在线血液透析滤过对终末期肾衰竭高血压患者的治疗作用

目的探讨在线血液透析滤过(HDF)应用于单纯规律血液透析患者合并难治性高血压时的临床疗效及患者对治疗的耐受性。方法将20例终末期肾衰竭(ESRD)伴难治性高血压患者随机分为血液透析(HD)和HDF/HD两组,HD组应用标准血液透析治疗;HDF/HD组采用2次血液透析 1次血液透析滤过。两组均在联合应用降压药的基础上进行,均为4小时/次,每周3次,治疗时间为5个月。比较两组患者治疗前后血清磷、甲状旁腺素(PTH)、血浆肾素活性(PRA)及血管紧张素Ⅱ(ATⅡ)、平均动脉压、BUN及Cr的变化以及患者对治疗的耐受性。结果HDF/HD组患者血清磷、PTH、ATⅡ水平均明显下降,两组比较有显著性差异;而BUN与Cr下降的程度比较无明显差异。HDF/HD组患者极少发生头痛、恶心、呕吐、心绞痛及心律失常等并发症。结论对于尿毒症高血压患者,尤其是难治性高血压,在线血液透析滤过是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

行血液透析和肾移植的青壮年终末期肾脏病患者生存质量比较及其影响因素探讨

目的：比较血液透析（HD）和肾移植（KT）对青壮年终末期肾脏病（ESRD）患者生存质量的影响，并探讨生存质量的影响因素。方法回顾性研究HD和KT应用于青壮年ESRD患者治疗2～3年后并发症发生和健康指导情况、对工作的影响以及现阶段的生活质量（用SF-36量表评价），并进行相关分析。结果与行HD的青壮年ESRD患者比较，行KT的ESRD患者血压、血磷低，心脏并发症、脑血管疾病发生率低，血红蛋白水平高，健康指导情况优、回返工作比例高，SF-36相关8个分支领域评分高（ P均＜0．05）。结论行KT的青壮年ESRD患者总体生存质量优于行HD者；健康指导与医疗保健是影响生存质量的关键因素。     

血液透析对终末期肾病患者左心室肥厚的影响

目的探讨血液透析早期对终末期肾病(ESRD)患者心脏结构的影响。方法 32例ESRD患者,分别在进入血液透析前及进入血液透析后半年至1年内行超声心动图检查,比较血液透析前后各参数的变化,同时选取29例慢性肾脏病(CKD)3～4期非透析患者作为对照组。结果与血液透析前比较,ESRD患者血液透析后的干体质量[(60.8±8.8)kg比(64.7±10.3)kg,P=0.004]及体质指数[(22.68±2.35)kg/m~2比(24.08±2.32)kg/m~2,P=0.004]明显下降。收缩压轻度升高,舒张压显著升高[(84.67±11.14)mm Hg比(77.33±9.17)mm Hg,P<0.05]。血白蛋白[(38.73±2.42)g/L比(34.07±3.75)g/L,P<0.05]、血红蛋白[(111.50±12.85)g/L比(83.73±13.65)g/L,P<0.05]均显著上升。对照组左心室肥厚(LVH)发生率37.93%,血液透析前组71.88%,血液透析后组50%。血液透析前ESRD患者的左心室质量指数(LVMI)较对照组显著升高[(152.01±44.37)g/m~2比(120.68±44.60)g/m~2],血液透析后下降为(135.98±34.87)g/m~2,与透析前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血液透析前ESRD患者的左心房直径[(40.75±7.11)mm比(34.97±5.80)mm]、室间隔厚度[(11.63±1.48)mm比(10.66±2.02)mm]、左心室后壁厚度[(11.56±1.46)mm比(10.31±1.56)mm]、左心室舒张末直径[(48.28±5.53)mm比(45.62±4.64)mm]和左心室舒张末容积[(110.81±29.45)ml比(96.83±22.74)ml]较对照组明显增大(均为P<0.05),血液透析后与透析前比较,室间隔厚度[(10.84±1.25)mm比(11.63±1.48)mm]和左心室后壁厚度[(10.88±1.18)mm比(11.56±1.46)mm]显著下降(均为P<0.05)。结论 ESRD患者LVH发病率高,部分LVH在血液透析早期可以逆转。     

终末期肾脏疾病对机体免疫功能的影响

血液透析(HD)和腹膜透析(PD)技术已有显著进步,但终末期肾脏疾病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD)患者年死亡率仍高达20%,其中70%死于心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)或感染性疾病[1,2]。免疫功能紊乱是尿毒症患者一个突出表现,但它在CVD和感染中的作用目前尚无明确结论     

血液透析对慢性肾衰竭患者心脏功能的影响

目的了解血液透析对慢性肾衰竭患者心脏结构、功能变化的影响,分析其相关危险因素.方法回顾本院2004年1～12月透析治疗的慢性肾衰竭患者76例,分开始进入血液透析组(40例)和维持性血液透析组(36例),应用彩色超声测定左室形态及功能各项参数,测定透析前血压及各项实验室指标.结果开始进入血液透析组患者,超声心动图显示75%出现左室肥厚(LVH),30%左心室收缩功能障碍;维持性血液透析组55.6%出现LVH,左心室收缩功能正常,两组差异有统计学意义.维持性血液透析组血红蛋白、血钙、血磷、钙磷聚集和血浆白蛋白升高,C反应蛋白降低.结论维持性血液透析后,患者左心室功能改善,可能与贫血、营养不良及炎症反应的纠正有关.     

持续性血液透析对终末期肾病伴乙型肝炎病毒感染患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨持续性血液透析对终末期肾病伴乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染患者免疫功能的影响。方法选取2013年7月至2015年8月该院收治终末期肾病患者120例,根据是否感染HVB分为终末期肾病伴HBV感染患者(观察组)47例和单纯性终末期肾病患者(对照组)73例;均给予维持性血液透析治疗,记录并分析两组患者治疗前与治疗后第1、3、6个月时血清白蛋白、尿素氮、血清肌酐及24 h尿蛋白量,治疗前与治疗6个月后两组患者外周血CD8~+T细胞比例、CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞(Tregs)比例、T淋巴细胞穿孔素及颗粒酶B的表达率。结果治疗后两组患者治疗效果及总有效率均无显著差异(P0.05);治疗后1、3、6个月两组患者血肌酐、尿素氮、尿蛋白水平较治疗前均显著下降(P0.05);血浆白蛋白水平显著上升(P0.05);治疗3、6个月两组各症状指标水平较治疗1个月差异显著(P0.05);两组治疗后6个月较治疗3个月各项指标均无显著差异(P0.05);治疗前观察组患者血清CD8~+T细胞比例、Tregs、穿孔素及颗粒酶B水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05),治疗后对照组患者各水平无显著变化(P0.05),观察组患者各水平均显著降低(P0.05),但两组比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论血液透析能够改善终末期肾病合并HBV感染患者的临床症状、肾脏功能及免疫功能,对清除HBV、控制病情均具有重要意义。     

心理行为干预对血液透析患者生存质量及心理健康状况的影响

按照世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表、症状自评量表（SCL-90）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）及抑郁自评量表（SDS）对24例维持性血液透析治疗患者心理干预前后进行测评.结果 与对照组比较,心理干预患者干预后4、8周SAS、SDS评分显著降低（P＜0.05）;干预8周后,患者抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执及其他因子评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,生理领域、心理领域、社会领域评分显著高于对照组（P＞0.05或＜0.01）.认为心理行为干预可改善透析患者的负性情绪及心理健康状况,提高其生存质量.     

联机血液透析滤过联合血液灌流对终末期肾病患者血压控制及CTGF、NT-ProBNP的影响

【】目的 探讨联机血液透析滤过联合血液灌流对终末期肾病患者血压控制及CTGF(Connective Tissue Growth Factor,结缔组织生长因子)、NT-ProBNP(N-terminal pro-brain B-type natriuretic peptides ,N末端B型钠尿肽原)的影响。方法 选取2015年1月-2016年6月之间收入我院的60 例终末期肾病患者为研究对象,根据随机数字表发分为研究组和对照组,每组各30例,研究组患者给予联机血液透析滤过联合血液灌注(on-line HDF HP)治疗,对照组给予血液透析联合血液灌注(HD HP)治疗,比较两组患者的疗效、血压控制及CTGF、NT-ProBNP水平。结果 研究组患者的Kt/V值显著高于对照组(1.34±0.21 VS 1.06±0.10)(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的SBP、DBP较治疗前均显著降低,且研究组显著低于对照组(P<0.05),研究组的血压控制达标,而对照组未达标。治疗后,两组患者的CTGF水平较治疗前均显著降低,且研究组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的NT-ProBNP水平较治疗前均显著降低,且研究组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者的不良反应无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 联机血液透析滤过联合血液灌流对于治疗终末期肾病具有良好疗效,能够有效控制患者血压,降低CTGF、NT-ProBNP水平,值得推广应用。     

Cardiovascular complications in newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease patients at Mulago Hospital,Uganda

Background

Complications of rheumatic heart disease are associated with severe morbidity and mortality in developing countries where the disease prevalence remains high. Due to lack of screening services, many patients present late, with severe valve disease. In Uganda, the disease and its complications are still not well studied.

Objective

To profile and describe cardiovascular complications in newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease patients attending the Mulago National Referral Hospital in Uganda.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study where consecutive, newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease patients were assessed and followed up for complications, such as heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, recurrence of acute rheumatic fever, and stroke.

Results

A total of 309 (115 males and 196 females) definite rheumatic heart disease patients aged 15–60 years were enrolled in the study and analysed. Complications occurred in 49% (152/309) of the newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease cases, with heart failure (46.9%) the most common complication, followed by pulmonary arterial hypertension (32.7%), atrial fibrillation (13.9%), recurrence of acute rheumatic fever (11.4%), infective endocarditis (4.5%) and stroke (1.3%). Atrial fibrillation and acute rheumatic fever were the most common complications associated with heart failure.

Conclusion

In this study we found that about 50% of newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease patients in Uganda presented with complications. Heart failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension were the most commonly observed complications.     

Presenting features of newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease patients in Mulago Hospital: a pilot study

Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) continues to cause gross distortions of the heart and the associated complications of heart failure and thromboembolic phenomena in this age of numerous high-efficacy drugs and therapeutic interventions. Due to the lack of contemporary local data, there is no national strategy for the control and eradication of the disease in Uganda. This study aimed to describe the presenting clinical features of newly diagnosed patients with RHD, with particular reference to the frequency of serious complications (atrial fibrillation, systemic embolism, heart failure and pulmonary hypertension) in the study group.

Methods

One hundred and thirty consecutive patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria were recruited over a period of eight months from June 2011 to January 2012 at the Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Data on demographic characteristics, disease severity and presence of complications were collected by means of a standardised questionnaire.

Results

Seventy-one per cent of the patients were female with a median age of 33 years. The peak age of the study group was 20 to 39 years, with the commonest presenting symptoms being palpitations, fatigue, chest pain and dyspnoea. The majority of the patients presented with moderate-to-severe valvular disease. Pure mitral regurgitation was the commonest valvular disease (40.2%), followed by mitral regurgitation plus aortic regurgitation (29%). Mitral regurgitation plus aortic regurgitation plus mitral stenosis was found in 11% of patients. There was only one case involving the tricuspid valve. The pulmonary valves were not affected in all patients; 45.9% of patients presented in severe heart failure in NYHA class III/IV, 53.3% had pulmonary hypertension, 13.9% had atrial fibrillation and 8.2% had infective endocarditis. All patients presented with dilated atria (> 49 mm).

Conclusion

A significant proportion of RHD patients present to hospital with severe disease associated with severe complications of advanced heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, infective endocarditis and atrial fibrillation. There is a need to improve awareness of the disease among the population, and clinical suspicion in primary health workers, so that early referral to specialist management can be done before severe damage to the heart ensues.     

心理干预对新确诊HIV/AIDS患者接受抗病毒治疗意愿的影响

目的探讨心理干预对新确诊HIV/AIDS患者接受抗病毒治疗意愿的影响。方法随机抽取2014年12月30日—2018年12月30日在我中心新确诊的HIV/AIDS患者240例作为研究对象,采用随机数表法分为实验组和对照组各120例,实验组实施心理干预,对照组实施常规护理干预,对比2组患者干预前后心理健康变化及抗病毒治疗意愿。结果新确诊HIV/AIDS患者抑郁发生率为59.58%,焦虑发生率为59.17%;干预后,2组患者抑郁自评量表(self-rating depressionscale,SDS)、焦虑自评量表(self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)得分和抑郁、焦虑发生率均比干预前显著降低(P均<0.05),且干预后实验组SDS、SAS得分和抑郁、焦虑发生率均显著低于对照组(P均<0.05);干预后,实验组接受抗病毒治疗人数比例(97.5%)显著高于对照组(85.0%),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=11.742,P=0.001)。结论心理干预能提高新确诊HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗的意愿,值得临床采纳推广。     

Acute improvement of aortic mechanics following hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that distensibility of the aorta is decreased in patients with end-stage renal failure, while the underlying mechanisms are unclear. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the distensibility of the aorta in patients at the end stage of chronic renal failure before and after hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: The diameter of the ascending aorta and distensibility were assessed in 48 patients on HD (31 men, 17 women, aged 45+/-14 years) and in 27 normal subjects (17 men, 10 women, aged 44+/-14 years). The diameter of the aorta was evaluated by M-mode in the parasternal long-axis view. RESULTS: Aortic distensibility was significantly lower in patients on HD before HD (1.9+/-0.7 cm(2) x dyn(-1) x 10(-6)) than in normal control subjects (3.8+/-1.0 cm(2) x dyn(-1) X 10(-6), p< 0.0001). After dialysis, it increased to 2.6+/-1.2 (p < 0.05 compared with baseline, p < 0.001 compared with controls). The change of aortic distensibility correlated with age (R(2) = 0.629 p < 0.001) and ultrafiltration volume (R(2) = 0.168, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Aortic distensibility in patients with end-stage renal disease is significantly lower than in normal subjects, and it is significantly improved after HD.     

Detection of circulating antierythropoietin antibodies in patients with end stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has been successfully and safely used to treat anemia in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). The safety profile of rHuEPO had been considered to be excellent with possible exception of hypertension and increased risk of dialysis access thrombosis. Recently, antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia associated with administration of rHuEPO has been identified as a cause of major concern; we aimed to detect and evaluate the presence of anti-EPO antibodies in patients with ESRD on regular dialysis who are using rHuEPO. Serum anti-EPO antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay technique in a total of 90 patients who are currently on regular hemodialysis and using rHuEPO alpha subcutaneously for more than 6 months. All patients were subjected to full history taking and clinical examination. Complete blood count, reticulocytes count, serum creatinine, blood urea, serum albumin, serum ferritin, and hepatitis markers were performed for all patients. Our results showed that 35 patients (38.9%) had the anti-EPO antibodies in their blood, while 55 patients (61.1%) did not have the circulating antibodies. The mean hemoglobin (Hb) level was significantly lower in the antibody positive group (8.8 g/dl ± 1.35) than in the antibody negative group (9.42 g/dl ± 1.32) (P = 0.000). The reticulocytes count was also significantly much lower in the patients who had anti-EPO antibodies with mean of (1.99 ± 1.14) vs. (3.15 ± 0.89) in the antibody negative (P = 0.000). The dose of EPO administrated in both studied groups was insignificantly different. The incidence of anti-EPO antibodies is high in ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Its presence is associated with increased incidence of anemia possibly due to immune-mediated inhibition of erythropoiesis as evidenced by reticulocytopenia.     

Orlistat in the treatment of overweight or obese Chinese patients with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes.

AIMS: Orlistat promotes weight loss in overweight and obese patients with Type 2 diabetes receiving hypoglycaemic treatment, but has not been investigated in patients with newly diagnosed and previously untreated Type 2 diabetes. We evaluated the efficacy of 24 weeks' treatment with orlistat, combined with a mildly reduced-calorie diet, on weight loss and glycaemic control in overweight and obese patients with newly diagnosed and previously untreated Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A total of 249 Chinese patients (body mass index 25-40 kg/m2) with recently diagnosed Type 2 diabetes were randomized to placebo (n=124) or orlistat 120 mg (n=125) three times daily; all patients followed a mildly reduced-calorie diet. Patients had HbA1c 6.5-8.5% (mean 7.3%) and had never received any glucose-lowering medication. RESULTS: Orlistat-treated patients achieved significantly greater weight loss at the study end than placebo-treated patients (-5.4 vs. -2.4 kg; P<0.0001). More orlistat than placebo patients lost>or=5% (60.5 vs. 26.8%; P<0.0001) and >or=10% of their body weight (20.2 vs. 4.9%; P=0.0002). A significantly greater decrease in HbA(1c) from baseline was obtained with orlistat than placebo (-1.0 vs. -0.6%; P=0.0008). Orlistat-treated patients achieved a significantly greater decrease in fasting plasma glucose (-1.3 vs. -0.5 mmol/l; P=0.0003) and in the 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (-4.1 vs. -1.4 mmol/l; P<0.0001) than placebo recipients. Also, more orlistat- than placebo-treated patients improved from diabetic status to normal or impaired glucose tolerance (44.3 vs. 32.5%; P=0.0763) after 24 weeks. Orlistat also produced improvements in lipid profiles and waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS: In combination with a mildly reduced-calorie diet, orlistat significantly reduces body weight, and improves glycaemic control and several cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Chinese patients with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes.