巨大筛额上颌窦黏液囊肿1例

患者,女,75岁,17年前“感冒”后出现右面颊部肿胀及疼痛,当地医院行鼻窦CT检查示鼻腔肿物,经抗感染及对症治疗;3年前出现右眼视力下降,渐至失明;1年前在当地行经口“抽脓”治疗,疼痛缓解;半年前开始上述症状再发并加重。我科于2013年10月以“鼻腔鼻窦占位”收住院。体检：右侧面颊部隆起,质硬;右眼突出,向外上移位,瞳孔散大,无光感;鼻中隔偏左,右侧鼻腔外侧壁内移,中鼻道及以上看不见;张口略受限,右侧硬腭稍隆起,软腭明显隆起。     

鼻窦球囊导管扩张术联合纤维鼻咽喉镜治疗鼻窦囊肿

目的 评价鼻内镜鼻窦手术和鼻窦球囊导管扩张术联合纤维鼻咽喉镜治疗鼻窦囊肿的疗效。方法 分析14例(19个上颌窦,3个额窦)应用鼻窦球囊导管扩张术联合纤维鼻咽喉镜手术切除鼻窦囊肿(球囊组)和16例(23个上颌窦,8个额窦)采用常规鼻内镜鼻窦手术方式切除鼻窦囊肿(常规组)病例的临床资料。依视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale, VAS)记录手术难度评分和手术时间。手术前后均行鼻内镜检查、冠状位鼻窦CT检查,采用Lund-Kennedy内镜和Lund-Mackay鼻窦CT评分系统评价预后。结果 球囊组手术难度高于常规组,手术时间也较长,两组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。术后观察8、24周, 鼻内镜检查见窦口通畅,Lund-Kennedy内镜和Lund-Mackay鼻窦CT评分结果显示,所有病例术腔恢复良好,术后鼻窦CT影像示改善明显,但两组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 球囊组与常规组行鼻窦囊肿手术可获得同-良好的疗效。球囊组的手术方式能够保留鼻腔鼻窦的正常结构,手术微创。由于纤维鼻咽喉镜手术器械的限制,手术难度较常规组高,手术时间较长。     

导航鼻内镜下治疗鼻窦囊肿

目的 探讨应用影像导航系统在鼻内镜下治疗鼻窦囊肿的方法及优势。方法 在导航鼻内镜下对121例鼻窦囊肿施行手术,其中上颌窦黏液囊肿12例,上颌窦黏膜囊肿5例,筛窦黏液囊肿43例,额窦黏液囊肿29例,蝶窦黏液囊肿32例。均采用气管插管全麻,根据手术中的需要标定探针或吸引器作为术中的定位设备,在鼻内镜下使用导航定位设备以判断囊肿的准确位置,根据术中探针的指引通过最短的距离到达囊肿,完整或部分切除囊壁,通畅引流。结果 121例手术均准确定位了囊肿的位置,完成手术, 无术中、术后并发症发生。结论 影像导航系统结合鼻内镜治疗鼻窦囊肿具有定位准确、手术创伤小的优点,可以有效地提高手术疗效和避免并发症的发生。     

左侧上颌窦恶性黑色素瘤1例

患者,男,62岁,因左侧鼻腔涕中带血10个月,加重半年余于2012年10月9日入院。患者于2012年春节时因过度疲劳出现右侧涕中带血,时有鼻塞,面部稍有胀痛,曾行间断抗炎治疗后无明显好转。2012年9月,患者因左侧牙疼行拔牙处理后左侧鼻腔出现涕中带血,较右侧为多。     

Three cases of organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus

Organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus is a rare clinical disease. To our knowledge, only a few cases of organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus have previously been published, most coming without bleeding history and disorders. We report three cases of organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus presenting with an enlarging maxillary sinus mass. In the evaluation of a patient with recurrent nasal bleeding, nasal obstruction, and an enlarging maxillary mass, organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus should be included in the differential diagnosis.     

A rare sinonasal neoplasm: fibrosarcoma

Sinonasal fibrosarcoma is an infrequently occurring malignant neoplasm. It usually presents with nasal obstruction and epistaxis, as do other sarcomas in this region. The final diagnosis is based on the histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination. We report a case involving a 47-year-old woman with a 2-year history of left nasal obstruction and proptosis, as well as diplopia for the 2 months preceding her visit. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a neoplasm occupying the left nasal cavity, ethmoid sinuses, and bilateral frontal sinuses. The neoplasm also was eroding the medial wall of the maxillary sinus, the lamina papyracea, the cribriform plate, and the anterior wall of the frontal sinus. Complete removal of the tumor was achieved both endoscopically and through a Lynch incision. Sinonasal fibrosarcoma was found on histopathologic examination.     

眶上匙孔入路联合鼻内镜置双管引流治疗额窦骨瘤

目的：探讨眶上匙孔入路联合鼻内镜置双管引流治疗额窦骨瘤的可行性及临床意义。方法：2001年1月至2005年6月为18例额窦骨瘤患者行眶上匙孔入路联合鼻内镜置双管引流治疗。18例额窦骨瘤患者术前均行鼻窦冠状位及水平位检查,其中单纯额窦骨瘤7例,额筛窦骨瘤3例;合并慢性鼻窦炎8例。患者均于鼻内镜下行眶上匙孔入路磨除骨瘤,鼻内镜下经鼻腔置双管引流,保留1～3个月。结果：患者均治愈,无手术并发症。结论：眶上匙孔入路联合鼻内镜置双管引流治疗额窦骨瘤,术野清晰,对患者创伤小,出血少,面部不留疤痕,额窦口引流通畅,是一种较好的治疗方法。     

Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour of the left maxillary sinus

Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumours (pPNETs) are highly malignant, small-cell neoplasms found mainly in children and young adults. Recent advances in immunohistochemistry and genetic typing have led to reports of a close relationship between pPNET and the previously difficult-to-classify Ewing's sarcoma. We report a case of pPNET involving the left maxillary sinus in a 23-year-old female who presented with a 2-month history of unilateral left-sided nasal obstruction, rhinorrhoea and recurrent bloody nasal discharge. A CT scan of the paranasal sinuses showed a large mass (10 x 7 x 3 cm3) arising from the left maxillary sinus, with signs of bone destruction and invasion of the left orbital floor and pterygomaxillary fossa. MRI revealed a heterogeneous hyperintense signal on a T2-weighted image in the left maxillary sinus. The tumour was surgically removed by means of external lateral rhinotomy. Pathological examination showed a sheet of small cells with irregular nuclei. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated positive immunoreactivity for neurone-specific enolase, synaptophysin, chromogranin, vimentin, S-100 protein and p30-32 MIC-2 gene product. The patient was treated with chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, adriamycin and actinomycin D, together with radiotherapy to a total tumour dose of 60 Gy. After 59 months of follow-up, the patient remained free of disease and a repeat MRI scan was normalized, with no sign of residual tumour.     

额窦引流系统及鼻内镜额窦手术研究进展

鼻内镜额窦手术是鼻内镜鼻窦手术中的难点，手术风险和失败率较高，受到临床广泛关注。手术成功的重要前提是充分理解额窦引流系统，该系统包括：额漏斗、额窦口、额隐窝。额窦引流系统结构复杂，特别是额隐窝解剖变化大，解剖复杂。在对额窦引流系统和额隐窝的不断认识中，先后提出了5种分类方法：Bent and Kuhn分类、改良Bent and Kuhn分类、鼻丘-筛泡分类、欧洲鼻腔鼻窦解剖分类及国际额窦解剖分类。根据手术技巧和手术范围的不同，先后提出了Stammberger剥蛋壳技术、Friedman术式“钩突径路”额窦开放术、改良Lothrop 手术等鼻内镜额窦开放技术。根据额窦开放和手术切除的范围，有Draf分型和国际额窦鼻内镜术分类两种手术分级方法。随着对额窦引流系统解剖认识的不断加深和手术器械的改进及手术技巧的不断提高，目前的鼻内镜额窦手术不再局限于某些技巧或方法，更常见的是根据额隐窝气化和解剖情况，充分切除额隐窝开放额窦。本文对额窦引流系统分类、鼻内镜下额窦手术技术及手术分级的发展和现状进行了回顾和总结，分析了鼻内镜额窦手术的相关问题，以求提高手术成功率，减少手术并发症。     

A型超声波检查诊断上颌窦病变

用ＥＣＨＯ－ＴＥ－１１型鼻窦超声波诊断装置对上颌窦病变９１例患者进行了观察和分析，并与正常对照组６９例进行对比。对照组中检查结果示正常上颌窦图像者占８９．９％，上颌窦炎患者８７例，确诊率为９１．９％。对术后上颌窦囊肿、上颌窦良、恶性肿瘤等病例也做了观察。同时对Ａ型超声波测试法的有关注意事项等进行了讨论。     

Acinic cell carcinoma of maxillary sinus

Acinic cell carcinoma is a tumor that occurs most commonly in the parotid glands. We have experienced a rare case of acinic cell carcinoma of the left maxillary sinus. The patient was a 71-year-old female. She noticed her left nasal congestion and epiphora from left eye in April 1994. She had a history of left maxillary sinus surgery in February, 1972. Antrotomy was performed and histopathological examination of specimen from the maxillary sinus proved acinic cell carcinoma. The tumor was considered to be the recurrence 22 years after initial surgery, because it coincided with the surgical specimen of previous surgery. Radical resection of maxilla was performed for complete resection of tumor with palate reconstruction by left scapula and latissimus dorsi myocutaneus flap. No recurrence is observed for more than 4 years after surgery. Although this tumor is of low grade malignancy, complete resection with adequate surgical margin is advisable due to high incidence of this tumor to recur after long periods of time.     

Maxillary sinus mucoceles: clinical presentation and long-term results of endoscopic surgical treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation of maxillary sinus mucoceles, understand their pathogenesis, and determine the long-term efficacy of the endoscopic surgical treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: Thirteen consecutive patients who presented with maxillary sinus muco(pyo) celes were studied. Subjects with history of preceding sinus/nasal surgery or facial trauma were excluded. The presenting signs and symptoms, radiological findings, and surgical management were reviewed. RESULTS: There were six women and seven men with an age range of 31 to 71 years. Two patients had environmental allergies. Nine patients complained of cheek pressure or pain, six of nasal obstruction, and eight of nasal drainage. On endoscopic nasal examination, the medial wall of maxillary sinus was bulging with prolapsed middle meatal mucosa in 10; drainage was seen in 7, but none had polyps. The sinus involvement was limited to the maxillary sinus and the ipsilateral ethmoid on computed tomographic studies in 10 cases. Patients were treated with endoscopic ethmoidectomy, middle meatal antrostomy, and marsupialization of the mucocele. Intraoperative cultures grew organisms in five patients. Postoperative follow-up ranged between 10 and 66 months. Two patients required lysis of adhesions in the middle meatus, and one, revision antrostomy. All patients had a patent middle meatal antrostomy and healthy maxillary sinus mucosa at latest follow-up. The presenting symptoms resolved or improved in 12 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The etiology of maxillary sinus mucoceles is not well understood. Mechanical obstruction or allergy or both do not seem to play an important role. An infectious origin is also not supported by the above data. Endoscopic sinus surgery is a reliable therapeutic measure with a favorable long-term outcome.     

鼻内镜下下鼻甲翻转入路治疗上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤

目的 探讨上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤的手术入路及方法。方法 2006年1月至2011年6月应用下鼻甲翻转治疗上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤29例,根据Krouse临床分级标准所有病例均为Ⅲ级。其中原发于上颌窦者4例,原发于其他部位累及上颌窦者25例,均采用鼻内镜下下鼻甲翻转方式清除病变组织。结果 所有患者随访12～36个月,仅3例术后复发,有2例病变广泛,为全组鼻窦病变,1例为原发于额隐窝,余26例预后良好,未见复发。结论 应用下鼻甲翻转入路可以减少创伤,提供开阔的手术视野,是治疗上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤的有效手段。     

鼻内镜下鼻中隔正中入路治疗额窦病变的应用解剖

目的 探讨鼻内镜下鼻中隔正中入路治疗额窦病变的解剖学基础。方法 在30例经甲醛固定的成人尸头上对鼻中隔与额窦相邻解剖结构分别进行解剖学测量。结果 中鼻甲垂直部与水平部交接点与鼻中隔相对应的点称为M点,M点到鼻骨的水平距离为（20.07±6.21）mm, M点到额窦底内侧最前端距离为(27.59±7.71)mm, M点到额窦底内侧最后端距离为(25.35±6.69) mm, 中鼻甲根部颅底附着处到第一嗅丝的距离为（5.53±1.41）mm,额窦底前后径为(7.62±2.45)mm, 额窦底左右径为(9.41±3.37)mm, 额窦间隔上下径为(16.97±3.23)mm, 额窦间隔前后径为(12.34±2.23)mm。中鼻甲根部颅底附着处与第一嗅丝的连线与鼻颅底呈65°角。结论 鼻中隔顶端前份和额窦底相连,中鼻甲垂直部和水平部交接点与鼻中隔相对应的点即M点以及中鼻甲根部颅底附着处与鼻中隔夹角处的第一嗅丝是鼻内镜下鼻中隔正中入路治疗额窦病变手术的重要安全标志,通过尸头解剖模拟鼻中隔正中入路和解剖学测量,认为鼻中隔手术入路是可行的。     

改装体检直升机和歼(强)击机飞行员鼻窦资料的比较分析

目的:比较飞行合格的直升机和歼(强)击机飞行员的鼻窦疾病状况,为新联勤体制下航卫保障提供依据。方法:分析改装体检飞行员鼻窦CT资料138份,其中直升机飞行员46份,歼(强)击机飞行员92份,统计慢性鼻窦炎和鼻窦囊肿的发生率。结果:①直升机飞行员慢性鼻窦炎14例(上颌窦炎6例,筛窦炎4例,上颌窦炎伴筛窦炎4例),占30.4%(14/46),其中3例上颌窦积液需要治疗;歼(强)击机飞行员慢性鼻窦炎12例(上颌窦炎8例,筛窦炎1例,上颌窦炎伴筛窦炎3例),占13.0%(12/92),其中1例上颌窦积液需要治疗,两者慢性鼻窦炎的发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.07,P<0.05)。②直升机飞行员上颌窦黏膜下囊肿4例(均为单侧),占8.7%(4/46);歼(强)击机飞行员上颌窦黏膜下囊肿10例(单侧8例,双侧2例),占10.87%(10/92),两者鼻窦囊肿的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义,均无需治疗。结论:飞行人员无症状的慢性鼻窦炎和鼻窦囊肿有较高的发生率,可能与气压变化有关,但大多数无需处理。直升机飞行员与歼(强)击机飞行员相比,慢性鼻窦炎的发生率较高,可能与非封闭座舱和多机组人员的环境有关。     

Undifferentiated sarcoma of the maxillary sinus: report of a rare case in an adult

A 51-year-old man complained of left facial swelling and recurrent nasal bleeding. A giant solid tumor in the left maxillary sinus was detected on head CT and MRI, and this tumor was destroying the maxilla and extending into the orbit, pterygoid muscle and posterior paranasal sinuses. The resected specimen consisted of spindle cells containing necrotic material. Histological examination revealed immature tumor cells, and immunohistological study of the tumor showed staining was only positive for vimentin. We accordingly diagnosed undifferentiated sarcoma in the maxillary sinus. Combination chemotherapy with vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide/ifosfamide with mesna and etoposide was administered; however, the tumor was unresponsive and the patient died after around 3 months.     

Transnasal frontal intersinus septum takedown for frontal sinus pyocele

IntroductionThe open frontal intersinus septum takedown (FISST) technique was first described in 1976. We describe our experience with an endoscopic transnasal approach to manage a frontal sinus pyocele arising from an obstructed frontal sinus outflow tract due to anterolateral thigh flap reconstruction of a maxillectomy defect.Case reportA 40-year-old lady experienced upper eyelid swelling and purulent nasal discharge 3 weeks after undergoing a left extended medial maxillectomy with free anterolateral thigh flap reconstruction. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed total opacification of the left frontal sinus. There was no improvement with intravenous antibiotics and she underwent a surgery, whenshe was found intraoperatively to have a frontal sinus pyocele, which was then drained. She then underwent an endoscopic transnasal FISST to ventilate the left frontal sinus via the contralateral frontal recess with good results. A CT scan performed 3 months postoperatively showed a widely patent interfrontal sinus septal window and right frontal outflow tract with no disease recurrence.DiscussionThe FISST is a useful technique to manage unilateral frontal sinus disease by taking advantage of the contralateral outflow tract when the ipsilateral frontal recess is obstructed.     

A comparison between nitric oxide output in the nose and sinuses: A pilot study in one volunteer

Conclusions

From a study of nitric oxide (NO) output in the nose and sinuses it seems that: (i) the results obtained regarding the regulation of NO output in the nose do not necessarily apply to the sinuses; (ii) the results obtained for one group of sinuses may not apply to another; and (iii) NO output in the sinuses does not behave as one would expect if it serves to protect against infection.

Objective

A pilot study was undertaken in one subject to determine whether the control of NO output in the nose differs from that in the sinuses.

Material and methods

NO output was measured by aspirating different gaseous concentrations of oxygen (and/or carbon dioxide) through the nasal airways or punctured maxillary and frontal sinuses before and after i.v. administration of L-arginine (20 mg/kg).

Results

In the absence of gaseous oxygen in the nose or maxillary antrum, the effect of L-arginine on NO output was the same as that in the presence of oxygen. In the frontal sinus, the effect of L-arginine on NO output was blocked by the absence of gaseous oxygen. NO output in the nose and frontal sinus showed similar changes after either i.v. administration of L-arginine or removal of oxygen from the air. NO output in the maxillary antrum was virtually unaffected by either procedure. NO output in the nose was largely unaffected by the gaseous carbon dioxide content but that in the frontal and maxillary sinuses was profoundly inhibited by it. In both sinuses, suppression of NO output by carbon dioxide was countered by oxygen. Alterations in the oxygen or carbon dioxide content of the maxillary antrum did not alter NO output in the frontal sinus, or vice versa. After i.v. infusion of L-arginine, nasal NO output remained elevated for >1 h.     

下鼻道泪后开窗上颌窦手术47例临床分析

目的：探讨经鼻内镜下鼻道泪后开窗处理上颌窦病变的疗效。方法：对47例上颌窦病变的患者,采取在鼻内镜鼻窦手术基础上进行下鼻道泪后开窗,经下鼻道窗和扩大的自然窦口对上颌窦息肉、内翻性乳头状瘤、侵袭性鼻窦真菌病等病变进行清理。结果：47例患者上颌窦腔清洁,上颌窦窦口引流好,黏膜转归良好,中鼻道引流好,无囊泡水肿等黏膜病变。仅2例（4．25％）下鼻道窗口约2个月闭锁,1年后上颌窦腔清洁,无病灶复发。结论：经鼻内镜下鼻道泪后开窗联合扩大的自然窦口完全满足处理上颌窦良性病变的需要,同时保留下鼻道窗可在术后起到机械性重力引流作用,在鼻腔鼻窦黏膜纤毛运输系统功能修复前尤为重要。     

48例上颌窦恶性肿瘤的CT影像分析

目的分析总结上颌窦肿瘤性病变的临床症状和CT表现,探讨CT扫描在诊断上颌窦肿瘤中的价值及其与临床表现的关系,以提高对其临床特征的认识和CT的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析48例上颌窦肿瘤患者,全部患者均经CT扫描、鼻内镜检查及手术病理证实。结果临床特征表现为鼻塞98％,鼻分泌物增多72％,鼻出血65％,面部疼痛25％。CT示恶性肿瘤窦壁骨质呈溶骨性或筛孔样骨破坏,窦腔内均见软组织肿块,窦腔轮廓消失,软组织肿块突出腔外;良性肿瘤CT示肿块边界清楚,周围组织受压,呈膨胀性生长,未见明显的骨质破坏。结论上颌窦肿瘤缺乏临床特异性,而CT可以较好的显示病变程度、范围及与邻近结构的关系,可帮助定性,对制定手术方案有一定的价值。