died in the perioperative period of heart failure and massive effusions. The third patient died suddenly 8 months after the operation. All surviving patients were in New York Heart Association class I (n = 20) or II (n = 7), except for 1 patient who underwent heart transplantation. Early postoperative arrhythmias occurred in 10 patients: 4 required pacemakers, and medical therapy was sufficient in 6. In 15 patients, pre-revision arrhythmias were improved. Effusions resolved in all but 1 of the patients in whom they were present before revision. The condition of 2 patients with protein-losing enteropathy improved within 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Conversion of a failing Fontan connection to extracardiac cavopulmonary connection can be achieved with low morbidity and mortality. Optimally, revision should be undertaken early in symptomatic patients before irreversible ventricular failure ensues.     

Clinical significance of free-floating venous thrombi

To evaluate the fate of free-floating venous thrombi, venous duplex scans of 5238 consecutive lower extremities over a 2 1/2 year period were reviewed. Acute deep venous thrombosis was found in 732 cases. Eighty-two free-floating deep venous thrombi were diagnosed in 73 of these patients. Nine of 72 patients (13%) had pulmonary emboli as diagnosed by ventilation perfusion scanning or pulmonary angiography or both. Seven of these patients (78%) had a pulmonary embolus before the initial duplex scan. Two (22%) had a pulmonary embolus after the diagnosis of free-floating thrombus. Thirty-three of 73 patients (45%) had follow-up of free-floating thrombi by duplex scanning performed in the acute period (less than 30 days): 18 (55%) showed attachment of the free-floating thrombus, three (9%) showed progression in size of the free-floating tail, and eight (24%) showed decrease in size or resolution of the free-floating thrombus. Four (12%) showed persistent thrombus without evidence of resolution, propagation, or attachment. In conclusion, free-floating venous thrombi occurred in 10% of cases of acute deep venous thrombosis. Only 13% of free-floating thrombi were associated with clinically significant pulmonary emboli, confirmed by ventilation perfusion scanning. Usually the embolus occurred before diagnosis of free-floating thrombus. Most free-floating thrombi followed noninvasively by duplex scanning do not embolize, but rather they become attached to the vein wall or resolve.     

Thrombosis of intracardiac or extracardiac conduits after modified Fontan operation in patients with azygous continuation of the inferior vena cava.

BACKGROUND: The Fontan procedure in patients with azygous continuation of the inferior vena cava, requires a cavo-pulmonary anastomosis, and deviation of the hepatic venous drainage to the pulmonary arteries using an intra- or extracardiac conduit. METHODS: We report thrombosis of two pericardial conduits and one Gore-Tex (W. L. Gore & Assoc, Flagstaff, AZ) graft used for deviation of hepatic venous blood to the pulmonary arterial tree in 3 patients aged 11, 24, and 28 years. Two of the conduits (pericardial) were intraatrial. The Gore-Tex graft was placed in an extracardiac position. The two pericardial conduits obstructed completely. RESULTS: One patient died at reoperation. In the 2nd patient, the conduit was excised and the hepatic veins were allowed to drain into the atrium. In the 3rd patient, partial thrombosis of the Gore-Tex conduit was noted 30 months after operation. The thrombus resolved with oral anticoagulation. CONCLUSIONS: Conduits carrying only hepatic venous blood flow may have a higher risk of thrombosis. Anticoagulation or alternative methods of directing hepatic blood flow to the pulmonary circulation must be considered in these patients.     

Assessment of central venous physiology of Fontan circulation using peripheral venous pressure

Objective

Elevated central venous pressure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after the Fontan operation. The difference between mean circulatory filling pressure and central venous pressure, a driving force of venous return, is important in determining dynamic changes in central venous pressure in response to changes in ventricular properties or loading conditions. Thus, noninvasive central venous pressure and mean circulatory filling pressure estimation may contribute to optimal management in patients undergoing the Fontan operation. We tested the hypothesis that central venous pressure and mean circulatory filling pressure in those undergoing the Fontan operation can be simply estimated using peripheral venous pressure and arm equilibrium pressure, respectively.