感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的评价外科手术治疗感染性心内膜炎的经验和效果。方法回顾性分析15例感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗方法。先天性心脏病5例,风湿性心脏瓣膜病9例,右心室异物1例。术前超声检查赘生物形成14例,血培养阳性4例。全组病例中行心脏缺损矫正修补5例,主动脉瓣置换术5例,二尖瓣置换术4例。结果全组病例均无术中死亡,1例术后因严重低心排综合征早期死亡,14例治愈出院,随访6个月～4a,预后良好,无复发及死亡病例。结论手术治疗感染性心内膜炎是一种有效的治疗措施,它降低了感染性心内膜炎的病死率。正确掌握手术时机,彻底清除感染病灶,恢复瓣膜功能以及围手术期应用有效抗生素是提高感染性心内膜炎治愈率的关键。     

85例感染性心内膜炎的临床诊断与外科治疗

【摘要】 目的 总结感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床诊断、外科手术和围手术期处理的经验。方法 回顾性分析2004年9月至2012年12月在我院接受手术治疗的85例IE患者的临床资料。其中男52例,女33例,年龄15~71岁,平均年龄35±16.2岁。85例患者中,12例患者接受了急诊手术治疗;71例患者术前进行了血培养检查,其中阳性18例(阳性率25.4%);超声心动图检查发现赘生物患者73例。所有患者均经外科手术清除感染病灶,纠治瓣膜病变及心脏畸形。结果 全组无手术死亡,均痊愈出院。随防72例,随防时间2~95月,平均53.3±26月,1例因自行停服抗凝药导致机械瓣栓塞死于出院后半年。其余71例术后感染性心内膜炎均未复发。术后心功能恢复至I级61例,心功能恢复至II级24例。结论 早期诊断、适时手术,彻底清除感染病灶,和正确使用抗生素是治疗感染心内膜的重要措施。     

感染性心内膜炎104例的临床分析

摘要：目的探索感染性心内膜炎的临床特点及治疗结果,以提高其临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2009年12月北京阜外心血管病医院104例感染性心内膜炎患者的临床资料,其中男64例、女40例,平均年龄40．8岁,血培养阳性47例（45．2％）。超声心动图检查提示：90例（86．5％）心脏瓣膜或流出道有赘生物,赘生物位于主动脉瓣36例,二尖瓣32例,三尖瓣11例,右心室流出道3例,多个瓣膜6例。据血培养结果行药物或外科手术治疗,术前及术后应用敏感抗生素治疗。结果全组33例行内科药物治疗,病死率为33．3％（11／33）;72例行外科手术清除赘生物及进行心脏基础病变治疗,病死率为4．1％（3／72）。死亡原因1例为低心排血量,1例感染,1例脑梗塞。赘生物培养均为阴性。体外循环时间（117．5±63.3）min,主动脉阻断时间（82．7±44．8）min。总的中位住院时间30．9d,术后住院时间13（6～41）d。术后有3例感染再发,2例因为瓣周漏引起感染再发,1例行瓣膜成形术后感染再发。结论基础心脏病仍是感染性心内膜炎常见病因。早期、有效、规律的抗生素治疗仍是治疗基础,及时的外科治疗可降低病死率。     

感染性心内膜炎急诊外科治疗

目的　报告一组感染性心内膜炎病人行急诊外科治疗的经验。方法　 36例病人中 ,34例次 (94% )有赘生物 ,19例次 (5 2 % )瓣膜穿孔 ,2 9例次 (81% )严重瓣膜关闭不全 ,均在体外循环下行紧急外科手术 ,切除和清除感染瓣膜、组织、赘生物。用 0 2 %呋喃西林、先锋霉素溶液反复冲洗 ;置入机械瓣 ,矫治心内畸形。结果　 33例恢复出院 ,包括 2例术前因进行性充血性心力衰竭、休克 ,心跳骤停 ,在心肺复苏、呼吸机辅助下行急诊瓣膜置换手术者。 3例术后死亡 ,病死率为 8 3%。 1例死于心力衰竭及多器官功能衰竭伴III度房室传导阻滞 ,2例死于严重低心输出量综合征及急性肾功能衰竭。 36例术后病理证实为感染性心内膜炎。结论　感染性心内膜炎出现进行性充血性心力衰竭和感染不能控制时 ,赘生物需接受紧急外科手术治疗 ;紧急手术不会使感染灶扩散 ;置换瓣膜时可选用人工机械瓣膜     

静脉注射毒品致感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的总结静脉注射毒品所致感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗经验。方法15例静脉注射毒品患者,均有心脏瓣膜赘生物,其中三尖瓣赘生物并关闭不全14例,二尖瓣赘生物并关闭不全合并室间隔缺损1例,术前血培养阳性8例。行三尖瓣置换术6例,三尖瓣成形术8例,二尖瓣置换同期行室间隔缺损修补术1例。结果均手术治愈,心功能明显改善,2例有轻度三尖瓣关闭不全。术后均获随访,平均时间(46.8±22.3)月。随访期间抗凝不当致大咯血1例,予维生素K1治疗后痊愈,三尖瓣重度关闭不全1例,予强心利尿等内科处理维持。结论外科手术修复受累瓣膜或置换瓣膜是治疗静脉注射毒品致感染性心内膜炎的有效手段。     

感染性心内膜炎病理解剖和外科治疗特点

目的探讨感染性心内膜炎病理解剖特点与外科治疗经验.方法1990年9月至1999年11月间,连续54例感染性内膜炎病人接受外科手术治疗.全组均符合修正VonReyn感染性心内膜炎诊断标准.男33例,女21例;年龄15～63岁,平均(36.5±11.3)岁.术前血培养36例,阳性21例(58.3%),以链球菌(15例)、葡萄球菌(5例)为主.52例坏死组织或赘生物光镜病理提示,组织坏死、钙化、肉芽肿和淋巴及中性粒细胞浸润.病理改变以赘生物和瓣膜穿孔常见,常累及左心系统瓣膜.瓣膜脓肿和腱索断裂少见.活动期急诊手术18例,其中充血性心衰13例,难治性败血症5例;稳定期择期手术36例.手术原则清除所有感染灶,纠治瓣膜病变及合并畸形.结果本组无手术死亡.术后严重并发症包括败血症2例、多器官功能衰竭2例.随访35例(64.8%),随访期1～85个月,平均(30±25)个月.2例二尖瓣置换术病人分别在术后1年、3年再次感染,死于充血性心衰和败血症.余33例无感染复发,远期疗效良好.术后1年、3年、7年生存率分别为96.6%、89.1%、89.1%.结论感染性心内膜炎早期诊断,适时外科手术和内、外科联合治疗是治疗成功关键.     

静脉注射吸毒者感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的 探讨静脉注射毒品所致感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗经验.方法 17例患者静脉注射毒品史2～10年,均有心脏瓣膜赘生物;其中三尖瓣赘生物并关闭不全16例,二尖瓣赘生物并关闭不全合并室间隔缺损1例,术前血培养阳性8例.三尖瓣置换术8例,三尖瓣成形术8例,二尖瓣置换同期室间隔缺损修补术1例.术后平均随访(44.7 ±19.1)月.结果 全部患者治愈出院,心功能明显改善,随访期间抗凝不当致大咯血1例,三尖瓣重度返流1例.结论 外科手术修复受累瓣膜或置换瓣膜是治疗静脉吸毒性感染性心内膜炎的有效手段.     

先天性心脏病合并肺动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的探讨先天性心脏病合并肺动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗方法和效果。方法 2009年1月至2012年1月第二军医大学长海医院收治先天性心脏病合并肺动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎患者6例,男1例,女5例;年龄8～41(24.8±11.8)岁。动脉导管未闭(PDA)4例,PDA合并先天性主动脉瓣狭窄1例,室间隔缺损(VSD)合并三尖瓣反流1例。3例行PDA结扎+肺动脉内赘生物清除术,1例行PDA结扎+肺动脉瓣赘生物切除术,1例行PDA结扎+肺动脉瓣赘生物切除术+主动脉瓣置换术(AVR,置换19 mm CarboMetics环上机械主动脉瓣),1例肺动脉瓣膜破坏严重,行VSD修补+右心室流出道赘生物清除+右心室流出道拓宽+三尖瓣成形术+肺动脉生物瓣置换术(置换27 mm HancockⅡ型生物瓣)。结果 6例患者术后均恢复良好,无围术期死亡和心内膜炎复发。所有患者复查超声心动图提示,未见赘生物、残余漏、瓣周漏等并发症。术后随访6个月～3年中,患者临床症状完全消失,均无明显不适。术后心功能恢复至Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级1例。结论对于先天性心脏病合并肺动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎患者,正确把握手术时机,积极行外科手术治疗是最有效的治疗方法。     

三尖瓣感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的分析三尖瓣感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗效果。方法回顾性分析接受心血管外科手术治疗的右心感染性心内膜炎病人51例的临床资料,所有病人在体外循环下行赘生物清除、合并心脏畸形矫治及三尖瓣手术,术后抗生素使用2～4周。结果术后1例病人二次开胸止血,1例病人术后1年出现二尖瓣赘生物,1例病人术后3个月间断发热持续4年再次出现三尖瓣赘生物行二次手术,1例病人术后蛛网膜下腔出血、急性肾损害、败血症转院,50例病人治愈出院,随访6个月～13年,病人心力衰竭症状明显改善,2例复发。结论通过外科手术可有效治疗由先天性心脏病、瓣膜病或做过心脏手术引起的三尖瓣感染性心内膜炎,并得到满意效果。     

感染性心内膜炎的诊断及外科治疗

目的　探讨感染性心内膜炎的临床特点、手术时机选择及围术期处理。　方法　回顾分析 2 8例感染性心内膜炎患者手术治疗的临床资料。病因为原发性心内膜炎 2 4例 ,人工心脏瓣膜感染性心内膜炎 4例。施行主动脉瓣置换术 2 0例 ,同期施行右冠状窦破裂自体心包修补和经主肺动脉缝闭未闭动脉导管各 2例 ;二尖瓣置换术 7例 ,其中4例行再次二尖瓣置换术 ;肺动脉瓣置换术 1例。　结果　术后早期死亡 2例 ,随访 2 6例 ,随访时间 3个月至 12年 ,1例术前合并肺部感染 ,术后 6个月因心内膜炎复发死亡 ,1例再次二尖瓣置换术后 2年出现瓣周漏。其余患者疗效良好。　结论　感染性心内膜炎早期诊断、正确选择手术时机、术中彻底清除病灶、合理矫正病变及良好的围术期处理是提高疗效的关键。     

32例感染性心内膜炎治疗的临床分析

目的探讨左心IE与右心IE两者临床表现及治疗上的差异。方法对中山大学第二附属医院2000年1月～2004年12月住院的32例IE病人分成左心IE组、右心IE组进行回顾性对照分析。结果左心IE中内科治疗15例,其中治愈4例;外科治疗10例并全部治愈,其中行瓣膜置换术9例,瓣膜修复整形术1例;右心IE中内科治疗2例,其中治愈1例;外科治疗5例,其中行三尖瓣置换术4例,三尖瓣膜修复整形术1例;手术治疗5例中治愈4例,1例因术后多器官功能障碍综合症死亡。结论右心IE与左心IE临床表现不同,突出表现在肺部病变:右心IE表现为急性肺炎或肺栓塞的临床症状;左心IE表现为瓣膜功能障碍。对于IE瓣膜病变的手术方式应根据瓣膜损坏程度来决定,左心IE以瓣膜置换为主,右心IE尽量争取瓣膜修复整形。     

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目的 探讨影像学检查(image examination，IE)对闭合性腹部损伤(closed abdominal injuries，CAI)的诊断价值。方法 1997—2003年间对142例血流动力学稳定的闭合性腹部损伤病人行影像学检查，结合术中所见，分析比较IE的准确性和差异。结果 IE阳性112例病人中，104例经剖腹探查术证实有腹腔脏器损伤，8例假阳性；30例IE阴性病人，真阴性19例，假阴性11例；敏感性为90．4％，特异性为70．4％，准确性为86．7％。结论 IE具有早期诊断价值，IE阳性对判断腹腔内实质性脏器损伤的特异性最高，IE阴性，需行进一步检查排除其他隐匿性损伤；结合临床表现及其他辅助检查综合分析，准确性会更高。     

Infective endocarditis with congenital heart disease

From 1988 to 2005, seven patients were operated at our hospital because of infectious endocarditis (IE) with congenital heart disease (CHD). Underlying CHD included ventricular septal defect (VSD) in 4 (2 previous operations with residual region), atrial septal defect (ASD) in 2 and bicuspid aortic stenosis (AS) in 1. No cases had preventive antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures. We could confirm bacteria origin from blood culture in all cases, but two patients had operations without gaining control of the infection. VSD or ASD closure and valve surgery were performed in four patients. One patient had a VSD closure, two patients had valve surgery. There were no operative or hospital deaths and there were no recurrences of IE during the study period. We successfully treated IE with CHD by enough debridement of the infective focus of IE, and valve surgery. It is important for patients with CHD to have preventive antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures.     

Infective endocarditis with congenital heart disease

From 1988 to 2005, seven patients were operated at our hospital because of infectious endocarditis (IE) with congenital heart disease (CHD). Underlying CHD included ventricular septal defect (VSD) in 4 (2 previous operations with residual region), atrial septal defect (ASD) in 2 and bicuspid aortic stenosis (AS) in 1. No cases had preventive antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures. We could confirm bacteria origin from blood culture in all cases, but two patients had operations without gaining control of the infection. VSD or ASD closure and valve surgery were performed in four patients. One patient had a VSD closure, two patients had valve surgery. There were no operative or hospital deaths and there were no recurrences of IE during the study period. We successfully treated IE with CHD by enough debridement of the infective focus of IE, and valve surgery. It is important for patients with CHD to have preventive antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures.     

60例感染性心内膜炎的临床诊断与外科治疗

目的总结感染性心内膜炎的临床诊断和外科治疗经验。方法回顾分析2000年1月～2006年8月在我院接受手术治疗的60例感染性心内膜炎患者的临床资料,其中男46例,女14例;年龄9～58岁,平均年龄34.3岁。术前血培养60例,阳性25例(41.7%),其中链球菌12例,葡萄球菌6例,其他细菌7例。超声心动图提示有心内膜赘生物或瓣膜穿孔42例,其中累及二尖瓣9例,主动脉瓣26例,二尖瓣主动脉瓣同时受累6例,三尖瓣1例。合并原发心脏疾病28例,其中先天性心脏病16例,风湿性心脏病9例,二尖瓣脱垂3例。对60例患者全程采用大剂量敏感抗生素治疗。择期手术55例,急诊手术5例。手术中清除所有感染灶,同期矫治心内畸形16例,行心瓣膜置换术41例,三尖瓣修复成形术1例。结果术后早期死亡3例。随访51例(89.5%),随访时间5～71个月,无心内膜炎复发,心功能恢复至级38例,级13例。结论早期诊断,掌握适当的手术时机,联合内科治疗和外科手术,可取得较好的治疗效果。     

Efficacy of human islet isolation from the tail section of the pancreas for the possibility of living donor islet transplantation

BACKGROUND: Islet transplantation is on the rise for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Apparent donor shortages could be alleviated through use of living donor pancreata. A critical issue for using a section of pancreas from living donors is whether islet yields would be sufficient for transplantation. METHODS: After obtaining human pancreata, islets were isolated from the head section (n=20, head group), tail section (n=23, tail group) or whole pancreas (n=24, whole group). Islets were isolated by enzymatic digestion followed by purification, then assessed for yields, purity, morphology, functionality, and insulin content. RESULTS: Fifteen of twenty cases (75%) in the head group, all cases (100%) in the tail group, and 23 of 24 cases (96%) in the whole group were successfully completed for islet isolation. Islet yield per gram pancreas was significantly higher in the tail group compared with both the head and whole groups (head, 1,472+/-326 IE/g; tail, 4,256+/-574 IE/g; whole, 2,424+/-506 IE/g). Total islet yield from the head group was significantly lower compared with both tail and whole groups (head, 75,016+/-18,933 IE; tail, 197,469+/-28,236 IE; whole, 208,207+/-43,414 IE), and the tail group showed similar islet yield to the whole group. The whole group showed significantly lower purities and the head group showed significantly lower morphologic scores. There were no significant differences in viability, function, and insulin content among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: The tail section of the human pancreas is suitable for islet isolation. The living donor islet transplantation may be feasible using only this section of the pancreas for the first transplantation to reduce hypoglycemic unawareness for small recipients, which might be followed by the second islet transplantation from cadaveric donor.     

感染性心内膜炎的肾脏损害

目的分析感染性心内膜炎(IE)致肾脏损害的诊治及预后情况,旨在提高对该类疾病的认识。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院1983年至2004年12月155例IE的临床特点及其中4例的肾组织学表现,以及治疗和预后情况。应用卡方分析、t检验或Spearman等级相关分析方法进行统计分析。结果IE伴肾损害137例(88.4%),男女比1.4:1,发病年龄(38±17)岁,肾损害前病程为(4.8±5.9)月。肾损害表现包括无症状血尿和(或)蛋白尿(71.0%)、急性肾炎综合征(6.5%)、肾病综合征(2.6%)、急进性肾炎综合征(1.3%)、肾栓塞(1.3%)、单纯白细胞尿(3.2%)、非IE直接所致肾损害(2.6%)。急性肾功能不全14例,病因包括肾小球肾炎5例、急性间质性肾炎1例、肾栓塞1例、急性心衰5例、抗生索不良反应2例。肾组织检查4例,分别为弥漫增生性肾小球肾炎、膜性肾病Ⅱ期、膜增生性肾小球肾炎及Ⅱ型新月体肾炎各1例。所有病例均予抗生素治疗,其中3例停用引起肾损害的抗生素;28例(20.4%)予手术治疗;5例(3.6%)予糖皮质激素和/或免疫抑制剂治疗,其中2例予甲基泼尼松龙冲击治疗;1例予抗凝治疗。155例中7例(4.5%)死亡。伴肾损害137例中60例(43.8%)肾损害完全恢复。急性肾功能不全14例中12例(85.7%)血肌酐值恢复正常。统计分析表明,在积极治疗情况下,有无肾损害及不同程度肾损害的IE患者的预后差异无统计学意义。结论IE致肾损害很常见,多为无症状血尿和(或)蛋白尿,肾栓塞、急性肾炎综合征、肾病综合征及急进性肾炎综合征也可出现。对IE所致急进性肾小球肾炎患者,在感染得到有效控制情况下,可酌情给以糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂包括甲基泼尼松龙冲击治疗。     

Clinical evaluations of surgical treatment of infective endocarditis

This paper shows the clinical evaluations of surgical and medical treatment of infective endocarditis (IE). IE occurred in 33 cases (10.1%) among 372 cases of valve replacement. Of all the 33 patients, IE was consisted of native valve endocarditis (NVE) and prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). IE was evaluated as for the microorganism, complication, operative indication and operative mortality. At first, all of NVE underwent surgical treatment, active phase endocarditis 4 and healed endocarditis 14. Microorganism was streptococcus aureus in an overwhelming majority. Operative indications was congestive heart failure in almost all cases, next to vegetation and infection resistant to medical treatment. Operative mortality was 5.6% (1 out of 18 cases), which case was in the septic shock and cerebral bleeding prior to the surgical treatment. The others was satisfactory condition postoperatively. Next of PVE, PVE happened in 15 cases, in which there were 5 cases of bioprosthetic PVE and 10 cases of mechanical valve PVE. Microorganism for PVE was staphylococcus epidermidis in the major part (60%). Mortality in PVE was 53.3% (8 out of 15), but mechanical valve PVE was worse in prognosis than bioprosthetic PVE. Cerebral complications occurred in 3 cases of mechanical valve PVE, on the other hand there was no cerebral complication in bioprosthetic PVE. As for the hemodynamic change in PVE, mechanical valve PVE had the tendency to take the prompt or sudden deterioration of hemodynamics caused by endocarditis surrounding the suture ring, especially in mitral position, on the contrary hemodynamic deterioration was gradually proceeded in bioprosthetic PVE. UCG made much of the diagnosis of PVE, especially in mechanical valve PVE, in which cases endocarditis was recognized only surrounding the suture ring. PVE takes the miserable outcome in many cases, so carefully observation is necessary in order not to lose the timing of the surgical treatment.     

Early surgery for hospital-acquired and community-acquired active infective endocarditis

Active infective endocarditis (IE) is classified into two groups; hospital acquired IE (HIE) and IE other than HIE, which was defined as community-acquired IE (CIE). Eighty-two patients underwent surgical treatment for active IE. Seventy-one cases were CIE group and eleven were HIE. There were six patients with native valve endocarditis and five cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis in the HIE group. We compared the surgical outcome of both types of active IE retrospectively. The preoperative status of the patients in the HIE group was more critical than that in the CIE group. Streptococcus spp. were the major micro-organisms in the CIE group (39%), while 82% of the HIE cases were caused by Staphylococcus spp. All Staphylococcus organisms in the HIE group were methicillin resistant. There were 10 hospital deaths, three in the CIE group and seven in the HIE group. Operative mortality in the HIE group was significantly higher than in the CIE group (63.6% vs. 4.2%, P<0.001). The outcome of early operation was satisfactory for active CIE, but poor for HIE. These types of active IE should be considered separately.     

Infective endocarditis in maintenance hemodialysis patients: fifteen years' experience in one medical center

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious infectious condition, with high morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. This study was undertaken to determine the IE risk factors in maintenance HD patients, and the mortality risk factors. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all IE cases of maintenance HD patients at our center over the past 15 yrs (the study group). Regular HD patients without IE in the same period were used as the control group. The basic data of the two groups were analyzed to determine IE risk factors in HD patients. The in-hospital parameters of survival and mortality in the study group patients were used for mortality risk factors analysis. RESULTS: There were 18 definite, and two possible, IE diagnoses in the study group and no cases in the 268 controls. There was no significant difference in age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, underlying malignancy, previous cerebral vascular accident (CVA) history, and calcium multiplied by phosphate product. There was a significant difference between the two groups (study group vs. controls) in pacemaker implant history (15 vs. 1.1%, p<0.01), previous heart surgery history (15 vs. 0.4%, p<0.01), congestive heart failure (CHF) (50 vs. 10.4%, p<0.05), duration on maintenance HD (12.9+/-19.1 vs. 57.9+/-42.3 months, p<0.001), serum albumin at the time of admission (2.91+/-0.40 vs. 3.96+/-0.52 g/dL, p<0.001). There were more patients dialyzed via non-cuffed dual-lumen catheters in the study group (55 vs. 0%, p<0.001), and fewer patients dialyzed via arteriovenous fistula (AVF) (25 vs. 87.7%, p<0.001). The mortality in HD patients with IE was high (60%), especially in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endocarditis (100%). The most common pathogen was S. aureus (n=12). MRSA was more common than methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) (67 vs. 33%). Univariant analysis of in-hospital clinical parameters for mortality revealed no significant difference in age, diabetes, dual-lumen catheter implantation, serum albumin, time to diagnosis, and time to antibiotic use. Borderline statistical significance was noted in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) (p=0.051), and blood glucose level (p=0.056). There were more IE cases due to MRSA in the mortality group than in the survival group (8 vs. 0 cases, p=0.013), but fewer cases due to MSSA (0 vs. 4 cases, p=0.050). CONCLUSIONS: IE should be considered in HD patients with the following risk factors, which include previous heart surgery or pacemaker implantation, shorter HD duration, and especially for patients dialyzed via dual-lumen catheters. The in-hospital clinical parameters including CRP and blood sugar level can offer information concerning prognosis. Since MRSA has increased in recent years and is associated with high mortality, strategies for prevention and treatment require development.